Michael
`Adams
`
`The path to cable compatibility and retail
`availability in digital television
`
`OPENCAB LE
`ARCHITECTURE
`
`CISCO SYSTEMS
`
`PRESS
`Cisco
`www.ciscopress.com
`
`DISH, Exh. 1011 p.0001
`
`

`

`LEONARD H. GEMMILL ENGINEERING UBRAFO
`UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOUWER
`
`DATE DUE
`SEP 1 r 2111
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`ENG
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`Demo, Ina. 38403
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`Un ye
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`ty o Co orado at Boulder
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`U18303 1844534
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`DISH, Exh. 1011 p.0002
`
`

`

`OpenCableTM Architecture
`
`Michael Adams
`
`, • p
`
`DISCO SYSTEMS
`
`CISCO PRESS
`
`Cisco Press
`201 West 103rd Street
`Indianapolis, IN 46290 USA
`
`DISH, Exh. 1011 p.0003
`
`

`

`it
`
`OpenCable TM Architecture
`Michael Adams
`Copyright © 2000 Cisco Press
`
`Cisco Press logo is a trademark of Cisco Systems, Inc.
`
`Published by:
`Cisco Press
`201 West 103rd Street
`Indianapolis, IN 46290 USA
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
`or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without writ-
`ten permission from the publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review.
`Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Number: 99-61715
`ISBN: 1-57870-135-X
`
`Warning and Disclaimer
`This book is designed to provide information about OpenCableTM architecture. Every effort has been made to make
`this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied.
`
`The information is provided on an "as is" basis. The author, Cisco Press, and Cisco Systems, Inc. shall have neither
`liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information
`contained in this book or from the use of the discs or programs that may accompany it.
`The opinions expressed in this book belong to the author and are not necessarily those of Cisco Systems, Inc.
`
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`Trademark Acknowledgments
`All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capital-
`ized. Cisco Press or Cisco Systems, Inc. cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book
`should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. OpenCable is a registered trade-
`mark of Cable Labs.
`
`DISH, Exh. 1011 p.0004
`
`

`

`III
`
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`Cell, TrafficDirector, TransPath, ViewRunner, VirtualStream, VisionWay, VlanDirector, Workgroup Director, and \Vorkgroup Stack are trademarks; Changing the Way We
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`FastLink, FastPAD, FastSwitch, GeoTel, 105, IP/TV, IPX, LightStrearn, LightSwitch, MICA, NetRanger, Registrar, StrataView Plus, Stratm, TeleRouter, and VCO arc
`registered trademarks of Cisco Systems, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the U.S. and certain other countries. All other trademarks mentioned in this document are the property of
`their respective owners. The use of the word partner does not imply a partnership relationship between Cisco and any of its resellers. (9905R)
`
`DISH, Exh. 1011 p.0005
`
`

`

`iv
`
`About the Author
`
`Michael Adams is the principal network architect for Time Warner Cable, responsible for all aspects of networking
`in the Pegasus Digital Program. He has served as the co-chair of the JEC Digital Standards Sub-Committee, and as
`chair of the Working Group 3 for the SCTE Digital Video Standards Committee. He is one of the primary architects
`of the OpenCable initiative, as well as the co-author of the point-of-deployment module interface (OCI-C2) specifi-
`cation and the primary author of the network interface (OCI-N) specification. He is a founding member of the
`OpenCable Technical Team.
`
`Technical Reviewers
`The technical reviewers of OpenCable Architecture are
`Yvette Gordon, Vice President of Interactive Services, SeaChange
`Andy Scott, Director of Engineering, National Cable Television Association
`George Abe, Palomer Ventures
`Joe Buehl, Principal Software Architect, Time Warner Cable
`Louis Williamson, Senior Project Engineer, Time Warner Cable
`Tom Lookabaugh, President, DiviCom
`Charlie Kennamer, Senior Director, Engineering Services, AT&T Broadband and Internet Services
`Laurie Priddy, President, National Digital Television Center; Senior Vice President, AT&T Broadband and Internet
`Services
`Mike Hayashi, Vice President of Advanced Engineering, Time Warner Cable
`Mark Eyer, Principal Staff Engineer, Sony Electonics
`John Carlucci, Principal Engineer, DiviCom
`Ron Boyer, Senior Project Engineer, Time Warner Cable
`Luc Vantalon, Director of Digital TV, SCM Microsystems
`Jim Chiddix, Chief Technical Officer, Time Warner Cable
`Paul Bosco, Vice President and General Manager, Cable Products and Solutions, Wireless Products and Solutions,
`Cisco Systems
`
`DISH, Exh. 1011 p.0006
`
`

