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`Microsoft·
`
`om u er
`•
`•
`1c 1onar
`Fifth Edition
`
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`Snap Inc. Ex. 1008 Page 0002
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`

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`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washfogton 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permissiou of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Control Number: 2002019714
`
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further informa(cid:173)
`tion about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft
`Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www.microsoft.com/mspress.
`Send comments to mspinput@microsoft.com.
`
`Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, ActiveStore, ActiveSync, ActiveX, Authenticode,
`BackOffice, BizTalk, ClearType, Direct3D, DirectAnimation, DirectDraw, Directlnput, DirectMusic,
`DirectPlay, DirectShow, DirectSound, DirectX, Entourage, FoxPro, FrontPage, Hotmail, IntelliEye,
`lntelliMouse, IntelliSense, JScript, MapPoint, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, Mobile Explorer, MS-DOS,
`MSN, Music Central, NetMeeting, Outlook, PhotoDraw, PowerPoint, SharePoint, UltimateTV, Visio,
`Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual FoxPro, Visual lnterDev, Visual Jtt, Visual SourceSafe, Visual Studio,
`Win32, Win32s, Windows, Windows Media, Windows NT, Xbox are either registered trademarks or
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places,
`and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product,
`domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Proj ect Editor: Sandra Haynes
`
`Body Part No. X08-41929
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`Contributors
`
`Peter Aiken
`
`Bart Arenson
`
`Janice Borzendowski
`
`Jerome Colburn
`
`Duane Hanson
`
`Andrew Himes
`
`Robert Howecton
`
`Annette 8. Jackson
`
`Larry S. Jackson
`
`Thomas A. Jackson
`
`Chris Kinata
`
`Ilana Kingsley
`
`Robin Lombard
`
`Thomas A. Long
`
`William G. Madison
`
`Illustrators
`
`Travis Beaven
`
`David Holter
`
`Alton Lawson
`
`Thomas P. Magliery
`
`David Mason
`
`Terrence M. McLaren
`
`Wallace Parker
`
`Charles Petzold
`
`Phil Rose
`
`John Ros.s
`
`David Rygmyr
`
`Aimee Truchard
`
`Michael Vose
`
`Bruce Webster
`
`Judson D. Weeks
`
`Tom Winn
`
`JoAnne Woodcock
`
`Rob Nance
`
`Joel Panchot
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`

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`Contents
`
`Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
`Changes in the Fifth Edition . ... ... ... ........................ . ........ .. ...... . ........... vii
`Order of Presentation . .......................................... ........... ... ...... ..... vii
`Entries . ........................................ . .... ........... ..... ...... ... .... . .... vii
`Future Printings and Editions .............. .. .............................................. ix
`
`Dictionary of Computer Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
`
`Appendix A:
`Common Character Sets ........ . ........ ..... .. . ..... . .... ... ......... . .. 587
`ANSI Character Set. ... ........... ............ .. . ..... ...... . ................... 587
`Apple Macintosh Extended Character Set ...... ..... . . ....... . ...................... 593
`IBM Extended Character Set ..................... . .. ............................. 597
`EBCDIC Character Set .... ..... .. .... ...... .... .... ........... . .... ...... .... .. . 599
`
`Appendix B:
`Common File Extensions .......... ... ......... . ... .. .. ................... 605
`
`Appendix C:
`Instant Messaging Emoticons and Acronyms . ........... ..... . ...... . ........ 613
`
`Appendix D:
`Internet Domains ....... . ........ ... . .. . ..... ........ ......... ... .... .. . 623
`
`Appendix E:
`Numeric Equivalents .. ... ..... .. .... .... . ..... . .......... . .............. 631
`
`V
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`Introduction
`
`The Microsoft Computer Dictionary, Fifth Edition is
`designed to be a comprehensive and authoritative source of
`definitions for computer-related terms and abbreviations.
