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`,AOIJEBOEC JDA 12IA? 2KA
`Demystifying the lPsec Puzzle
`
`
`
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`field of computer security has become very broad and includes many topics
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`of interest. The aim of this series is to publish state—of—the—art, high standard
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`technical books on topics related to computer security. Further information
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`about the series can be found on the W W W by the following URL:
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`http://www.esecurity.ch/serieseditor.html
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`topic related to computer security, feel free to contact either the Commis—
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`sioning Editor or the Series Editor at Artech House.
`
`4A?AJ 6EJAI E JDA )HJA?D 0KIA
`Recent Titles in the Artech House
`+FKJAH 5A?KHEJO 5AHEAI
`Computer Security Series
`4B FFECAH 5AHEAI -@EJH
`Rolf Oppliger, Series Editor
`
`,AOIJEBOEC JDA 12IA? 2KA 5DAE= .H=A
`Demystifiing the [Psee Puzzle, Sheila Frankel
`1BH=JE 0E@EC 6A?DEGKAI BH 5JAC=CH=FDO =@ ,ECEJ= 9=JAH=HEC
`Information Hia'ing Techniquesfor Steganography and Digital Watermarking,
`5JAB= =JA>AEIIAH =@ .=>EA ) 2 2AJEJ?=I
`Stefan Katzenbeisser and Fabien A. P. Petitcolas
`5A?KHA AII=CEC 9EJD 2/2 =@ 51- 4B FFECAH
`Secure Messaging ‘Vith PCP and S/MIME, Rolf Oppliger
`5A?KHEJO .K@=AJ=I BH -+AH?A 8AI= 0=IIAH
`Security Fundamentalsfor E—Commeree, Vesna Hassler
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`Security Technologiesfor the ‘Vorla' Wide Web, Rolf Oppliger
`
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`For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House
`+FKJEC E>H=HO JKH J JDA >=? B JDEI >
`Computing Library, turn to the back of this book.
`
`
`
`,AOIJEBOEC JDA 12IA? 2KA
`Demystifying the lPsec Puzzle
`
`5DAE= .H=A
`Sheila Frankel
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`Artech House
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`Boston 0 London
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`www.artechhouse.com
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`To Meelzy, my partner in eoeiyt/ying important
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`J JDA IJ M@AHBK HAIKJI @EHA?J =@ E@EHA?J B KH ?=>H=JE
`to the most wona’eifal results (direct and indirect) ofour collaboration,
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`Benjamin, Slylomit, Cbana, Yaakoo, Daniel and Eitan,
`5=H= E 5D== =@ )HOAD
`Sara, Nomi, Shana, andArye/y
`
`
`
`+JAJI
`Contents
`
`2HAB=?A
`Preface
`
`
`
`1JH@K?JE
`Introduction
`
`1.1
`
`1.1.1
`
`1.1.2
`
`
`6DA 6+212 2HJ? 5J=?
`The TCP/IP Protocol Stack
`12 2=?AJI
`IP Packets
`12 2=?AJE=JE =@ .H=CAJ=JE
`IP Packetization and Fragmentation
`
`1.2
`
`
`!
`1.3
`
`"
`1.4
`
`
`
`2.1
`
`
`2.2
`
`
`1JH@K?EC 12IA?
`Introducing IPsec
`
`5K=HO
`Summary
`
`.KHJDAH 4A=@EC
`Further Reading
`
`4ABAHA?AI
`References
`
`6DA .EHIJ 2KA 2EA?A 6DA )KJDAJE?=JE 0A=@AH
`The First Puzzle Piece: The Authentication Header
`
`2HJA?JEI 2HLE@A@ >O )0
`Protections Provided by AH
`
`5A?KHEJO )II?E=JEI =@ JDA 5A?KHEJO 2=H=AJAHI
`Security Associations and the Security Parameters
`1@AN
`Index
`
` !
`2.3
`
`)0 .H=J
`AH Format
`
`vii
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`xvii
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`1
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`10
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`19
`
`
`
`Demystifying the IPsec Puzzle
`viii
`,AOIJEBOEC JDA 12IA? 2KA
`LEEE
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`2.4
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`2.5
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`2.7
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`2.9
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`2.10
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`2.11
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`2.12
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`2.13
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`!
