(19) United States
`(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2013/0327966 A1
`(43) Pub. Date:
`Dec. 12, 2013
`Fidler et al.
`
`US 2013 0327966A1
`
`(54) ILLUMINATION DEVICE WITH MOVEMENT
`ELEMENTS
`
`(75) Inventors: Franz Fidler, Wien (AT); Joerg
`Reitterer, Wien (AT); Alexander
`Swatek, St. Michael (AT)
`(73) Assignee: Trillite Technologies GmbH, Neutal
`(AT)
`14/001,386
`
`(21) Appl. No.:
`
`Feb. 23, 2012
`PCT/EP2012/053101
`
`(22) PCT Filed:
`(86). PCT No.:
`S371 (c)(1),
`Aug. 23, 2013
`(2), (4) Date:
`Foreign Application Priority Data
`
`(30)
`
`... A 258/2011
`Feb. 25, 2011 (AT).
`Nov. 24, 2011
`(AT) ................................ A 1738/2011
`
`Publication Classification
`
`(51) Int. Cl.
`F2IV5/04
`F2IV 29/00
`
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`
`F2/13/04
`F2IK 99/00
`(52) U.S. Cl.
`CPC. F2IV5/04 (2013.01); F2IK 99/00 (2013.01);
`F2IV 29/22 (2013.01); F2IV 13/04 (2013.01)
`USPC ......................... 250/578.1; 362/235; 362/231
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`An illumination device (A) for the illumination of illumina
`tion zones (BZ) with different light intensity and/or color
`temperature by means of at least one light Source (L), wherein
`per light Source (L) there is provided at least one illumination
`modification means (VM) in the optical path between the
`light source (L) and the illumination Zones (BZ) having at
`least one movement element (BR, BV. LI, L), which is
`arranged movably in the illumination device (A) and which is
`adapted to selectively deviate and/or cover the light emitted
`by the at least one light source (L) by means of control means
`with an illumination frame rate (R) for a subsequent illumi
`nation of the illumination Zones (BZ), wherein the control
`means are adapted to control the light intensity of each light
`Source according to the illumination Zone (BZ) currently
`illuminated.
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`Dec. 12, 2013 Sheet 1 of 23
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`US 2013/0327966 A1
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`Dec. 12, 2013 Sheet 2 of 23
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`US 2013/0327966 A1
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`Dec. 12, 2013 Sheet 3 of 23
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`Dec. 12, 2013 Sheet 4 of 23
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`Dec. 12, 2013 Sheet 5 of 23
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`Patent Application
`Publication
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`Dec. 12, 2013 Sheet 6 of 23
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`Dec. 12, 2013 Sheet 7 of 23
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`US 2013/0327966 A1
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`Dec. 12, 2013 Sheet 10 of 23
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`US 2013/0327966 A1
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`Dec. 12, 2013 Sheet 12 of 23
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`US 2013/0327966 A1
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`
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`Dec. 12, 2013 Sheet 16 of 23
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`X
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`(a) tar to
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`S.
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`US 2013/0327966 A1
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`Dec. 12, 2013
`
`ILLUMINATION DEVICE WITH MOVEMENT
`ELEMENTS
`0001. The invention relates to an illumination device for
`the illumination of illumination Zones with different light
`intensity and/or color temperature by at least one light source.
`0002. Such illumination devices are, for example, known
`in the field of stage illumination, wherein a spot is cardani
`cally Suspended at a ceiling. The spot may either be manually
`adapted, or driven by a motor, to a certain area of the stage for
`the illumination of this illumination Zone of the stage, respec
`tively. In order to illuminate several illumination zones on the
`stage simultaneously and optionally with different light
`intensity or color temperature, there has to be provided a
`Sufficient number of spots at the ceiling of the stage.
`0003. With the known illumination device there has been
`found the disadvantage that the electric contacting of the
`movably arranged spots is problematic, and that breaking
`cable have constantly resulted in short-cuts. The setup and
`maintenance of a sufficient number of spots in order to illu
`minate a plurality of illumination Zones on the stage is com
`plex as well as expensive.
`0004. The invention is based on the task to provide for an
`illumination device, in which the above disadvantages are
`prevented. According to the invention, this task is solved by
`being provided per light source at least one illumination
`modification means in the optical path between the light
`Source and the illumination Zones having at least one move
`ment element, which is arranged movably in the illumination
`device and which is formed by control means with an illumi
`nation frame rate in order to selectively deflect and/or cover
`the light emitted by the at least one light source for the
`Subsequent illumination of illumination Zones, wherein the
`control means are adapted to control the light intensity of
`every light source of the illumination Zone currently being
`illuminated.