`The dictionary includes terms drawn from a wide variety
`of topics relevant to computer users, including software,
`hardware, networking, data storage, graphics, games,
`information processing, the Internet and the World Wide
`Web, gaming, history.jargon and slang, organizations, pro(cid:173)
`gramming, and standards.
`
`Although this book covers nearly every aspect of comput(cid:173)
`ing, it does not include entries on most companies or on
`most makes and models of computers, nor does it contain
`entries on most application software products. The few
`exceptions to this rule of thumb are key companies and
`products that have a historical or universal importance
`within the computing industry.
`
`This dictionary emphasizes terminology that the average
`computer user will encounter in documentation, online
`help, computer manuals, marketing and sales materials, the
`popular media, and the computer trade press. Because
`most computer users operate personal computers and desk(cid:173)
`top systems at home, work, or both, the majority of the
`entries in this dictionary cover the terminology used in
`describing and working with these systems. However,
`some specialized or highly technical language is included
`that pertains to areas of industry, academia, software and
`hardware development, and research. These terms have
`been included because they have a bearing on more com(cid:173)
`mon computer terminology or because they are of histori(cid:173)
`cal significance.
`
`Changes in the Fifth Edition
`The fifth edition of the Microsoft Computer Dictionary has
`been revised and expanded to include over 10,000 entries,
`reflecting the many advances in the computer field and
`
`including several areas that have come into prominence in
`the public eye, such as networking, Web authoring, and
`new technologies, such as .NET. The content from the Year
`2000 appendix has been integrated into the body of the dic(cid:173)
`tionary and a new appendix on emoticons and instant mes(cid:173)
`saging symbols has been added.
`
`Order of Presentation
`Entries are alphabetized by letter. Spaces are ignored, as are
`characters such as hyphens and slashes; for example, Bau(cid:173)
`dot code falls between baud and baud rate, and machine(cid:173)
`independent falls between machine identification and
`machine instruction. Numbers and symbols are located at
`the beginning of the book and are listed in ascending ASCII
`order. If an entry begins with a letter or letters but contains
`a number, it is listed alphabetically, according to the initial
`letter(s), and then according to ASCII order. Thus, V20
`precedes V.2x, and both precede VAB.
`
`Entries
`Entries are of two types: main entries, which contain full
`definitions, and synonymous cross-references, which con(cid:173)
`tain See references to the appropriate main entries. Synon(cid:173)
`ymous cross-references are generally secondary or less
`common ways of referring to a main entry. The definition
`al the main entry can be substituted as a definition for the
`synonymous cross-reference.
`
`Format
`Information in each main entry is presented in a consistent
`format: entry name in boldface, spelling variants (if any),
`part of speech, definition, illustration or table reference (if
`any), acronym (if any), alternative names (if any), and
`cross-references (if any).
`
`vii
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`chart
`
`chiclet keyboard
`
`chart n. A graphic or diagram that displays data or the
`relationships between sets of data in pictorial rather than
`numeric form.
`chassis n. A metal frame on which electronic compo(cid:173)
`nents, such as printed circuit boards, fans, and power sup(cid:173)
`plies, are mounted. See the illustration.
`
`Chassis.
`chat1 n. 1. Real-time conversation via computer. When a
`participant types a line of text and then presses the Enter
`key, that participant's words appear on the screens of the
`other participants, who can then respond in kind. Most
`online services support chat; on the Internet, IRC is the
`usual system. See also IRC. 2. An Internet utility program
`that supports chat. !RC has largely superseded it.
`chat2 vb. To carry on a real-time conversation with other
`users by computer. See also IRC.
`chat room n. The informal term for a data communica(cid:173)
`tion channel that links computers and permits users to
`"converse" by sending text messages to one another in real
`time. Similar to the channels provided by !RC (Internet
`Relay Chat), chat rooms are available through online ser(cid:173)
`vices and some electronic bulletin board systems (BBSs).
`Chat rooms are often devoted to a particular subject or are
`conducted on a certain schedule. See also BBS, chat, IRC,
`room.
`
`Cheapernet 11. See I 0Base2.