`

`V
`
`Dedications
`
`To my father, Roy W. Adams, who said I would write a book someday,.
`
`Acknowledgments
`
`Heartfelt thanks to everyone who helped to make this book a reality:
`George Abe, for starting the ball rolling
`Andy Scott and Yvette Gordon, for their excellent comments and additions to every single chapter
`Louis Williamson and Mike Hayashi, for being wonderful cable mentors and for chapter reviews
`Jim Chiddix, for support, encouragement and overall review
`John Carlucci and Tom Lookabaugh, for unparalleled MPEG expertise
`Joe Buehl, for software guidance and reviewing Part 2
`Ron Boyer, for advice on the mysteries of HFC
`Charlie Kennamer, for Hendend In The Sky expertise
`Laurie Priddy, for OpenCable chapter reviews
`Luc Vantalon, for the point of deployment module
`Mark Eyer, for writing so many DVS specifications
`Paul Bosco, for overall review
`Lynette Quinn, for keeping me on schedule
`Kathy Trace, for being a great writing coach
`Alicia Buckley, for keeping it all on track
`Theresa Wehrle, for super copy editnig(sic)
`Shelagh, David, and Jack Adams, for all those weekends and evenings that I disappeared into the home office.
`Leslie Ellis, for collaboration on Chapter 1.
`
`DISH, Exh. 1011 p.0007
`
`

`

`vi
`
`Contents at a Glance
`
`Foreword
`Introduction
`
`Part I
`Chapter 1
`Chapter 2
`
`Chapter 3
`
`Chapter 4
`Chapter 5
`
`Chapter 6
`Chapter 7
`
`Digital Cable Television
`Why Digital Television?
`Analog Cable Technologies
`The Analog Set-Top Converter
`Digital Technologies
`Adding Digital Television Services to Cable Systems
`The Digital Set-Top Converter
`Digital Broadcast Case Studies
`
`Part II
`Chapter 8
`Chapter 9
`Chapter 10
`Chapter 11
`
`Interactive and On-Demand Services
`Interactive Services
`Interactive Cable System Case Studies
`On-Demand Services
`On-Demand Cable System Case Studies
`
`OpenCable
`Part Ill
`Chapter 12 Why OpenCable?
`OpenCable Architectural Model
`Chapter 13
`OpenCable Device Functional Requirements
`Chapter 14
`OpenCable Headend Interfaces
`Chapter 15
`OCI-N: The Network Interface
`Chapter 16
`OCI-C1: The Consumer Interface
`Chapter 17
`OCI-C2: The Security Interface
`Chapter 18
`
`Glossary
`
`DISH, Exh. 1011 p.0008
`
`

`

`VII
`
`Contents
`
`Foreword xx
`
`Introduction xxii
`
`Part I
`
`Digital Cable Television 3
`
`Chapter 1 Why Digital Television? 5
`
`Digital Technology Evolution 5
`Silicon Integration and Moore's Law 5
`Analog-to-Digital Conversion 6
`Convergence with the Personal Computer 7
`Internet Convergence 8
`New Services 8
`New Business Models 9
`
`Advantages of Digital Television 10
`Channel Expansion 10
`On-Demand Services 10
`Quality 11
`Security 11
`Flexibility 11
`Data Transmission 12
`
`Summary 12
`
`Chapter 2 Analog Cable Technologies 15
`
`Analog Channel Expansion 15
`
`The Hybrid Fiber Coax Upgrade 16
`HFC Topology 18
`Linear Optical Transmission 20
`Return Path Activation 20
`
`Summary 22
`
`References 22
`
`Chapter 3
`
`The Analog Set-Top Converter 25
`
`The Cable Network Interface 27
`Cable Tuner 29
`NTSC Demodulator 29
`Out-of-Band Receiver 29
`Out-of-Band Transmitter 30
`Media Access Control 30
`
`DISH, Exh. 1011 p.0009
`
`