`0005 With the illumination device according to the inven
`tion there is obtained the advantage that one or several light
`Sources are provided fixedly mounted, wherein an illumina
`tion modification means is mounted in the path of each light
`source, which deflects and/or covers the beam of light accord
`ing to the illumination Zones to be illuminated. The illumina
`tion modification means that are, for example, formed by
`mirrors, lenses or shutters, are moved by the control means in
`a way so that the light of the light sources repeatedly illumi
`nates the illumination Zones to be illuminated at the illumi
`nation frame rate.
`0006. If, for example, five persons are present on stage and
`if the areas Surrounding the persons are to be illuminated as
`illumination Zones, then all five illumination Zones may be
`Subsequently illuminated by means of only one light Source
`or by means of several light sources. The illumination frame
`rate is then chosen so that it is not recognizable for the viewer
`that the five illumination Zones are not each statically illumi
`nated. From the expert field of the television technology there
`are, for example, known image frame rates of 50 Hz or 60 Hz,
`wherein for the illumination frame rate there may also be
`sufficientalready 30 Hz in order to establish the impression of
`a static illumination. The light intensity of the light source(s)
`is controlled in the above example with five persons being
`present on stage so that each of the five illumination Zones is
`illuminated with the desired light intensity and color tempera
`ture.
`0007. These and further advantages of the invention will
`be explained in greater detail by way of the Subsequent exem
`
`plary embodiments, wherein there is to be noted that in the
`description of the figures the term “display device' has to be
`considered as equal with the term “illumination device' and
`that the term "picture element modification means” has to be
`considered as equal with the term “illumination modification
`means', and that the term “illumination Zone' has to be
`considered as equal with the term “viewing Zone', according
`to the applicability in the respective exemplary embodiment.
`0008 FIG. 1 shows two examples of a display device,
`wherein the resolution is increased to the fourfold by means
`of picture element modification means.
`0009 FIG. 2 shows the sequential control of the extension
`picture elements of FIG. 1a.
`0010 FIG. 3 shows the sequential change of direction of
`the emitted light beam in the case of the autostereoscopic 3D
`representation of a picture element.
`0011
`FIG. 4 shows a combination of resolution increase
`and autostereoscopic 3D representation of a picture element.
`0012 FIG. 5 shows a schematic illustration of a LED light
`source with three LEDs of the primary colors for an autoste
`reoscopic 3D representation of a picture element of the image
`information.
`0013 FIG. 6 shows the principle of the autostereoscopic
`illustration of image information of a picture element.
`0014 FIG. 7 shows an example of a multi view display
`with five viewing Zones.
`(0015 FIG. 8 shows the multi view display of FIG. 7 with
`3D light sources, which display in time intervals image infor
`mation in viewing Zones synchronized in regard to space as
`well as time.
`0016 FIG.9 shows 3D light sources, which generate two
`dimensional viewing Zones in the far field.
`0017 FIG. 10 shows examples of the sequential series of
`control of the viewing Zones of a display device, which is
`formed by a multi view display.
`(0018 FIG. 11 shows the principle of the reduction of the
`required number of different image information.
`0019. In FIG. 12 the mechanisms of action of refractive
`elements, reflective elements and diffractive elements are
`illustrated.
`(0020. In FIG. 13 there are illustrated two examples of
`embodiments of refractive elements of the picture element
`modification means.
`0021
`FIG. 14 schematically shows the functioning prin
`ciple of chromatic, achromatic and apochromatic correction.
`(0022. In FIG. 15 there is illustrated the intensity in the far
`field as a function of the lateral coordinate.
`0023 FIG. 16 shows a display device consisting of a light
`Source, picture element modification means as well as a beam
`shaper.
`0024 FIG. 17 shows several exemplary embodiments of
`an immovable light source with movable as well as immov
`able mirrors and lenses forming picture element modification
`CaS.
`(0025 FIG. 18 shows further exemplary embodiments with
`immovable light sources and movable reflectors as well as
`immovable lenses.
`0026 FIG. 19 shows exemplary embodiments of a light
`source with a beam combiner and a movable reflector as well
`as immovable lenses.