`
`cheat code n. In computer games, a secret keyboard
`sequence or code that gives a player an advantage in the
`game. For example, cheat codes often confer more ammu(cid:173)
`nition, lives, or the ability to fly or walk through obstacles.
`See also adventure games, computer games.
`
`check bit 11. One of a set of bits that are added to a data
`message at its origin and scrutinized by the receiving pro(cid:173)
`cess to determine whether an error has occurred during
`
`97
`
`transmission. The simplest example is a parity bit. See
`also data integrity, parity bit.
`
`check box n. An interactive control often found in graph(cid:173)
`ical user interfaces. Check boxes are used to enable or dis(cid:173)
`able one or more features or options from a set. When an
`option is selected, an x or a check mark appears in the box.
`See also control (definition 2). Compare radio button.
`
`check digit n. A digit added to an account number or
`other identifying key value and then recomputed when the
`number is used. This process determines whether an error
`occurred when the number was entered. See also checksum.
`checkpoint n. 1. A processing juncture at which the nor(cid:173)
`mal operation of a program or system is momentarily sus(cid:173)
`pended in order to determine its environmental status. 2. A
`file containing information that describes the state of the
`system (the environment) at a particular time.
`
`checksum n. A calculated value that is used to test data
`for the presence of errors that can occur when data is
`transmitted or when it is written to disk. The checksum is
`calculated for a given chunk of data by sequentially com(cid:173)
`bining all the bytes of data with a series of arithmetic or
`logical operations. After the data is transmitted or stored, a
`new checksum is calculated in the same way using the
`(possibly faulty) transmitted or stored data. If the two
`checksums do not match, an error has occurred and the
`data should be tra.nsmitted or stored again. Checksums
`cannot detect all errors, and they cannot be used to correct
`erroneous data. See also error-correction coding.
`
`Cheese worm 11. An Internet worm that patches security
`holes created by the Lion worm. The Cheese worm
`searches out and infects Linux-based systems that were
`previously compromised by the Lion worm, repairing vul(cid:173)
`nerabilities and closing a back door left by the earlier
`infection. It then uses the healed computer to scan for
`other vulnerable computers connected to the Internet and
`sends itself to them.
`
`Chernobyl packet n. A form of network attack in which
`a data packet sent by a hacker activates every available
`option for the protocol in use on the receiving system. The
`Chernobyl packet will cause a packet storm that will
`eventually overload and crash the network. Also called:
`kamikaze packet.
`Chernobyl virus n. See C IH virus.
`chiclet keyboard 11. A microcomputer keyboard used on
`the first version of the IBM PCjr home computer. Chiclet
`keys are small and square, resembling the chewing gum
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`IEEE 802.11
`
`ISO/ OSI model
`
`Application
`
`Presentation
`
`Session
`
`Transport
`
`Network
`
`Data-link
`
`Physical
`
`IEEE 802 LLC
`and MAC layers
`
`Logical link control
`Media access control
`
`IEEE 802.x. ISO/OSI reference model with IEEE 802 LLC
`and MAC layers shown.
`IEEE 802.11 n. The Institule of Electrical and Electron(cid:173)
`ics Engineers' (IEEE) specifications for wireless network(cid:173)
`ing. These specifications, which include 802. 11, 802.1 1 a,
`802.11 b, and 802.1 I g, allow computers, printers, and
`other devices to communicate over a wireless local area
`network (LAN).
`
`IEEE printer cable n. A cable used to connect a printer to
`a PC's parallel port that adheres to the IEEE 1284. See
`also IEEE 1284.
`IEPG n. Acronym for I nternet Engineering and P lanning
`Group. A collaborative group of Internet service provid(cid:173)
`ers whose goal is to promote the Internet and coordinate
`technical efforts on it.
`
`IESG n. See Internet Engineering Steering Group.