`

`VIII
`
`Conditional Access System 30
`Analog De-scrambler 31
`
`On-Screen Display 32
`
`Audio Processing 33
`Volume Control 33
`Digital Music 33
`BTSC Stereo and SAP Decoding 34
`
`Microprocessor Subsystem 34
`Central Processing Unit 35
`Memory Subsystem 35
`Display and Keypad 37
`
`RF Modulator 37
`
`RF Bypass Switch 37
`
`Inputs 38
`Cable Input 38
`Infrared Receiver 38
`Diagnostic Port 38
`Data Port 39
`
`Outputs 39
`RF Output 40
`Baseband Video 40
`Baseband Audio 40
`Infrared Transmitter 41
`
`Software Architecture 41
`Operating System Software 42
`Device Drivers 42
`Applications 43
`
`Case Studies 43
`CFT-2200 43
`8600X 44
`Limitations 45
`Lessons Learned 45
`
`Summary 46
`
`References 46
`Book 46
`Internet Resources 47
`
`DISH, Exh. 1011 p.0010
`
`

`

`ix
`
`Chapter 4 Digital Technologies 49
`Video Compression 50
`MPEG-2 Compression 51
`Other Video Compression Algorithms 55
`Details of MPEG-2 Video Compression 56
`Audio Compression 61
`MPEG-1 Layer 2 (Musicam) 61
`Dolby AC-3 61
`Other Audio Compression Algorithms 62
`Data 62
`
`System Information 62
`
`MPEG-2 Systems Layer 63
`Timing and Synchronization 64
`Packetization 64
`Multiplexing 65
`Conditional Access 66
`Limitations of MPEG-2 Systems Layer 67
`Transmission Mechanisms 67
`Baseband Transmission 68
`Broadband Transmission 75
`
`Summary 82
`
`References 83
`Books 83
`Periodicals 83
`Standards 83
`Internet Resources 84
`
`Chapter 5 Adding Digital Television Services to Cable Systems 87
`Drivers for Digital Television 88
`Channel Expansion 89
`Direct Broadcast Satellite Competition 89
`High Definition Television 89
`Consolidation with Other Digital Services 90
`Radio Frequency Return Traffic 91
`
`DISH, Exh. 1011 p.0011
`
`

`

`Business Communications 91
`Network Management 91
`Transmission of Digital Television 91
`Out-of-Band Data Communications 93
`Drivers 93
`Out-of-Band Architectures 94
`Forward 00B Channel 95
`Reverse 00B Channel 96
`Out-of-Band Evolution 100
`Out-of-Band Channel Termination 100
`101
`Hub-Level Addressing
`101
`Return Traffic Aggregation
`Shared Media Access Control 101
`Headend—to—Distribution Hub Interconnection 102
`LAN Extension Products 103
`SONETs 103
`ATM Networks 103
`IP Networks 104
`
`Summary 104
`
`References 105
`Books 105
`Periodicals 105
`Internet Resources 105
`
`Chapter 6
`
`The Digital Set-Top Converter 107
`Cable Environment 108
`
`Overview 109
`The Cable Network interface 110
`Cable Input 112
`1 12
`Tuner
`1 12
`QAM Demodulator
`1 13
`NTSC Demodulator
`Out-of-Band Channel Termination
`1 13
`Out-of-Band Transmitter
`1 14
`Media Access Control
`1 14
`Telephone Modem
`
`Transport Processing
`
`1 14
`
`Conditional Access System
`
`1 15
`
`113
`
`DISH, Exh. 1011 p.0012
`
`

`

`xi
`
`Digital Decryption 116
`Analog De-scrambling 117
`
`Video and Graphics Processing 118
`MPEG-2 Video Decoding 118
`Analog Video Processing 119
`On-Screen Display 120
`Digital-to-Analog Conversion 121
`NTSC Encoding 121
`
`Audio Processing 122
`Dolby AC-3 Audio Decoding 123
`BTSC Stereo Decoding 123
`Audio Synthesis 123
`
`Microprocessor Subsystem 124
`Central Processing Unit 125
`Memory Subsystem 125
`Display and Keypad 127
`
`RF Modulator 127
`
`RF Bypass Switch 128
`
`Inputs 128
`
`Outputs 129
`RF Output 129
`Baseband Video 129
`Baseband Audio 130
`S-Video 130
`Component Video 130
`IEEE 1394 130
`Digital Audio 131
`Infrared Transmitter 131
`
`Software 131
`Device Drivers 132
`Operating System 132
`Applications 132
`Limitations 133
`
`Summary 133
`
`References 133
`Books 133
`Standards 133
`Internet Resource 134
`
`DISH, Exh. 1011 p.0013
`
`