`0027 FIG. 20 shows two exemplary embodiments of a
`light source with a movable reflector without beam combiner.
`0028 FIG. 21 shows exemplary embodiments, wherein
`the light source L itself is movably arranged.
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`0029 FIG. 22 shows a further possible extension of the
`concept according to FIG. 17 with micro shutters.
`0030. In FIG. 23 a realization with a waveguide and a
`displacement device is illustrated.
`0031
`FIG. 24 schematically shows the functioning prin
`ciple of the 3D breaking light.
`0032 FIG. 25 shows a comparison of conventional and
`adaptive Smart lighting with several picture element modifi
`cation means.
`0033 FIG. 26 shows a smart lighting system, wherein
`individual 3D light sources are used for a homogenous spatial
`illumination and other 3D light sources, which are focused on
`the receiver, are used for transferring data.
`0034 FIG. 27 shows an adaptive smart lighting system
`with three receivers, which receive data from the transmitter
`in the time multiplex method.
`0035 FIG. 28 shows an exemplary embodiment of a 3D
`light source with three laser diodes.
`0036 FIG. 29 shows an integrated RGB light source with
`three laser diodes and photodiodes.
`0037 FIG. 30 shows an exemplary embodiment of a 3D
`light source with increase of resolution.
`0038 FIG. 31 shows an exemplary embodiment of a dis
`play device with four 3D light sources according to FIG. 30.
`0039 FIG.32 shows an ideal spatial separation of viewing
`ZOS.
`0040 FIG.33 shows an actually realizable spatial separa
`tion of viewing Zones.
`0041 FIG. 34 shows overlapping continuous viewing
`ZOS.
`0042 FIG. 35 shows the schematic setup of an optical
`system with a beam splitter.
`0043 FIG. 36 shows the intensity distribution that may be
`obtained with the beam splitter in the far field in comparison
`with that without beam splitter.
`0044 FIG. 37 shows the temporal movement of the inten
`sity distribution of FIG. 36 for the simple application of three
`different viewing Zones.
`0045 FIG.38 shows an exemplary embodiment of a dis
`play device in the form of a curved autostereoscopic screen.
`0046 FIG. 39 shows an exemplary embodiment of a dis
`play device according to the invention as a multi-content
`Video screen.
`0047 FIG. 40 shows a comparison of conventional low
`beam light and high beam light.
`0048 FIG. 41 shows an exemplary embodiment of a dis
`play device according to the invention as an adaptive head
`light.
`0049 FIG. 42 shows the temporal adaptation of the direc
`tivity of the adaptive headlight by way of the example of a
`vehicle passing by.
`0050 FIG. 43 shows the adaptation of the directivity of the
`adaptive headlight by way of the example of two vehicles
`driving one after the other.
`0051
`Display Device with Increased Resolution
`0052. In the following description of the invention, the
`term display device comprises any device for the display of
`image information for at least one viewer or optical receiver.
`This includes, in particular, screens, large-scale screens or
`projectors as well as information boards, room illumination
`devices, optical communication systems and other arrays of
`individual picture elements (pixels) for the projection and
`display of image information, which may be composed of a
`still image, a motion picture or also only of individual picture
`
`elements and/or color/black-white areas. In the following
`there is made reference only to the elements of the display
`device that are substantial to the invention, as the expert will
`be well aware of, for example, elements for electricity supply
`of a display device or for the decoding of received video
`image information.
`0053 FIG. 1(a) shows as an example a display device A,
`wherein the resolution with picture element modification
`means is increased to the fourfold of the number of light
`Sources L of the display device A. The image information
`Supplied to the display device A contains four times more
`picture elements than light Sources L of the display device A,
`which is why according to the state of the art the image
`information could only be displayed with a fourth of the
`picture elements contained in the image information or reso
`lution, respectively. The image information of four picture
`elements is outputted by way of a light source L in connection
`with a picture element modification means VM, e.g., a mov
`able mirror, with four different positions in the time multiplex
`method:
`0054) 1. time t-to: extension picture element 1->light
`Source L emits image information of the first picture
`element, and the picture element modification means
`VM is in position 1.
`0.055
`2. time t-to-At: extension picture element
`2->light source L emits image information of the second
`picture element, and the picture element modification
`means VM is in position 2.
`0056 3. time t-to-2At: extension picture element
`3->light source L emits image information of the third
`picture element, and the picture element modification
`means VM is in position 3.
