Ingenico Inc. v. IOENGINE, LLC
`IPR2019-00879 (US 9,059,969)
`Exhibit 2100
`Page 1 of 29
`
`

`

`HUMAN FACTORS
`IN COMPUTING SYSTEMS
`
`CI-11'86
`
`CONFERENCE
`PROCEEDINGS
`
`Edited by
`Marilyn Mantel and Peter Orbeton
`Special Issue of the SIGCHI Bulletin
`
`ifornia
`anal
`[ty
`
`CHI '86
`
`April 13-17, 1986
`
`Boston
`
`Sponsored by the Association
`for Computing Machinery's
`Special Interest Group
`on Computer and Human
`Interaction (ACM/SIGCHI)
`
`Ingenico Inc. v. IOENGINE, LLC
`IPR2019-00879 (US 9,059,969)
`Exhibit 2100
`Page 2 of 29
`
`

`

`SIGCHI Bulletin
`SIGCHI Bulletin is a quarterly publication of the Special
`Interest Group on Computer & Human Interaction
`(SIGCHI) of the Association for Computing Machinery.
`The scope of SIGCHI encompasses all aspects of the
`computer-human interaction process, including research
`and development efforts leading to the design and evalua-
`tion of user interfaces. The focus of SIGCHI is on user
`behavior: how people communicate and interact with
`computer systems.
`
`SIGCHI serves as a forum for the exchange of ideas among
`computer scientists, human factors scientists, psychol-
`ogists, social scientists, systems designers and end users.
`
`For information on supplying photo-ready copy, please
`contact the editor. The Bulletin is published quarterly in
`January, April, July and October. Copy deadlines are the
`10th of the second month preceding date of issue, i.e.,
`November 10 for January issue.
`
`Opinions expressed in signed articles and letters are those
`of the writer and do not necessarily express the position of
`the ACM or SIGCHI. Reports and technical papers in the
`Bulletin are unrefereed working papers, reprints excepted,
`unless otherwise stated. Materials may be reproduced for
`noncommercial purposes, if credit is given to the SIGCHI
`Bulletin and ACM/SIGCHI.
`
`We solicit contributions of articles, news, reports, book
`reviews, and letters. Conference announcements and calls
`for papers or proposals are published, if relevant to the
`interests of the group. Materials should be submitted to the
`editor; contributions normally are not returned.
`
`You are invited to join and participate in SIGCHI functions.
`Membership in SIGCHI, which includes a subscription to
`the Bulletin, is open to ACM members and non-members.
`To become a member of SIGCHI (or for change of address),
`complete the form on the last page of this issue.
`
`SIGCHI EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
`
`Chair
`Lorraine Borman
`1865 Tanglewood Drive
`Glenview, IL 60025
`312/998-6476
`Borman.CHI@xerox.arpa
`
`Vice Chair
`Donald Norman
`Institute for Cognitive Science
`University of California, San Diego
`La Jolla, CA 92093
`619/452-6771
`Norman.CHI@xerox.arpa
`Norman@NPRDC
`
`Secretary/Treasurer
`Kate Ehrlich
`Honeywell Information Systems
`300 Concord Road
`NA30-819A
`Billerica, MA 01821
`617/671-2677
`
`Bulletin Editor
`Peter Orbeton
`Data General Corporation
`MS Ell!
`4400 Computer Drive
`Westboro, MA 01580
`617/870-6029
`
`Advisory Board
`
`William Buxton
`Computer Systems Research Institute
`University of Toronto
`Toronto, Ontario
`Canada MSS 1A4
`416/978-6320
`Buxton.CHI@xerox.arpa
`Willy%Toronto.csnet@csnet-relay.arpa
`
`Bill Curtis
`MCC
`9430 Research Blvd.
`Austin, TX 78759
`512/343-0860
`Curtis.CH1@xerox.arpa
`
`Marilyn Mantei
`Graduate School of Business Administration
`The University of Michigan
`Ann Arbor, MI 48109
`313/763-5936
`Mantei.CH1@xerox:arpa
`Mantei%Umich-mts. mailnet@mit-muiltics.arpa
`
`Jon Meads
`Jon Meads & Associates
`2516 N.E. 19th
`Portland, OR 97212
`503/284-6848
`JMeads@ECLB.arpa
`
`Thomas P. Moran
`Xerox PARC
`3333 Coyote Hill Road
`Palo Alto, CA 94394
`415/494-4351
`Moran.CH1@xerox.arpa
`Moran.pa@xerox.arpa
`
`Ben Shneiderman
`University of Maryland
`COmputer Science Department
`College Park, MD
`301/454-2788
`Ben@maryland.arpa
`
`Raoul Smith
`College of Computer Science
`Northeastern University
`360 Huntington Avenue
`Boston, MA 021 15
`617/437-5205
`
`SIGCHI CORPORATE
`SPONSOR
`
`apollo
`
`Ingenico Inc. v. IOENGINE, LLC
`IPR2019-00879 (US 9,059,969)
`Exhibit 2100
`Page 3 of 29
`
`