`
`IETF 11. Acronym for Internet E ngineering T ask F orce. A
`worldwide organization of individuals interested in net(cid:173)
`working and the Internet. Managed by the IESG (Internet
`Engineering Steering Group), the IETF is charged with
`studying technical problems facing the Internet and pro(cid:173)
`posing solutions to the Internet Architecture Board (IAB).
`The work of the IETF is carried out by various Working
`Groups that concentrate on specific topics, such as routing
`and security. The IETF is the publisher of the specifica(cid:173)
`tions that led to the TCP/IP protocol standard. See also
`Internet Engineering Steering Group.
`
`IFC n. See Internet Foundation Classes.
`
`illegal
`
`.iff 11. The fi le extension that identifies files in the IFF
`(Interchange File Format) format. !FF was most com(cid:173)
`monly used on the Amiga platform, where it constituted
`almost any kind of data. On other platforms, IFF is mostly
`used to store image and sound files.
`IFF fl. Acronym for Interchange File Format. See .iff.
`IFIP n. Acronym for International Federation of Informa(cid:173)
`tion P rocessing. An organization of societies, representing
`over 40 member nations, that serves information-process(cid:173)
`ing professionals. The United States is represented by the
`Federation on Computing in the United States (FOCUS).
`See also AFIPS, FOCUS.
`
`IFS 11. See Installable File System Manager.
`
`IF statement fl. A control statement that executes a block
`of code if a Boolean expression evaluates to true. Most pro(cid:173)
`gramming languages also support an ELSE clause, which
`specifies code that is to be executed only if the Boolean
`expression evaluates to false. See also conditional.
`
`IGES n. See Initial Graphics Exchange Specification.
`IGMP n. See Internet Group Membership Protocol.
`IGP 11. See Interior Gateway Protocol.
`
`IGRP n. Acronym for Interior Gateway Routing P rotocol.
`A protocol developed by Cisco Systems that allows coor(cid:173)
`dination between the routing of a number of gateways.
`Goals of IGRP include stable routing in large networks,
`fast response to changes in network topology, and low
`overhead. See also communications protocol, gateway,
`topology.
`IIA n. See SIIA.
`Ill fl. See integrated injection logic.
`IIOP n. Acronym for Internet Inter-ORB Protocol. A net(cid:173)
`working protocol that enables distributed programs writ(cid:173)
`ten in different programming languages to communicate
`over the Internet. HOP, a specialized mapping in the Gen(cid:173)
`eral Inter-ORB Protocol (GIOP) based on a client/server
`model, is a critical part of CORBA. See also CORBA.
`Compare DCOM.
`
`IIS 11. See Internet Information Server.
`ILEC n. Acronym for Incumbent L ocal Exchange Carrier.
`A telephone company that provides local service to its
`customers. Compare CLEC.
`illegal adj. Not allowed, or leading to invalid results. For
`example, an illegal character in a word processing pro(cid:173)
`gram would be one that the program cannot recognize; an
`
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`PCMIA device
`
`Peachy vi rus
`
`this context, such a card consists of conventional static
`RAM chips powered by a small battery and is designed to
`provide additional RAM to the system. See also PC Card.
`Compare flash memory.
`PCMIA device n. See PC Card.
`p-eode n. See pseudocode.
`PCS n. See Personal Communications Services.
`PCT n. 1. Acronym for program comprehension tool. A
`software engineering tool that facilitates the process of
`understanding the structure and/or functionality of com(cid:173)
`puter programs. 2. Acronym for Private Communications
`T echnology, a protocol st.andard drafted by Microsoft and
`submitled 10 Lhe IETF for consideration. PCT, like Lhe
`Netscape-designed SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), supports
`authentication and encryption for securing privacy in Inter(cid:173)
`net communications. 3. Acronym for Personal Communi(cid:173)
`cations Technology. An enhanced version of Secure
`Sockets Layer (SSL).
`.pcx n. The file extension that identifies bitmapped
`images in the PC Paintbrush file format.