`

`XII
`
`Chapter 7 Digital Broadcast Case Studies 137
`Architectural Comparison 137
`Satellite Distribution to Headends 138
`Headend-to-Subscriber Distribution 140
`Split Security Model 141
`Out-of-Band Channel 142
`Central Versus Local Subscriber Management 142
`
`DigiCable 143
`Head-End In The Sky Model 145
`Local Subscriber Management 148
`I50
`DigiCable Summary
`
`Pegasus 150
`Pegasus Phase 1.0 Goals 151
`Pegasus Request for Proposal
`Pegasus Architecture 153
`Digital Broadband Delivery System 156
`
`I52
`
`Summary 160
`
`References 160
`Book 160
`Periodical 160
`
`Part II
`
`Interactive and On-Demand Services 163
`
`Chapter 8
`
`Interactive Services 165
`
`Internet Convergence 166
`
`Goals of Interactive Services 167
`
`Interactive Versus On-Demand Services 167
`
`Interactive Services 168
`Navigation 169
`Information Services 169
`Communications Services 170
`Electronic Commerce Services 170
`Video Games 170
`Enhanced Television Services 171
`
`Applications Model 172
`Client Applications 172
`Server Applications 173
`Distributed Applications 174
`
`DISH, Exh. 1011 p.0014
`
`

`

`XIII
`
`Application Requirements 175
`Software Download 176
`Activation 176
`Communications 177
`Streaming Media 178
`
`Application Resources 179
`Set-Top Resources 179
`Software Download Mechanisms 181
`Activation and Synchronization Mechanisms 182
`Communication Mechanisms 183
`
`Summary 184
`
`References 184
`Books 184
`Periodicals 185
`Standards 185
`Internet Resources 185
`
`Chapter 9
`
`Interactive Cable System Case Studies 187
`
`Time Warner Full Service Network 187
`FSN Network Architecture Goals 187
`Network Overview 189
`Services 194
`Applications Model 196
`Application Requirements 197
`Applications Resources 198
`Lessons Learned 199
`
`Pegasus 200
`Pegasus Phase 1.1 Goals 200
`Network Overview 201
`Services 201
`Applications Model 202
`Application Portability 203
`Applications Resources 204
`Lessons Learned 211
`
`Summary 211
`
`References 212
`Standards 212
`Internet Resources 212
`
`DISH, Exh. 1011 p.0015
`
`

`

`xiv
`
`Chapter 10 On-Demand Services 215
`Interactive Versus On-Demand Services 216
`Internet Comparisons 217
`Goals of On-Demand Services 218
`On-Demand Services 219
`Movies-on-Demand 219
`Music-on-Demand 219
`Post-Broadcast On-Demand 219
`Special Interest Programming 220
`Distance Learning 220
`Library Access 220
`Video Mail 220
`On-Demand Reference Architecture 221
`Provisioning Network 222
`Distribution Network 222
`Media Servers 225
`Conditional Access 226
`Server Placement 226
`Switching Matrix 228
`Set-Top 235
`
`Summary 235
`References 235
`
`Chapter 11 On-Demand Cable System Case Studies 237
`Time Warner Full Service Network 237
`Full Service Network Overview 237
`Basic Star Architecture 238
`Logical ATM Connectivity 240
`MPEG Mapping into ATM 241
`MPEG Delivery from Server to Set-Top 243
`Lessons Learned 245
`FSN Summary 245
`Pegasus Phase 2.0 245
`FSN Learning Experience 246
`On-Demand Services 247
`New Channels 248
`Server Location 249
`Fiber Transport 250
`Transport Protocol 251
`
`DISH, Exh. 1011 p.0016
`
`