`0057 4. time t-to-3 At: extension picture element
`4->light source Lemits image information of the fourth
`picture element, and the picture element modification
`means VM is in position 4.
`0058. The time interval herein is At=1/(4R), wherein R
`indicates the frame rate and the time interval corresponds to a
`shift interval, wherein the picture element modification
`means VM are switched from one position into the next
`position, which may also be carried out continuously. The
`light emitted by the light Source L, hence, changes with a light
`source frequency f. corresponding to the fourfold of the
`frame rate R in order to output the image information of an
`extension picture element per time interval. Increasing the
`resolution to the fourfold, hence, is made possible by the light
`emitted by the light source L being emitted in the time mul
`tiplex method at four sites, this is, the extension picture ele
`ments 1 to 4, which are arranged Surrounding the light source
`L. In the case of a square picture element composed of K. 4
`extension picture elements this means that at the time t to the
`first picture element of the image information of the video to
`be displayed by the display device is emitted by the light
`source L, the light of which is then deflected to the extension
`picture element
`1. At t=to-At the second picture element of the video is
`deflected to the extension picture element 2, etc., until at
`t-to-3 At the fourth picture element is deflected to the exten
`sion picture element 4. The light Source frequency f, hence,
`is f, -1/At=KR-4 R.
`0059. In the figures the picture element modification
`means VM contain control means not displayed in greater
`detail, in which the sequence is stored when the light of the
`light source L is to be deflected to which extension picture
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`element. The control means are adapted to control the move
`ment of the individual movement elements of the picture
`element modification means VM according to this sequence.
`In the case of the realization of the picture element modifica
`tion means VM by MEMS micro systems this means that the
`control means generate electrostatic fields and, hence, forces
`in order to modify the movement elements respectively into
`the position in correspondence with the sequence.
`0060. In FIG. 1(b) there is illustrated a display device A
`according to the same principle, wherein the picture element
`modification means VM project the extension picture ele
`ments 1, 2, 3 and 4 at other positions around the light Source
`L. By changing the number of extension picture elements, the
`factor of the resolution increase may, most certainly, also
`assume other, in particular higher, values than the resolution
`of K-4.
`0061
`FIG. 2 shows the sequential control of the extension
`picture elements of FIG. 1(a). At every point of time, there are
`present one active extension picture element EB-A and three
`inactive extension picture elements EB-I. The exit area AF of
`the light is at any time at the site of the active extension picture
`element. When using resolution increase, there is in general
`aimed a high divergence 0, in order to obtain a high viewing
`angle of the display device A.
`0062) If there is used the autostereoscopic 3D representa
`tion, as depicted in FIG. 3, the exit area AF does not change
`temporally—there is rather changed the angley of the emitted
`light beam. Another difference to using the resolution
`increase is that there is herein aimed at a small divergence 0.
`But also in this application, there are developed extension
`picture elements, however, only in the far field in the so-called
`viewing Zones. The principle of the autostereoscopic 3D rep
`resentation will be Subsequently explained in greater detail.
`0063 FIG. 4 shows the combination of resolution increase
`and autostereoscopic 3D representation. At different points of
`time the exit area AF as well as the angle Y of the emitted light
`beam change. In this combined application, there are devel
`oped extension picture elements at the exit area of the light of
`the display device for an increase of the resolution, and there
`are developed additional extension picture elements in View
`ing Zones, which enable the autostereoscopic 3D representa
`tion of the image information.
`Display Device with Autostereoscopic 3D Representation—
`Two-View Display
`0064 FIG. 5 shows a schematic illustration of a light
`source L with, e.g. three LEDs of the primary colors red,
`green and blue and picture element modification means VM
`for an autostereoscopic 3D representation of a picture ele
`ment of the image information. The average eye distance of a
`female adult is di-6.3 cm, that of a male adult is di-6.5 cm.
`The diameter de of a so-called viewing Zone BZ of an
`autostereoscopic display device or display, respectively, has
`to be inevitably smaller than the average eye distanced and
`is in the following assumed as an example as de F6 cm. For
`a distance of, e.g., d.
`3 mm between neighboring light
`sources L (pixel pitch) and a viewing distance of d=7.5 m,
`the maximal allowable full divergence angle of the light beam
`emitted by the individual LED of the light source L including
`picture element modification means, hence, is
`
`d
`8 as tan ( ) = 8 in rad.