`

`IVAN fACTORS
`IN COMPUTING SYSTEMS
`
`CHI '86
`
`CHI'86 Conference Proceedings
`April 13-17, Boston
`Edited by Marilyn Mantei and Peter Orbeton
`
`Sponsored by the Association for
`Computing Machinery's Special Interest
`Group on Computer and Human Interaction
`(ACM/SIGCHI) in cooperation with the
`Human Factors Society and ACM/SIGGRAPH.
`Special Issue of the SIGCHI BULLETIN
`
`Ingenico Inc. v. IOENGINE, LLC
`IPR2019-00879 (US 9,059,969)
`Exhibit 2100
`Page 4 of 29
`
`

`

`The Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.
`11 West 42nd Street
`New York, NY 10036
`
`Copyright 61986 by the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. Copying
`without fee is permitted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for
`direct commercial advantage and credit to the source is given. Abstracting with
`credit is permitted. For other copying of articles that carry a code at the bottom
`of the first page, copying is permitted provided that the per-copy fee indicated in
`the code is paid through the Copyright Clearance Center, 27 Congress Street.
`Salem, MA 01970. For permission to republish write to: Director of Publications,
`Association for Computing Machinery. To copy otherwise, or republish, requires a
`fee and/or specific permission.
`ISBN 0-89791-180-6
`
`Sample Citation Information
`Eliot, George. Middlemarch.
`In Proc. CH1'86 Human Factors in Computing Systems
`(Boston, April 13-17, 1986), ACM, New York, pp. 1-10.
`
`Additional copies may be ordered prepaid from:
`Price:
`ACM Order Department
`P.O. Box 64145
`Members: $20
`All others: $27
`Baltimore, MD 21264
`ACM Order Number: 608860
`Orders may be charged 24 hours a day, seven days a week, by calling
`toll free nationwide 1-800-526-0359 Ext. 75; in New Jersey
`1-800-932-0878 Ext. 75.
`
`Ingenico Inc. v. IOENGINE, LLC
`IPR2019-00879 (US 9,059,969)
`Exhibit 2100
`Page 5 of 29
`
`

`

`EMS
`LIS
`
`C
`/1
`
`WELCOME TO CHI'86
`Welcome. Welcome to Boston and to CHI'86, the prime forum for
`practitioners and researchers to present the state of the art in
`studies and designs of computer-human interfaces. We have
`come far from the first conference on computer and human
`interaction sponsored by ACM SIGCHI (nee SIGSOC) at Ann
`Arbor in 1981, to the joint ACM-N BS Conference on Human
`Factors in Computer Systems at Gaithersburg in 1982, to CHI'83,
`to CHI'85 and now, CHI'86.
`One of the principal reasons for the success of the CHI
`conferences is the long range planning of the SIGCHI executive
`committee and advisory board and most importantly, the
`management team that runs each of the CHI conferences. We
`give them thanks.
`We particularly want to thank the CHI'86 committee chairs for
`their diligence, their thorough and high-caliber work and their
`Herculean efforts that help to make this the best CHI conference
`to date. This conference owes much to Lorraine Borman, chair of
`SIGCHI. In many inimitable ways she has fostered and nurtured
`each CHI conference. Thank you for this one, Lorraine.
`And we heartily thank the behind-the-scenes workers who are
`not on the conference committee but who contributed a
`significant amount of expertise and time toward making this
`conference run so smoothly. These are: Ken Abrams of
`Cognimetrics; Elizabeth Zoltan Ford of Towson State University;
`Branko Gerovac and Michael Good of Digital Equipment
`Corporation; Copper Giloth of the University of Massachusetts;
`Janice Hayashi; Debby Hindus; Sue Koopman, Julia Serrato and
`Richard Yamauchi of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory;
`Judy Kornfeld of Symbolics; Larry Lavendel of Ramtek, Inc.;
`Jane Mosier of the MITRE Corporation; Virginia Ogozalek of
`Worcester State College; Patty Sheehan of Xerox Palo Alto
`Research Center; and Mary Stoddard of Los Alamos National
`Laboratory. We thank the presentors, session chairs, discussants
`and demonstrators without whom there would be no conference.
`Thank you all. And to all the attendees and the readers of these
`Proceedings, ENJOY!
`
`Marilyn Mantei and Raoul N. Smith
`Conference Co-Chairs
`
`III
`
`Ingenico Inc. v. IOENGINE, LLC
`IPR2019-00879 (US 9,059,969)
`Exhibit 2100
`Page 6 of 29
`
`