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`3.1
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`3.3
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`3.9
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`AH Location
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`AH Modes
`
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`Nested Headers
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`Implementing IPsec Header Processing
`
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`AH Processing for Outbound Messages
`
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`AH Processing for Inbound Messages
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`Complications
`
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`Auditing
`
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`Threat Mitigation
`
`5K=HO
`Summary
`
`.KHJDAH 4A=@EC
`Further Reading
`
`4ABAHA?AI
`References
`
`6DA 5A?@ 2KA 2EA?A 6DA -?=FIK=JEC
`The Second Puzzle Piece: The Encapsulating
`5A?KHEJO 2=O=@
`Security Payload
`
`2HJA?JEI 2HLE@A@ >O -52
`Protections Provided by ESP
`
`5A?KHEJO )II?E=JEI =@ JDA 5A?KHEJO
`Security Associations and the Security
`2=H=AJAHI 1@AN
`Parameters Index
`
`-52 0A=@AH .H=J
`ESP Header Format
`
`-52 0A=@AH ?=JE =@ @AI
`ESP Header Location and Modes
`
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`Nested and Adjacent Headers
`
`-52 0A=@AH 2H?AIIEC BH KJ>K@ AII=CAI
`ESP Header Processing for Outbound Messages
`
`-52 0A=@AH 2H?AIIEC BH 1>K@ AII=CAI
`ESP Header Processing for Inbound Messages
`
`+FE?=JEI
`Complications
`
`+HEJE?EII =@ +KJAH?=EI
`Criticisms and Counterclaims
`
`20
`
`
`21
`
`
`22
`
`
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`23
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`25
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`30
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`32
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`!
`3.10
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`Threat Mitigation
`
`! 9DO 6M 5A?KHEJO 0A=@AHI
`3.11
`Why Two Security Headers?
`
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`3.12
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`3.13
`
`"
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`"
`4.1
`
`"
`4.2
`"
`4.2.1
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`Summary
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`.KHJDAH 4A=@EC
`Further Reading
`
`4ABAHA?AI
`References
`
`6DA 6DEH@ 2KA 2EA?A 6DA +HOFJCH=FDE?
`The Third Puzzle Piece: The Cryptographic
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`Algorithms
`
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`Underlying Principles
`
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`Authentication Algorithms
`6DA ,# )CHEJD
`The MD5 Algorithm
`6DA 50) )CHEJD
`The SHA—1 Algorithm
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`The HMAC Algorithm
`JDAH )KJDAJE?=JE )CHEJDI
`Other Authentication Algorithms
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`6DA -52 0A=@AH -?HOFJE )CHEJDI
`The ESP Header Encryption Algorithms
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`The DES Algorithm
`6DA 6HEFA ,-5 )CHEJD
`The Triple DES Algorithm
`JDAH -?HOFJE )CHEJDI
`Other Encryption Algorithms
`6DA )-5 )CHEJD
`The AES Algorithm
`
`+FE?=JEI
`Complications
`
`2K>E? AO +HOFJCH=FDO
`Public Key Cryptography
`,ECEJ= 5EC=JKHAI
`Digital Signatures
`JDAH 2K>E? AO FAH=JEI
`Other Public Key Operations
`6DA ,EBBEA0A= -N?D=CA
`The Diffie—Hellman Exchange
`
`+?KIE
`Conclusion
`
`.KHJDAH 4A=@EC
`Further Reading
`
`4ABAHA?AI
`References
`
`#"
`54
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`The ISAKMP Header
`
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`
`6DA 1- 5J=JA =?DEA
`The IKE State Machine
`
`6DA HECEI B 1-
`The Origins of IKE
`
`) -N=FA
`An Example
`
`+HEJE?EII =@ +KJAH?=EI
`Criticisms and Counterclaims
`
`6DHA=J EJEC=JE
`Threat Mitigation
`
`5K=HO
`Summary
`
`.KHJDAH 4A=@EC
`Further Reading
`
`4ABAHA?AI
`References
`
`6DA .EBJD 2KA 2EA?A 1- =@ JDA 4=@ 9=HHEH
`The Fifth Puzzle Piece: IKE and the Road Warrior
`
`AC=?O )KJDAJE?=JE AJD@I
`Legacy Authentication Methods
`
`15)2 +BECKH=JE AJD@
`ISAKMP Configuration Method
`
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`Extended Authentication
`
`0O>HE@ )KJDAJE?=JE
`Hybrid Authentication
`
`+D=ACA4AIFIA BH )KJDAJE?=JA@
`Challenge—Response for Authenticated
`+HOFJCH=FDE? AOI
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`
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`User—Level Authentication
`
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`
`+FE?=JEI
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`
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`Threat Mitigation
`
`5K=HO
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`
`.KHJDAH 4A=@EC
`Further Reading
`
`4ABAHA?AI
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`
`'
`119
`
`120
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`