`

`XV
`
`Switching Matrix 251
`Pegasus Phase 2 Summary 253
`
`Summary 253
`
`References 253
`Standards 253
`Internet Resources 253
`
`Part III
`
`OpenCable 255
`
`Chapter 12 Why OpenCable? 257
`
`Goals of OpenCable 258
`New Suppliers 258
`New Services 258
`Retail Availability 258
`
`Market Forces 259
`Competition 259
`Technology 261
`
`Government Regulation 261
`1992 Cable Act 261
`1994 FCC Report and Order 262
`1996 Telecommunications Act 262
`1998 Report and Order on Competitive Availability of Navigation Devices 263
`Digital Carriage 264
`Emergency Alert Systems 265
`
`Retail Issues 265
`Cable Service Management 266
`New Services 266
`Existing Suppliers 267
`Signal Theft 268
`
`OpenCable Solutions 269
`The OpenCable Process 269
`The OpenCable Architecture 270
`The OpenCable Specifications 271
`Retail Availability 271
`
`Summary 272
`
`References 273
`Books 273
`Periodicals 273
`Internet Resources 273
`
`DISH, Exh. 1011 p.0017
`
`

`

`xvi
`
`Chapter 13 OpenCable Architectural Model 275
`
`OpenCable History 276
`
`OpenCable Process 278
`Specification Development 278
`Interoperability 279
`
`OpenCable Reference Diagram 280
`Specified Interfaces 281
`Specified Components 286
`
`Standards 287
`Relevant Standards Bodies 287
`
`Summary 290
`
`References 291
`Books 291
`Internet Resources 291
`
`Chapter 14 OpenCable Device Functional Requirements 295
`
`Goals 296
`Provide for Integrated Service Environments 296
`Open and Interoperable 297
`Portability 297
`Renewable Security 298
`User Interface 298
`Scaleable 299
`Efficient Application and Network Design 299
`Operational Compatibility 299
`Backward Compatibility 299
`
`Goals for the OpenCable Set-Top Terminal 300
`
`OpenCable Device Models 300
`Leased 301
`Retail 302
`Core Services 304
`Core Functions and Features 304
`The Cable Network Interface 306
`Conditional Access System 310
`Video and Graphics Processing 310
`Audio Processing 311
`Microprocessor Subsystem 311
`Remote Control 31 1
`
`DISH, Exh. 1011 p.0018
`
`

`

`xvii
`
`Extension Requirements 311
`
`Performance 311
`
`Summary 312
`
`References 312
`Book 312
`Standards 312
`Internet Resources 313
`
`Chapter 15 OpenCable Headend Interfaces 315
`
`OCI-H1 316
`Goals 317
`Issues 317
`Reference Architecture 318
`Development Status 323
`
`OCI-H2 323
`Goals 323
`Issues 324
`Reference Architecture 324
`Development Status 325
`
`OCI-H3 326
`Goals 326
`Issues 326
`Development Status 327
`
`Summary 327
`
`References 327
`Book 327
`Papers 328
`Standards 328
`Internet Resources 328
`
`Chapter 16 OCI-N: The Network Interface 331
`
`Scope of OCI-N 332
`
`Issues 332
`
`The Frequency-Domain View 334
`
`Channel Types 335
`
`DISH, Exh. 1011 p.0019
`
`

`

`xviii
`
`OCI-N Protocol Layering 336
`In-Band Channels 338
`Out-of-Band Channels 341
`
`Summary 345
`
`References 346
`Book 346
`Standards 346
`Internet Resources 346
`
`Chapter 17 OCI-C1: The Consumer Interface 349
`
`Goals 350
`
`Issues 351
`
`OCI-C1 Family 352
`Analog NTSC 355
`Component Video 355
`Home Digital Network Interface 355
`
`Summary 363
`
`References 363
`Book 363
`Standards 364
`
`Internet Resources 364
`
`Chapter 18 OCI-C2: The Security Interface 367
`
`Reference Diagram 368
`
`Drivers 369
`Regulatory 369
`Retail 370
`Cable Ready Digital Television 370
`High Definition Television 371
`
`Retail Cable Issues 371
`
`Retail Opportunities 372
`
`Summary of Approaches 373
`
`System Architecture 374
`Conditional Access System 375
`Out-of-Band Communications 375
`Two-Way Operation 376
`
`DISH, Exh. 1011 p.0020
`
`