`

`THE CHI'86 PROGRAM
`Looking over the papers for this year's CHI conference, one can
`sense a change taking place in this field. The pace of developing
`technology and understanding of human-computer interaction has
`quickened.
`The reasons have to do with a confluence of events:
`• It is just about now that bitmapped graphics displays attached
`to substantial personal workstations have become widespread,
`that advanced graphic hardware is common, and that the basic
`computer graphics algorithms and subroutine packages are in
`place for large-scale application programming.
`• Similarly, it is just about now that the first phase in the
`expansion of Al technology out of the laboratory is producing its
`first fruits.
`• The large number of small PC-class computers sold to non-
`programmer users who get to choose their own software has
`created a majoKcommercial emphasis on interfaces that are easy
`to use.
`• It is just about now that speech technology, long a future
`promise, has matured to the point where we are starting to see
`substantial numbers of interfaces that exploit it.
`• It is just about now that the success of the mouse has helped
`to create acceptance for other non-keyboard pointing, gesturing
`and drawing devices.
`• It is just about now that multi-media documents are beginning
`to be widely researched, that animation is beginning to be used
`widely in interfaces.
`This is also the time when techniques and understanding within
`computer science, psychology, artificial intelligence and
`linguistics have begun to be applied with some force to problems
`of human-computer interaction. One major thrust is the work
`within computer science and computer graphics on user interface
`management systems. These systems promise to reduce
`drastically the cost and effort required to produce interfaces and
`to give better interfaces in the bargain. In psychology, work on
`procedural skill, learning and transfer has solidified and promises
`to be exploitable for future systems. In computer science,
`linguistics and Al, work is proceeding on describing the
`semantics of human-computer interaction.
`
`The comparison with the first CHI conference in Gaithersburg,
`Maryland, barely four years ago is dramatic. Each of the
`developments above has really come to bloom only since that
`first conference, although, of course, many have seedling roots
`that go back some years. The CHI conferences have nurtured this
`progress by increasing the exposure of ideas and systems to
`other participants in the field and by mixing together participants
`of different disciplinary knowledge.
`It is always risky to make printed predictions, but there is every
`indication the next five years will be the time when the classic
`work that cumulates in a user technology gets put into place.
`The large boost in personal workstation processing power just
`around the corner, the large increases in affordable memory sizes
`we expect, the large databases made practical by optical disks,
`the wedding of computer and videodisk technology, the existence
`by now of experienced interface builders and researchers, the
`availability of actual users experiences, and the progress in the
`cognitive science and computer science foundations—all these
`presage advancement of the state of the art in human-computer
`interaction.
`CHI'86 reports progress in most of these areas, from graphical
`interfaces, to user interface management systems, to cognitive
`theory. Future conferences will hopefully add increased
`representation from the graphic design and social science
`communities.
`I hope you find in these papers the quickened stride forward in
`the science of human-computer interaction we on the program
`committee have labored to produce.
`
`gue
`
`Stuart Card
`Program Chair
`
`IV
`
`Ingenico Inc. v. IOENGINE, LLC
`IPR2019-00879 (US 9,059,969)
`Exhibit 2100
`Page 7 of 29
`
`