`
`(1)
`
`0065. In FIG. 6 there is depicted the principle of the
`autostereoscopic illustration of image information. A 3D
`light Source 3DL, consisting of a conventional light source L
`and the picture element modification means VM, which
`deflect the image information for the left eye LA and the right
`eye RA. Herein, there is alternately illustrated the image
`information for the left eye LA as extension picture element 5
`and the image information for the right eye RA as extension
`picture element 6. The required angle increment AY is for the
`same diameters dofall viewing Zones BZ dependent on the
`geometrical position of the respective viewing Zone BZ and,
`hence, for the above parameter, is approximately constant to
`
`d
`Ay & 6 & 2ian (, ) = 8 mrad.
`
`(2)
`
`The light source frequency f. by means of which the image
`information of the 3D light source 3DL for the left eye LA,
`and Subsequently for the right eye RA, and then alternately is
`changed, then is f, -1/At=NR=2 R, where in this example
`the number of the viewing Zones N2 is, according to the
`number of the eyes of the viewer, two. The principle of the
`autostereoscopic 3D representation that is depicted in FIG. 6
`is realized as a so-called two-view Display, which realizes
`two viewing Zones BZ in the field of the extension picture
`elements 5 and 6. In order to send the image information at
`any point of time to the two eyes RA and LA of an individual
`and optionally moving viewer, there may be used methods
`like, e.g., head tracking. Herein, there is continuously deter
`mined the position of the viewer's head, and the angles of
`deflection of the picture element modification means VM are
`correspondingly adapted.
`Display Device with Autostereoscopic 3D Representation
`
`Multi-View Display
`0.066 An alternative realization of the autostereoscopic
`image illustration is the use of more than two viewing Zones
`BZ. Such displays are designated as multi-view displays. As
`long as the viewer is situated in the viewing area of the width
`de, he/she will be in a position to perceive a stereoscopic
`image. For in total NA viewing Zones BZ. each having the
`width d2, the entire viewing area is determined as
`(1)
`dezocai-NBzdez
`0067. Multi-view displays do not only generate a stereo
`parallax, this is different images for both eyes, but rather also
`a movement parallax, this is, the viewer may move in the area
`of the width d2 and get a different view onto the depicted
`scene from every different angle. Also in a multi-view display
`application one may in addition use head tracking in order to
`send 3D image information only into those spatial areas in
`which there are actually viewers present.
`0068 FIG. 7 shows an example of such a multi-view dis
`play with N=5 viewing Zones BZ. In intervals of At the
`deflection angle of the picture element modification means
`VM is incremented by the angle increment Ay. The angle
`increment Ay depends on the geometrical position of the
`respective viewing Zone, in a sufficiently large viewing dis
`
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`

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`
`Dec. 12, 2013
`
`tance; however, it may be considered as constant in a first
`approximation. At any point of time there is outputted another
`image of the three-dimensional scene (in contrast to merely
`two different images in the case of a two-view display). In the
`multi-view display there exist also viewing Zones BZ at sites,
`at which there is not present any viewer at a given point of
`time. If the number N of viewing Zones BZ is sufficiently
`large, several viewers may simultaneously perceive the
`autostereoscopic effect, in contrast to the two-view display,
`wherein only one viewer may perceive the effect. The switch
`interval At of the picture element modification means VM is
`then at a given frame rate R as follows:
`
`1
`
`(2)
`
`0069. In the multi-view display according to FIG. 7, the
`switch interval at R=60s' is, e.g., Ats3.33 ms. The light
`Source frequency f. at which the image information of the 3D
`light source 3DL is changed, then is assumed as f1/At NZ
`R=5 R=3OO HZ.
`0070 For reasons of clarity, in the FIGS. 5 to 7 there is
`only depicted one 3D light source 3DL. FIG. 8 shows the
`multi-view display of FIG. 7 with in total N, 3D light
`sources 3DL, which illustrate in intervals of At image infor
`mation in the NZ viewing Zones BZ Synchronized in regard
`to space as well as time. In FIG. 8 there are herein only
`illustrated the two points of time (a) t-to-2At as well as (b)
`t-to-3 At.
`0071. For reasons of clarity, there have been assumed so
`far only one-dimensional viewing Zones. FIG. 9 shows a 3D
`light source 3DL, which generates in the far field two-dimen
`sional viewing Zones BZ. There, the emitted light beam is
`sequentially deflected by way of the picture element modifi
`cation means VM horizontally as well as vertically. At Naz.