`

`xix
`
`One-Way Operation 378
`DOCSIS Operation 379
`
`The POD Module 380
`POD Module Variants 380
`POD Module Architecture 381
`PCMCIA Compliance 382
`MPEG-2 Transport Stream Interface 382
`Out-of-Band Interface 382
`CPU Interface 384
`
`Content Protection 385
`Why Is Content Protection Required? 385
`The Content Protection System 385
`Content Protection System Integrity 387
`POD Interface Copy Protection 387
`Host Revocation 388
`
`Applications 389
`Digital Set-Top 389
`Digital Set-Top with DOCSIS Cable Modem 391
`Cable Ready Digital Television 393
`Issues for Cable Ready Devices 398
`
`Summary 399
`
`References 399
`Standards 399
`Internet Resources 400
`
`Glossary 402
`
`DISH, Exh. 1011 p.0021
`
`

`

`XX
`
`Foreword
`
`by Jim Chiddix, Chief Technical Officet; Time Warner Cable
`For sixty years, as the television-watching public we have considered television a passive form of sit back-and-relax
`entertainment. We've asked the question thousands of times: "What's on?" That question is about to become a mean•
`ingless phrase. Something very big is happening. It's a culmination of sorts: past lessons; hard work on broadband
`plant; and the revolutionary spread of a worldwide network that, for the most part, speaks in a unified language.
`Suddenly, millions of homes have digital set-top boxes. Initially, these boxes used proprietary technology. But
`OpenCable opens a door for meshing set-top boxes into television sets, DVD players, and tightly integrated con-
`sumer devices sold at retail.
`The inevitable shift from analog to digital television is a matter of critical mass. In a sense, we're at a precipice,
`peering into the misty invisibility of software and resultant applications that will transform television into a medium
`that suits our times.
`As we near the end of the century, it's notable to observe how much time is a continuum of constant connectivity.
`Our living rooms are our offices, and our offices are our living rooms; we work not 8-5, but in bursts from waking
`to resting, snaring half-hour respites for pockets of leisure. Our television experience will be an extension of that
`continuum. With video on demand, we'll watch the television shows we want to watch, when we want to watch
`them. In determining a way to link the Internet resource to television, we won't necessarily log onto URLs but
`maybe we'll take advantage of a personalized offering that meets—even surpasses—our expectations.
`This isn't the first attempt to define and create a television platform that is in sync with the future. In 1993 in
`Orlando, Florida, we pulled out all the stops to create a first of its kind, truly advanced broadband network. It
`involved a great deal of unsustainable and expensive technology, but that wasn't the point. We were fortunate
`enough to afford that opportunity of experimentation, partly to see what worked and what it cost, but mostly to
`ascertain what customers would do if they could use their televisions to interact with programs, merchants, and
`communications.
`From those tests, we have quantifiable conjectures about what television can be to a millennium society. We have
`another half-decade of work behind us on making cable plants capable of digital transmissions and expanded capac
`ity. Computing technology costs have plummeted since our FSN, and performance continues to skyrocket; set-tops
`today are more powerful than the highest-end FSN boxes, at a fraction of the cost.
`Another part of the precipice is software. Courtesy of the Internet, a pervasive set of software and networking stan
`dards exist. Those standards are the fabric of OpenCable; their ubiquity significantly widens the pool of potential
`television applications developers. In Orlando, one of the real challenges we faced was the need to pay enormous
`sums to attract applications developers to the platform, because software had to be done in proprietary languages
`against a limited customer base.
`That's no longer true. With the pervasiveness of MPEG video combined with the largess of OpenCable, the simple
`truth is that we'll be getting a lot more television. That cries of interactive navigation systems—consistently the ken
`that tops the satisfaction list among digital cable subscribers. A good navigation system also paves the way for VOL
`and personalized viewing options (e-commerce and individualized advertisements are within reach, too).
`All of these concepts are scrutinized in Michael's book. In our swiftly changing environment, this book is the rare
`example of a single text that will stand the time test for survivability. That's because this book details the OpenCabll
`foundation, its technical underpinnings, and its commercial potential. Certainly, events will occur that extend the
`discussions contained in these pages. But developments are nebulous without a foundation; this is the foundation.
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`My endorsement of Michael and this book rests on the simple fact that he is an expert. He's been in the thick of
`OpenCable since its earliest days, saw us through the "first" interactive television days, and owns an equally rich
`understanding of set-top architecture.
`Thank you, Michael, for documenting this place in the development of television.
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`Introduction
`
`The cable industry is currently in the midst of a revolution. Existing systems that were engineered for broadcast
`television are being called upon to support a host of new applications and services. The race is on to upgrade