`

`COOPERATING SOCIETIES
`ACM/SIGGRAPH
`The Human Factors Society
`
`University Liaison
`Gary Perlman
`Wang Institute
`Video
`Jan Walker
`Symbolics, Inc.
`Advisor
`D. Austin Henderson, Jr.
`Xerox Palo Alto Research Center
`Doctoral Consortium
`Robert Williges
`Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
`CHI'87 Conference Co-Chairs
`Ron Baecker
`University of Toronto
`William Buxton
`University of Toronto
`ACM/SIGGRAPH
`Sara Bly
`Xerox Corporation
`The Human Factors Society
`Susan Dray
`Honeywell, Inc.
`
`Publicity
`Sheila Hoffmeyer
`Ellen Frisbie
`Smith, Bucklin & Associates
`
`CONFERENCE COMMITTEE
`Conference Co-Chairs
`Marilyn Mantel
`The University of Michigan
`Raoul Smith
`Northeastern University
`Technical Program
`Stuart K. Card
`Xerox Palo Alto Research Center
`Aural-Visual
`Wendy E. Mackay
`Digital Equipment Corporation
`Demonstrations
`Kate Ehrlich
`Honeywell Information Systems
`Local Arrangements
`Deborah Mayhew
`Northeastern University
`Arlene Aucella
`Wang Laboratories, Inc.
`Panels
`Phyllis Reisner
`IBM Research Laboratory:
`Proceedings Editors
`Marilyn Mantei
`The University of Michigan
`Peter Orbeton
`Data General Corporation
`Publicity
`Lorraine Borman
`Registration
`Donald R. Patterson
`Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
`Technology Transfer
`James M. Boyle
`IBM Santa Teresa Human Factors Center
`Conference Treasurer
`Lorraine Borman
`Tutorials
`Charles Kooshian
`Los Alamos National Laboratory
`
`V
`
`Ingenico Inc. v. IOENGINE, LLC
`IPR2019-00879 (US 9,059,969)
`Exhibit 2100
`Page 8 of 29
`
`

`

`PROGRAM COMMITTEE
`izak Benbasat
`Harvard Business School
`Sara Bly
`Xerox Corporation
`Richard Bolt
`Massachusetts Institute of Technology Media Laboratory
`James M. Boyle
`IBM Santa Teresa Human Factors Center
`Ruven Brooks
`Schlumberger Doll Research
`William Buxton
`University of Toronto
`John Carroll
`IBM Watson Research Center
`Mike Coombs
`University of Strathclyde
`Bill Curtis
`MCC
`Susan Dray
`Honeywell, Inc.
`Gerhardt Fischer
`University of Colorado
`Don Foss
`University of Texas
`Francine Frome
`AT&T Bell Laboratories
`Jean Gascon
`Hewlett-Packard
`Louis Gomez
`Bell Communications Research
`John Gould
`IBM Watson Research Center
`Robert Grafton
`Office of Naval Research
`Irene Greif
`Massachusetts Institute of Technology
`Rex Hartson
`Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
`Philip Hayes
`Carnegie-Mellon University
`D. Austin Henderson, Jr.
`Xerox Palo Alto Research Center
`David Kieras
`University of Michigan
`Thomas Landauer
`Bell Communications Research
`
`Clayton Lewis
`University of Colorado
`Thomas Malone
`Massachusetts Institute of Technology
`Norman Meyrowitz
`Brown University
`Thomas P. Moran
`Xerox Palo Alto Research Center
`John O'Hare
`Office of Naval Research
`Judith Reitman Olson
`University of Michigan
`Misha Pavel
`Stanford University
`Stephen Payne
`Lancaster University
`Peter Poison
`University of Colorado
`Rudy Ramsey
`Consultant
`Elaine Rich
`MCC
`William Rouse
`Georgia Institute of Technology
`Sylvia Sheppard
`Computer Technology Associates
`Ben Shneiderman
`University of Maryland
`Elliot Soloway
`Yale University
`Anthony Wasserman
`University of California, San Francisco
`Robert Williges
`Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
`
`VI
`
`Ingenico Inc. v. IOENGINE, LLC
`IPR2019-00879 (US 9,059,969)
`Exhibit 2100
`Page 9 of 29
`
`