`viewing Zones BZ in the X direction and Nazi viewing Zones
`BZ in they direction, the minimal switch interval is
`
`1
`
`(3)
`
`0072 The viewing Zones BZ may be different also in
`number and dimension in the X and y direction.
`0073 FIG. 10 shows examples of the sequential order of
`control of the viewing Zones BZ of a display device A, which
`is formed by a multi-view 3D display. The picture element
`modification means VM of the display device A contain, for
`this reason, control means that are not displayed in FIG.9 for
`controlling the movement elements of the picture element
`modification means VM, which will be explained in greater
`detail later on. If the control is carried out one line or column,
`respectively, after the other, the required switch intervals At,
`for lines or At for columns, respectively, will be longer by a
`factor of Nazi and Nazi respectively.
`0074. In the FIGS. 10(a) to (d) examples of the sequential
`control of Nazi Nazi 54–20 viewing Zones BZ are illus
`trated. Table 1 given below lists the required switch intervals
`for the sequences of FIG. 10. In the meandering sequences of
`the FIGS. 10(c) and (d) the angle increments are further
`
`minimized at the change of line or column, respectively,
`which is advantageous in the practical realization of the dis
`play device A.
`
`TABLE 1
`
`At
`1
`R NBZNBZy
`
`1
`R NBz.
`
`1
`R NBZNBZy
`
`1
`R NBz.
`
`At,
`1
`RNBzy
`
`1
`R NBZNBZy
`
`1
`RNBzy
`
`1
`R NBZNBZy
`
`FIG. 10(a)
`
`FIG. 10(b)
`
`FIG. 10(c)
`
`FIG. 10(d)
`
`0075. There is to be noted that other control order
`sequences than those depicted in FIG. 10 are also possible.
`There could also be used spiral-like, diagonal or Figures in
`the type of Lissajous curves, which, e.g., are present when
`using resonant 2D micro scanner mirrors.
`0076. In order to reduce the number of different image
`information required at constant area, viewing Zones BZ of
`whole columns may illustrate the same image information in
`a frame of the period At=1/R. FIG. 11 shows the principle of
`the reduction of the required number of different image infor
`mation. Different gray values represent different image infor
`mation, which are illustrated in a viewing Zone BZ during the
`period of a frame, this is in the interval At=1/R. According to
`FIG.11(a) there are present different viewing Zones BZ of the
`viewing area, whereas according to FIG. 11(b) there is illus
`trated the same image information per column. In order of
`being able to perceive a three-dimensional image, the viewer
`has to keep the head (approximately) vertically oriented with
`a scheme like the one in FIG. 11(b).
`
`Elements of the Picture Element Modification Means VM
`0077. The elements of the picture element modification
`means VM may be distinguished into three categories of
`refractive, reflective and diffractive structures. In FIG. 12, the
`mechanisms of action of these three categories are illustrated,
`wherein in FIG. 12(a), (d) and (g) the refractive elements
`RE1, in FIG. 12(b), (e) and (h) the reflective elements RE2
`and in FIG. 12(c), (f) and (i) the diffractive elements DE are
`illustrated. The elements of the FIGS. 12(a) to (c) focus, the
`elements of the FIGS. 12(d) to (f) deflect and the elements of
`the FIGS. 12(g) to (i) split the light beams emitted by the light
`Source L.
`
`Refractive Elements RE1
`0078 Refractive elements RE1 act on the optical path by
`refractionatan interface between two different media accord
`ing to Snell's law. One possibility to realize refractive ele
`ments RE1 is the use of gradient index structures, wherein the
`refractive index is a function of the lateral coordinates. An
`alternative possibility is the use of structures with a surface
`profile, e.g., a conventional lens. In FIG. 13 there are depicted
`two examples of embodiments of refractive elements RE1 of
`the picture element modification means VM: (a) plano-con
`vex converging lens and (b) plano-convex Fresnel lens.
`
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`

`US 2013/0327966 A1
`
`Dec. 12, 2013
`
`Reflective Elements RE2
`0079 Reflective elements influence the optical path in
`pursuance with the laws of reflection.
`
`Diffractive Elements DE
`0080. Diffractive elements influence the optical path on
`the basis of the diffraction on condition of the structure of the
`element of the picture element modification means VM. In
`general, the characteristics of diffractive structures are essen
`tially more dependent on the wavelength