`
`Demystifying the lPsec Puzzle
`xii
`,AOIJEBOEC JDA 12IA? 2KA
`NEE
`
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`
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`Renegotiation
`
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`Heartbeats
`
`1EJE= +J=?J
`Initial Contact
`
`,=CEC 5)I
`Dangling SAs
`
`5K=HO
`Summary
`
`.KHJDAH 4A=@EC
`Further Reading
`
`4ABAHA?AI
`References
`
`6DA /KA 2.-;
`The Glue: PF_KEY
`
`6DA 2.-; AII=CAI
`The PF_KEY Messages
`
`) 5=FA 2.-; -N?D=CA
`A Sample PF_KEY Exchange
`
`+FIEJE B 2.-; AII=CAI
`Composition of PF_KEY Messages
`
`+FE?=JEI
`Complications
`
`5K=HO
`Summary
`
`.KHJDAH 4A=@EC
`Further Reading
`
`4ABAHA?A
`Reference
`
`6DA EIIEC 2KA 2EA?A 2E?O 5AJJEC =@
`The Missing Puzzle Piece: Policy Setting and
`-BH?AAJ
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`6DA 5A?KHEJO 2E?O ,=J=>=IA
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`2E?O 5AHLAHI
`Policy Servers
`/=JAM=O ,EI?LAHO
`Gateway Discovery
`2E?O ,EI?LAHO
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`2E?O -N?D=CA
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`
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`153
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`xiv Demystifying the lPsec Puzzle
`,AOIJEBOEC JDA 12IA? 2KA
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`
`
`11
`
`6DA 7ILA@ 2KA 5A?KHA 12 KJE?=IJ
`The Unsolved Puzzle: Secure IP Multicast
`
`11.1
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`
`11.2
`
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`11.3
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`
`KJE?=IJ CEIJE?I
`Multicast Logistics
`
`.K?JE= 4AGKEHAAJI
`Functional Requirements
`
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`" AO ==CAAJ
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`"
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`Order of Cryptographic Operations
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`Firewall Traversal
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`Piracy
`
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`
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`
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`
`
`12
`
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`The Whole Puzzle: ls lPsec the Correct Solution?
`
`12.1
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`
`12.2
`
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`
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`
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`12.3
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` ! =OAH 6KAEC 2HJ?
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`
` '
`229
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` !
`230
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`231
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`232
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`233
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`234
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`236
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`XV
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`12.3.3
`
`2EJJ2EJ 6KAEC 2HJ?
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`
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`12.6
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`12.7
`
`12IA? 6@=O
`IPsec Today
`
`6DA .KJKHA B 12IA?
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`5K=HO
`Summary
`
`.KHJDAH 4A=@EC
`Further Reading
`
`4ABAHA?AI
`References
`
`EIJ B )?HOI =@ )>>HALE=JEI
`List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
`
`)>KJ JDA )KJDH
`About the Author
`
`1@AN
`Index
`
` "%
`247
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` "%
`247
`
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`247
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`249
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`
`Introduction 7
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`Application layer
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`
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`Internet (IP) layer
`
`Data layer
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`Figure 1.2 The TCP/IP layers.
`
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`layer—appropriate processing, strips off its header, and sends the message to
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`the next (upper) layer for fiirther processing. Each layer views a message as
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`having two parts: the layer’s header and “other stuff.” The other stuff gener—
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`ally is referred to as “data,” although in fact it generally contains a series of
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`upper—layer headers, followed by the message data destined for the application.
`
`
`1.1.1
`
`12 2=?AJI
`IP Packets
`
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`The