`

`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`Visualizing Complex Information Spaces
`The Information Lens: An Intelligent System for Information Sharing in Organizations
`T.W. Malone, K.R. Grant, F.A. Turbak, MIT
`Graphic Interfaces for Knowledge-Based System Development
`S.E. Poltrock, D.D. Steiner, P.N. Tarlton, MCC
`Generalized Fisheye Views
`G.W. Furnas, Bell Communications Research
`Tutors and Consultants
`User Modeling in UC, The UNIX Consultant
`D.N. Chin, University of California, Berkeley
`TNT: A Talking Tutor 'N' Trainer for Teaching the Use of Interactive Computer Systems
`L.H. Nakatani, D.E. Egan, L.W. Ruedisueli, P.M. Hawley, D.K. Lewart, AT&T Bell Labs
`Advising Roles of a Computer Consultant
`J. McKendree, Carnegie-Mellon University; J.M. Carroll, IBM Watson Research Center
`Panel: The Computer as Musical Accompanist
`Moderator: W. Buxton, University of Toronto
`Panelists: R. Dannenberg, Carnegie-Mellon University; B. Vercoe, MIT
`Visual Programming Environment Designs
`The Enhancement of Understanding Through Visual Representations
`H.D. Bocker, G. Fischer, H. Nieper, University of Colorado
`Design Principles for the Enhanced Presentation of Computer Program Source Text
`R. Baecker, University of Toronto; A. Marcus, Aaron Marcus & Associates
`Visual Programming, Programming by Example, and Program Visualization: A Taxonomy
`B.A. Myers, University of Toronto
`Transfer of User Skill Between Systems
`Transfer Between Word Processing Systems
`J. Karat, L. Boyes, S. Weisgerber, C. Schafer, IBM, Austin
`Learning and Transfer for Text and Graphics Editing With a Direct Manipulation Interface
`J.E. Ziegler, H.U. Hoppe, K.P. Fahnrich, IA0
`A Test of a Common Elements Theory of Transfer
`P.G. Poison, E. Muncher, G. Engelbeck, University of Colorado
`Panel: Classifying Users: A Hard Look at Some Controversial Issues
`Moderator: K. Potosnak, Koffler Group
`Panelists: P.J. Hayes, Carnegie-Mellon University; M.B. Rosson, IBM Watson Research Center; M.L. Schneider, consultant;
`J.A. Whiteside, DEC
`Resolved: Interface Design Doesn't Matter — A Debate
`Moderator: R. Pew, Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc.
`Panelists: S. Card, Xerox PARC; D. Norman, University of California San Diego
`Plenary Address
`The Office of the Future — Increasing Effectiveness and Enhancing the Quality of Working Life
`E. Mumford, Manchester Business School
`Windowing and Graphical Representation
`Medical Cognitive Graphics
`W.G. Cole, University of California, San Francisco
`How Are Windows Used? Some Notes on Creating an Empirically-Based Windowing Benchmark Task
`K.B. Gaylin, VPI
`A Comparison of Tiled and Overlapping Windows
`S.A. Bly, J.K. Rosenberg, Xerox Office Systems Division
`Documentation
`A Cognitive Model of Database Querying: A Tool for Novice Instruction
`M.S. Schlager, University of Colorado; W.C. Ogden, IBM Santa Teresa Human Factors Center
`
` 1
`
`9
`
`16
`
`24
`
`29
`
`35
`
`41
`
`44
`
`51
`
`59
`
`67
`
`72
`
`78
`
`84
`
`89
`
`90
`
`91
`
`96
`
` 101
`
` 107
`
`VII
`
`Ingenico Inc. v. IOENGINE, LLC
`IPR2019-00879 (US 9,059,969)
`Exhibit 2100
`Page 10 of 29
`
`