`
`PC/ XT 11. The second-generation of the original IBM Per(cid:173)
`sonal Computer. The IBM PC/XT was introduced in 1983
`and was the first of the PC computers to support hard
`disks. See also IBM PC.
`PC/ XT keyboard n. The keyboard for the PC/XT.
`Strong, reliable, and equipped with 83 keys, the PC/XT
`keyboard offers a typist an audible click. See also IBM
`PC, PC/XT.
`
`PDA 11. Acronym for Personal Digital Assistant. A light(cid:173)
`weight palmtop computer designed to provide specific
`functions like personal organization (calendar, note lak(cid:173)
`ing, database, calculator, and so on) as well as communi(cid:173)
`cations. More advanced models also offer multimedia
`features. Many PDA devices rely on a pen or other point(cid:173)
`ing device for input instead of a keyboard or mouse,
`although some offer a keyboard too small for touch typing
`to use in conjunction with a pen or pointing device. For
`data storage, a PDA relies on flash memory instead of
`
`power-hungry disk drives. See also firmware, flash mem(cid:173)
`ory, handheld PC, PC Card, pen computer.
`
`PDC n. See Pri mary Domain Controller.
`PD-CD drive n. Short for phase change rewritable d isc(cid:173)
`compact disc drive. A storage device that combines a CD(cid:173)
`ROM drive and a phase change rewritable disc (PD) drive,
`which can store up to 650 megabytes of data on cartridges
`of rewritable optical discs. See also phase-change recording.
`
`POD 11. Acronym for Portable Digital Document. A
`graphics file created from a document by QuickDraw GX
`under Mac OS. PDDs are stored in a form that is indepen(cid:173)
`dent of printer resolution; they print at the highest resolu(cid:173)
`tion available on the printer used; and they can contain the
`original fonts used in the document. Therefore, a POD can
`be printed by a computer other than the one on which it
`was created.
`.pdf n. The fi le extension that identifies documents
`encoded in the Portable Document Format developed by
`Adobe Systems. To display or print a .pelf file, the user
`should obtain the freeware Adobe Acrobat Reader. See
`also Acrobat, Portable Document Format.
`
`POL n. See page-description language.
`
`PDM 11. See pulse duration modulation.
`
`PDO n. See Portable Distributed Objects.
`
`PDS n. 1. Acronym for P rocessor Direct Slot. An expan(cid:173)
`sion slot in Macintosh computers that is connected
`directly to the CPU signals. There are several kinds of
`PDS slots with different numbers of pins and different sets
`of signals, depending on which CPU is used in a particular
`computer. 2. Acronym for Parallel Data Structure. A hid(cid:173)
`den file, located in the root directory of a disk that is
`shared under AppleShare, that contains access privilege
`information for folders.
`
`Peachy virus n. A virus, first detected in 2001 , that was
`the first to attempt to spread itself through PDF files. The
`Peachy virus takes advantage of an Adobe Acrobat feature
`that enables users to embed files in PDF documents. The
`embedded Peachy virus file infects the computer of a user
`
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`Winipcfg
`
`Wireless Services server component
`
`necessary to run the Windows operating environment. The
`win.ini file has been supplanted by the registry database in
`Windows 95 and later and Windows NT and later. See also
`configuration file, ini file, registry.
`
`Winipcfg n. Short for Win dows IP Configuration. A Win(cid:173)
`dows 9x utility that enables users to access information
`about their TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Inteme.t
`Protocol) and network adapter card settings. Running the
`Winipcfg program (winipcfg.exe) opens the IP Configura(cid:173)
`tion window, which reveals the physical address, lP
`address, subnet mask, and default gateway settings of the
`primary TCP/IP adapter (or settings of multiple adapters if
`more than one is installed). This information is also help(cid:173)
`ful for troubleshooting. See also TCP/IP.
`
`WINS n. Acronym for Windows Internet Naming Service.
`A Windows NT Server method for associating a com(cid:173)
`puter's host name with its address. Also called: lNS, Inter(cid:173)
`net Naming Service. Compare DNS (definition 1).