`cable systems to high-speed, two-way communications networks while continuing to support plain old television
`services.
`A lot of consumers, industry analysts, and policy observers are asking "Where is digital TV headed?", "Is it for
`real?", "Will I be able to get it on cable?", and "What new services will be offered?"
`These questions are difficult to answer because they are dependent on so many factors—including market forces,
`technical realities, investment levels, and learning curves. Nevertheless, here are some safe bets:
`• Competition—Competition is here to stay. Analog cable systems have to add digital services to compete
`with direct broadcast satellite, digital terrestrial broadcasting, and even the Internet.
`• Retail Availability—Government regulation mandates the competitive retail availability of navigation
`devices. The first digital cable-ready devices will start to appear on the market toward the end of 2000,
`soon after the July 1st FCC deadline requiring cable operators to make separable security modules
`available.
`• Convergence—Convergence, which is the fusion of digital television, data communications and personal
`computing technologies, will fundamentally change the way we watch television, surf the Internet, and
`communicate with each other.
`OpenCable is the cable industry's response to these market forces. OpenCable is an initiative lead by Cable Televi-
`sion Laboratories (CableLabs) on behalf of the cable operators. OpenCable seeks to set a common set of require-
`ments for set-top equipment so that new suppliers from the consumer electronics and computer industries can start
`to build equipment for connection to cable systems. This book takes a first attempt at discussing OpenCable issues
`and progress.
`
`Purpose of this Book
`The OpenCable initiative started with an effort by cable operators to find alternative, lower-cost sources for digital
`set-top converters. The computer and consumer electronics industries have demonstrated an impressive ability to
`reduce the cost of almost any type of electronic equipment (PCs, laptops, CD players, televisions, VCRs, satellite
`receivers, DVD players, and so on). Moreover, this reduction in cost has been combined with the rapid introduction
`of new features and increased levels of performance. However, it quickly became apparent that the computer and
`consumer electronics industries need a blueprint in order to build a digital cable set-top.
`OpenCable is a set of functional requirements and interface specifications that provides this blueprint. This book
`examines in detail the new architectures being developed by the cable industry as part of the OpenCable
`It also reviews the development of digital cable television systems and interactive television services because
`OpenCable draws on these roots.
`The goals of this book are:
`•
`To provide a comprehensive and practical overview of digital cable television systems. This book
`describes the headend, optical transport, distribution hub, hybrid-fiber coax, and set-top terminal equip-
`ment and how these components are interconnected. These topics include some unique aspects of cable
`systems that are not generally known outside of the cable industry due to their limited publication and
`recent development.
`To summarize the important issues in digital cable television. This book addresses the competitive, regu-
`latory and technical challenges associated with the introduction of digital cable television services.
`
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`•
`
`•
`
`To review the recent developments in interactive television, including the Time Warner Full Service Net-
`work (FSN), and to show how the concepts have evolved, since FSN's introduction in 1994, through the
`development of Time Warner Cable's Pegasus digital program.
`To explain the OpenCable initiative. This book covers the market forces driving the OpenCable initiative
`and provides a detailed technical analysis of the OpenCable Architecture.
`This book is not intended to be a comprehensive engineering reference, but it does offer a roadmap to, and some
`interpretation of, the myriad specifications for the serious researcher into cable systems architecture.
`Nor is this a book on analog cable systems. Where appropriate, I have referred the reader to specific sections of the
`excellent text Modern Cable Television Technology; Video, Voice, and Data Communications, by Ciciora, Farmer,
`and Large, for answers to most questions on analog cable.
`In stating both positive and negative issues surrounding digital cable television (in general) and OpenCable (in particu-
`lar), it is not my intention to promote or criticize any industry. During my tenure at Time Warner Cable, I have come to
`know and admire representatives of many companies and organizations involved in all aspects of digital television. I
`have always been impressed with the effort, brainpower, and public spiritedness of these professionals in business and
`government, who will no doubt change the way we all receive and respond to information in our homes.
`Audience
`This book is for the following audiences:
`• Anyone who would like to learn more about digital cable systems. If you need a broad-based familiarity
`with the recent developments in digital television, this book provides an accessible introductory text
`whether you are a business development manager, industry analyst, legal counsel, or regulator.
`Engineers and technical managers who are already involved in the cable industry and would like to learn
`m