`

`DOMAIN/DELPHI: Retrieving Documents Online
`P. Orwick, J.T. Jaynes, T.R. Barstow, L.S. Bohn, Apollo Computer
`The Effects of Structured, Multi-Level Documentation
`R.W. Holt, D.A. Boehm-Davis, A.C. Schultz, George Mason University
`Panel: Socio-Tech: What is it (and Why Should We Care)?
`Moderator: R. Pew, Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc.
`Panelists: K. Assunto, Aetna Life & Casualty; W. Baker, IBM; S. Dray, Honeywell; J. Taylor, STS International
`Drawing and Animation Systems
`Animated Graphical Interfaces Using Temporal Constraints
`R.A. Duisberg, Tektronix, Inc.
`Defining Constraints Graphically
`A. Borning, University of Washington
`A User Interface for Multiple-Process, Turnkey Systems Targeted for the Novice User
`B.S. Kimerer, Metagraphics, Inc.
`Case Studies
`Learning Modes and Subsequent Use of Computer-Mediated Communication Systems
`S.R. Hiltz, E.B. Kerr, New Jersey Institute of Technology
`Voice Messaging Enhancing the User Interface Design Based on Field Performance
`A.F. Aucella, S.F. Ehrlich, Wang Labs
`Integrated Software Usage in the Professional Work Environment: Evidence from Questionnaires and Interviews
`J. Nielsen, R.L. Mack, K.H. Bergendorff, N.L. Grischkowsky, IBM Watson Research Center
`Panel: Analytic Performance Models Over the Next Five Years
`Moderator: D. Wixon, DEC
`Panelists: J. Carroll, IBM Watson Research Center (Science is Soft at the Frontier); T. Moran, Xerox PARC (The Role
`of Performance Models in User Interface Design); R. Pew, Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc. (Analytical Performance Models);
`D. Wixon, DEC (Models as Engineering Tools)
`Program Debugging
`Debugging by Skilled and Novice Programmers
`L. Gugerty, G. Olson, University of Michigan
`Does Programming Language Affect the Type of Conceptual Bugs in Beginners' Programs? A Comparison of FPL and Pascal
`N. Cunniff, R.P. Taylor, J.B. Black, Columbia University
`Alternatives to Construct-Based Programming Misconceptions
`J.C. Spohrer, E. Soloway, Yale University
`Voice Enhancement
`Designing a Quality Voice: An Analysis of Listeners' Reactions to Synthetic Voices
`M.B. Rosson, IBM Watson Research Center; A.J. Cecala, Yale University
`Speech Recognition Enhancement by Lip Information
`S. Nishida, MIT
`Comparison of Elderly and Younger Users on Keyboard and Voice Input Computer-Based Composition Tasks
`V. Ogozalek, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; J. Van Praag, DEC
`Panel: Usability Testing in the Real World
`Moderator: C. Mills, American Institutes for Research
`Panelists: K.F. Bury, IBM; P. Reed, AT&T Bell Lab; T. Roberts, Xerox Corp.; B. Tognazzini, Apple Computer Inc.;
`A. Wichansky, Hewlett-Packard
`Discussant: J. Gould, IBM Watson Research Center
`Interface Management and Prototyping
`Rapid Prototyping and System Development: Examination of an Interface Toolkit for Voice and Telephony Applications
`J.T. Richards, S.J. Boies, J.D. Gould, IBM Watson Research Center
`The Trillium User Interface Design Environment
`D.A. Henderson, Jr., Xerox PARC
`An Interactive Environment for Dialogue Development: Its Design, Use and Evaluation; or, Is Aide Useful?
`D.H. Hix, H.R. Hartson, VPI
`
` 114
`
` 122
`
` 129
`
` 131
`
` 137
`
`144
`
` 149
`
`156
`
` 162
`
` 168
`
`171
`
`175
`
` 183
`
` 192
`
` 198
`
`205
`
`212
`
`216
`
`221
`
`228
`
`VIII
`
`Ingenico Inc. v. IOENGINE, LLC
`IPR2019-00879 (US 9,059,969)
`Exhibit 2100
`Page 11 of 29
`
`