`Winsock n. Short for Windows Sockets. An application
`programming interface standard for software that provides
`a TCP/IP interface under Windows. The Winsock standard
`developed out of a Birds of a Feather (BOF) discussion
`that arose among software vendors at a UNIX conference
`in 1991; it has gained the general support of software
`developers, including Microsoft. See also application pro(cid:173)
`gramming interface, BOF, socket (definition 1), sockets
`AP!, TCP/IP.
`
`Wintel adj. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of a com(cid:173)
`puter that uses the Microsoft Windows operating system
`and an Intel central processing unit (CPU). See also
`Windows.
`wired adj. 1. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of an elec(cid:173)
`tronic circuit or hardware grouping in which the configu(cid:173)
`ration is determined by the physical interconnection of the
`components (as opposed to being programmable in soft(cid:173)
`ware or alterable by a switch). See also hardwired (defini(cid:173)
`tion I) . 2. Knowledgeable about Internet resources,
`systems, and culture. 3. Having access to the Internet.
`
`Wired Equivalent Privacy n. See WEP.
`
`wired home n. See sman home.
`wire-frame model n. In computer graphics applications
`such as CAD programs, a representation of a three(cid:173)
`dimensional object using separate lines that resemble
`strands of wire joined to create a model. Compare solid
`model, surface modeling.
`
`m
`
`wireless adj. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of com(cid:173)
`munications that take place without the use of intercon(cid:173)
`necting wires or cables, such as by radio, microwave, or
`infrared light.
`
`Wireless Applicat.ion Protocol n. A specification for a
`global standard for enabling digital cellular phones and
`ocher wireless devi1,;1:s Lo access Internet and other infor(cid:173)
`mation services. The Wireless Application Protocol, or
`WAP, is supported by an organization known as WAP
`Forum, which includes such members as Motorola, Nokia,
`L. M. Ericsson. and Unwired Planet. The goal of the
`forum is to create an open standard that works with differ(cid:173)
`ent wireless technologies. Acronym: WAP.
`
`wireless communication n. Communication between a
`computer and another computer or device without wires.
`The form of wireless communication provided as part of the
`Windows operating system uses infrared light to transmit
`files. Radio frequencies, as used by cellular and cordless
`telephones, are another form of wireless comlllunication.
`See also infrared, infrared device, infrared port.
`
`Wireless Information Device n. See WID.
`wireless Internet n. Version of the Internet designed for
`use on wireless phones and handheld devices with small
`display screens, limited memory, and slower data transmis(cid:173)
`sion speeds than a personal computer. Most wireless Inter(cid:173)
`net sites offer content as basic text with limited graphics.
`
`wireless LAN n. A LAN (local area network) that sends
`and receives qata via radio, infrared optical signaling, or
`some other technology that does not require a physical
`connection between individual nodes and the hub. Wire(cid:173)
`less LANs are often used in office or factory settings
`where a user must carry a portable computer from place to
`place. Also called: WLAN.
`Wireless Markup Language n. See WML.
`
`Wireless Multimedia Forum n. See WMF (definition 2).
`
`wireless phone n. Telephone that operates by means of
`radio waves without a wire connection. A base station
`(cell tower) relays the phone's signal to a wireless carrier's
`network, where it is transmitted to another wireless phone
`or to a wired telephone network.
`Wireless Services server component n. A component
`that allows a content provider or carrier to configure and
`schedule any number of information acquisition/encoding/
`transmission components to create a data stream to be trans(cid:173)
`mitted by a carrier to a device. The server component builds
`
`572
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`

`

`Speak the language
`of computers and the
`Internet with the
`M ICROSOFT COMPUTER
`DICTIONARY!
`
`Comprehensive content:
`Covers everything from
`smartphones to super(cid:173)
`servers, 10Base2 to ;-)
`
`Defines and illustrates:
`Helpful diagrams and
`drawings complete the
`picture for complex topics
`
`Relevant to all:
`Whether you're a home user
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