`

`Design Methods I
`The Elicitation of System Knowledge by Picture Probes
`P. Barnard, M. Wilson, A. MacLean, MRC Applied Psychology Unit
`User-Derived Impact Analysis as a Tool for Usability Engineering
`M. Good, T.M. Spine, J. Whiteside, P. George, DEC
`On Designing for Usability: An Application of Four Key Principles
`T.T. Hewett, Drexel University; C.T. Meadow, University of Toronto
`Panel: Human Computer Interaction in the Year 2000
`Moderator: J. Thomas, IBM Watson Research Center
`Panelists: J.S. Brown, Xerox PARC; W. Buxton, University of Toronto; B. Curtis, MCC; T. Landauer, Bell Communications
`Research; T. Malone, MIT; B. Shneiderman, University of Maryland; J. Thomas, IBM Watson Research Center
`The Semantics of Interaction
`The Formal Specification of Adaptive User Interfaces Using Command Language Grammar
`D.P. Browne, B. Sharratt, M. Norman, Data Logic
`An Input-Output Model of Interactive Systems
`M. Shaw, Carnegie-Mellon University
`Design Methods II
`Formatting Space-Related Displays to Optimize Expert and Nonexpert User Performance
`M.J. Burns, D.L. Warren, Lockheed; M. Rudisill, NASA Johnson Space Center
`Designing in the Dark: Logics That Compete With the User
`J. Grudin, Wang Labs
`A Formal Interface Design Methodology Based on User Knowledge
`J.E. McDonald, D.W. Dearholt, K.R. Paap, R.W. Schvaneveldt, New Mexico State University
`Panel: Human Interface Design and the Handicapped User
`Moderator: W. Buxton, University of Toronto
`Panelists: R. Foulds, Tufts-New England Medical Center; M. Rosen, MIT; L. Scadden, Electronic Industries
`Foundation; F. Shein, Hugh MacMillan Medical Centre; G. Vanderheiden, Trace Center
`Knowledge-Based Interfaces
`The Memory Extender Personal Filing System
`W.P. Jones, MCC
`A Model of Mental Model Construction
`C. Lewis, University of Colorado
`Intelligent Interfaces: User Models and Planners
`L. Quinn, D.M. Russell, Xerox PARC
`Haptic Techniques
`A Study in Two-Handed Input
`W. Buxton, B. Myers, University of Toronto
`Autocompletion in Full Text Transaction Entry: A Method for Humanized Input
`M. Jakobsson, University of Vaasa
`Of Moles and Men: The Design of Foot Controls for Workstations
`G. Pearson, M. Weiser, University of Maryland
`Panel: Managing the Design of User-Computer Interfaces
`Moderator: J. Foley, George Washington University
`Panelists: S. Boies, IBM; W. Wood, Burroughs; W. Zimmer, DEC
`Plenary Address
`Seven Plus or Minus Two Central Issues in Human-Computer Interaction
`B. Shneiderman, University of Maryland
`Doctoral Consortium
`Chair: R.C. Williges, VPI
`Moderators: J.M. Carroll, IBM Watson Research Center; D. Hix, VPI; A.N. Badre, Georgia Institute of Technology;
`R.C. Williges, VPI
`Session I: Information and Interface Representation
`Expertise in Data Modeling or What is Inside the Head of an Expert Data Modeler?
`J.B. Smelcer, University of Michigan
`
`
`
`IX
`
`235
`
` 241
`
` 247
`
`253
`
`256
`
`261
`
`274
`
` 281
`
`285
`
` 291
`
`298
`
` 306
`
`314
`
` 321
`
` 327
`
`333
`
` 340
`
` 343
`
` 350
`
`350
`
`Ingenico Inc. v. IOENGINE, LLC
`IPR2019-00879 (US 9,059,969)
`Exhibit 2100
`Page 12 of 29
`
`

`

`Learning and Transfer Between Computer Operating Systems
`P.L. Smith-Kerker, University of Texas at Austin
`Separating the User Interface From the Functionality of Applications Programs
`P. Szekely, Carnegie-Mellon University
`Session II: Software Interface Development Tools
`Effects of Immediate Feedback on Designer Productivity and Design Usability
`C.A. Schneier, Georgia Institute of Technology
`A Design Tool for the Selection of Interaction Techniques and Devices
`T.W. Bleser, George Washington University
`Constraint-Based Animation
`R.A. Duisberg, University of Washington
`Session III: Interfaces Using Graphical Representation
`An Investigation of the Influence of a Graphic Programming Language on the Learning of Novice Programmers
`N. Cunniff, Columbia University
`An Investigation of the Effects of Tasks and Graphics on Information Processing Strategies and Decision Making Performance
`S. Jarvenpaa, University of Minnesota
`An Investigation of Features Important in Pictorial Representation of Abstract Concepts
`Relating to Human-Computer Interaction
`Y.R. Rogers, University College of Swansea
`Session IV: Implications of Human-Computer Communications
`Using Metacommunication to Generate Human-Human Communication Protocols at the Human-Computer Interface
`D.L. Sanford, VPI
`Interpersonal-Communication Variables and Communication Quality: The Effectiveness of Asynchronous
`Computer-Mediated Communication vs. Face-to-Face Communications
`J. Smith, North Texas State University
`Cognitive and Affective Consequences of Human Computer Interaction
`E.H. Hanson, University of Chicago
`Indexes:
`Keyword Index to Titles
`Author Index
`
`351
`
`351
`
` 351
`
` 351
`
`352
`
`352
`
` 352
`
`353
`
`353
`
`353
`
`354
`
` 355
`360
`
`X
`
`Ingenico Inc. v. IOENGINE, LLC
`IPR2019-00879 (US 9,059,969)
`Exhibit 2100
`Page 13 of 29
`
`

`

`CHI'86 Proceedings
`
`April 1986
`
`An Input-Output Model for Interactive Systems
`
`Mary Shaw
`
`Computer Science Department
`and
`Software Engineering Institute
`Carnegie-Mellon University
`Pittsburgh, Pa 15213 USA
`
`Abstract: Interactive user interfaces depend critically
`on underlying computing system facilities for input and
`output. However, most computing systems still have
`input-output facilities designed for batch processing.
`These facilities are not adequate for interfaces that rely
`on graphical output, interactive input, or softwaro con-
`structed with modem methodologies. This paper details
`the deficiencies of batch-style input-output for modern in-
`teractive systems, presents a new model for input-output
`that overcomes
`these deficiencies, and suggests
`software organizations to take advantage of the new
`model.
`
`1. Introduction
`Input and output are perhaps the most systematically
`neglected features of programming languages. They are
`usually ad hoc, and they are usually poorly integrated
`with the other facilities of their hosts -- the languages in
`which they are embedded.
`Input and output are
`generally supported only for the primitive scalar types of
`the host languages, although they are occasionally sup-
`ported (though usually in an inflexible way) for nonscalars
`such as records and arrays.
`The situation was bad enough before the introduction
`of abstract data types and interactive graphic displays,
`but these additional complications have overburdened
`the classical ad hoc input and output mechanisms
`beyond their design limitations. It is now time to develop
`a sound model for input and output that will address the
`problems introduced by modern programming technol-
`ogy. Such a model will help to put classical input and
`output on a solid footing; it will also provide a basis for
`abstract data types and interactive systems.
`Interactive input and output are fundamentally dif-
`ferent from conventional implementations of input and
`output in two ways:
`
`Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted
`provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct
`commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice arid the title of the
`publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by
`permission of the Association for Computing Machinery. To copy
`otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or specific permission.
`
`0 1986
`
`ACM 0-89791-180-6/86/0400 - 0261
`
`$00.75
`
`• The output device serves as a continuous sensor
`the application software and
`or observer of
`provides current information about the state of the
`computation, whereas conventional input and out-
`put provides information to the human user only
`when the application software chooses to report.
`• Input is an interactive process requiring feedback
`(sometimes from the application software that will
`receive the input), whereas input is conventionally
`treated as a simple parsing task. Moreover, inter-
`active input is often under control of the human
`user rather than the program, yielding an event-
`driven system rather than a program-driven one.
`The model developed here explains both conventional
`input-output and the newer, event-driven view of inter-
`action.
`This paper begins by suggesting an informal model of
`input and output that explains classical -- that is, batch-
`It then describes the
`oriented -- input and output.
`problems introduced by modern programming technology
`and extends the model to deal with them. The paper
`closes with some remarks on experience with software
`organizations to support the model.
`
`2. Classical Input and Output
`Input and output facilities in programming languages
`are responsible for receiving input data from the external
`world and for returning output to the external world. In
`order to do this, these mechanisms must be able to con-
`vert input data to the internal representations used by the
`program and then convert the internal representations
`back to output form. Thus, the crucial issue for input and
`output is change of representation for given data values.
`We are concerned here with input and output between
`programs and humans rather than with communication
`among programs or between programs and mass
`storage. We are interested primarily in imperative
`(Pascal-like) languages, but most of what we say applies
`to other classes of languages as well. The model relies
`heavily on the use of abstract data types — either with or
`without direct language support.
`It has also been in-
`fluenced by the object-oriented style of program or-
`ganization.
`
`The programming languages of the 1960's and 1970's
`provided specialized
`input and output
`facilities
`for
`
`261
`
`Ingenico Inc. v. IOENGINE, LLC
`IPR2019-00879 (US 9,059,969)
`Exhibit 2100
`Page 14 of 29
`
`

`

`CHI'86 Proceedings
`
`April 1986
`
`.t. ''''
`
`''..„.•
`....
`
`Input-output Input-output
`
`conversions
`
`Ou
`
`Input
`
`sequence j
`j
`of
`.% character j
`
`integer
`
`Nx vector[...]
`
`record[...]
`
`enum E
`
`\MyTypel
`
`\MyType2
`
`External
`World
`
`The
`Program
`Figure 1: Simple input-output requires conversion between data type& of the
`program and specialized types suitable for direct transmission to physical
`input and output devices.
`do not provide formal pre- and post-conditions. Figure 1
`processing individual lines of text or streams of charac-
`depicts the problem of simple input-output.
`ters. The roots of these mechanisms lie in batch
`processing, and interactive computing using conventional
`In addition to the direct conversion operation, input
`video terminals (CRTs) still largely continues this tradi-
`and output operations usually have side effects on the in-
`put or output stream, such as extending an output file or
`tion.
`truncating an input file. With allowances for the variability
`This section develops a model that treats input and
`of these side effects, the model presented here applies
`output a