`
`The Facts OnFile
`DICTIONARY
`of
`COMPUTER SCIENCE
`
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`IPR2019-00610
`Ex. 3001 (1043 Ex. 1016)
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`F
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`IPR2019-00610
`Ex. 3001 ('043 Ex. 1016)
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`RPX-1009, p.1
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` The Facts On File Dictionary of Computer Science
`
`Checkmark Books
`An imprint of Facts On File, Inc
`11 Penn Plaza
`New York NY 10001
`
`IPR2019-00610
`Ex. 3001 ('043 Ex. 1016)
`
`Cover design by Cathy Rincon
`
`Printed in the United States of America
`
`1 1
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`MP 109876 5 4 3
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`(pbk) 1098765 43 NODS
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`This bookis printed on acid-free paper
`
`Fourth Edition
`
`Copyright © 2001 by Market House Books Ltd
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproducedorutilized in any
`form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
`recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without
`permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact:
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`The Facts on File dictionary of computerscience. / [edited by]
`Valerie Illingworth and John Daintith.
`p.
`cm.
`: acid-free paper)
`ISBN 0-8160-4285-3 (hc.
`: :acid-free paper)
`ISBN 0-8160-4286-1 (pbk.
`1. Computer Science—Dictionaries...
`J. Iingworth, Valerie.
`John.
`III. Facts on File, Inc.
`IV. Title: Dictionary
`of computerscience.
`QA76.15 F345 2000
`004'.03—dc21
`
`II Daintith,
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`00-055555
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`Compiled and typeset by Market House Books Ltd, Aylesbury, UK
`
`IPR2019-00610
`Ex. 3001 ('043 Ex. 1016)
`
`RPX-1009, p.2
`
`

`

`dark characters stand out. LCD screens
`can nowdisplayall the characters available
`on VDUs. A simple SEVEN-SEGMENT DISPLAY
`can produce the numbers 0-9 and somelet-
`ters. LCDs require less electrical power
`than LED DISPLAYS.
`
`LDAP (lightweight directory access proto-
`col) A significantly simpler version of the
`X.500 standard for a set of protocols for
`accessing information directories. Unlike
`X.500 it supports TCP/IP and is an open
`protocol, which means that applications
`do not need to know about the type of
`server hosting the directory.
`
`Anitem at the very bottom ofa hi-
`leaf
`erarchicaltree structure. In hierarchicalfile
`systems,files are leaves whereasdirectories
`are NODES,
`
`is
`leased line A telephone line that
`rented for exclusive use by the customer
`from one location to another. Typically
`leased lines are used by businesses to con-
`nect geographically distant sites for high-
`speed data transfer.
`
`least significant digit (Isd) The digit in
`theleast significant,i.e. rightmost, position
`in the representation of a number, and thus
`making the smallest contribution to the
`value of the number. With a binary num-
`ber, this digit is referred to as theleast sig-
`nificant bit (Isb).
`
`LED display A device used in somecal-
`culators, digital clocks, etc.,
`to display
`numbers and letters. The characters are
`formed from groups of segments. The seg-
`ments are small electronic components
`called LEDs,i.e. light-emitting diodes. In-
`dividual LEDs can be made to emitlight
`(usually red) so as to form the shape of a
`particular character. A simple sEVEN-SEG-
`MENT DISPLAY can display the numbers 0-9
`and some letters. LED displays require
`moreelectrical power than LCDs.
`
`left-justified
`
`Seejustify.
`
`legacy system A computer, software,
`operating system, network, or other com-
`
`111
`
`puter equipment that exists before a new
`system is installed, andis still required af-
`terward. BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY is an
`important part of the design and imple-
`mentation of new systems. Currently many
`companiesare migrating their legacy appli-
`cations to new programming languages
`and operating systemsthat follow open or
`standard programming interfaces, which
`should help to makeit easier to update ap-
`plications in the future and will enable the
`application to run on any operating sys-
`tem.
`
`LEO Lyons Electronic Office. See first
`generation computers.
`
`LET See Basic.
`
`letter quality A quality of printing that
`is as good as a top-quality typewriter. The
`term is becoming less common with the
`increased use of laser printers, which gen-
`erally give better quality than electric type-
`writers.
`
`Theinitial phase in the
`lexical analysis
`COMPILATION of a program during which
`the program is split up into meaningful
`units. These units could, for example, be
`NAMES, CONSTANTS, RESERVED WORDS, or
`OPERATORS. The part of the compiler pro-
`gram that doesthis analysis is called a lex-
`ical analyzer. The units recognized by the
`analyzer are known as tokens. They are
`output in some conveniently coded form
`for further processing by the compiler. See
`also syntax analysis.
`
`library
`library.
`
`See program library; subroutine
`
`library program See program library.
`
`license agreement An agreementdefin-
`ing terms for the use of hardware or soft-
`ware by a user.
`
`LIFO(last in first out)
`
`See stack.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`light-emitting diode
`
`———
`
`ponent in a system is waiting
`component. For example, in
`a ona disk, latencyis the time
`sition the sector under the
`ad. See access time.
`king, the amount of time it
`t to travel from source to des-
`ether latency and BANDWIDTH
`e speed and capacity of the
`
`typesetting system based on
`ramming language for type-
`vides for higher level macros
`king it easier to format docu-
`doing so loses someflexibil-
`
`start a program.
`
`el in a program or system that
`ticular function or functions
`ined interface for passing re-
`the layers next to it. OsI is an
`layered system.
`
`vord processing and desktop
`fers to the arrangementof the
`hics on a page.
`
`
`
`crystal display) A device
`digital watches, calculators,
`ers, etc., to display numbers,
`sometimes other characters.
`s are formed from groups of
`dots. The segments or dots
`id that is usually transparent.
`‘ments or dots can be dark-
`r
`(by applying an electric
`1 the shape of a particular
`te that LCDs do not emit
`only be seen becauselight re-
`ehind the display makes the
`
`light-emitting diode
`See LED display.
`IPR2019-00610
`IPR2019-00610
`Ex. 3001 ('043 Ex. 1016)
`Ex. 3001 ('043 Ex. 1016)
`
`
`RPX-1009, p.3
`
`

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` thrashing
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`vances in electronic technology now made
`it possible to design a computer to suit the
`requirements of the tasks envisaged for the
`machine: the concept of computer ARCHI-
`TECTURE thus becamea reality with this
`generation. Most manufacturers
`intro-
`duced at least three members of a computer
`family, architecturally similar but differing
`in price and performance. The IBM 360se-
`ries, first introduced 1964, is an important
`example.
`Comprehensive OPERATING SYSTEMSbe-
`came, moreorless, part of third generation
`machines. MULTIPROGRAMMING wasfacili-
`tated and muchof the task of control of
`storage, input/output, and other resources
`became vested in the operating system or
`the machineitself. In addition new pro-
`gramming languages were
`introduced,
`such as COBOL, andlater versions of exist-
`ing languages, such as FORTRAN, cameinto
`use.
`
`See also first, fourth, fifth generation
`computers.
`
`1. Excessive hard-disk use
`thrashing
`that occurs when a large number of short
`files scattered over the disk are being re-
`trieved. Performance will be degraded.
`2. The situation in which a virtual memory
`system is continually swapping pages in
`and out of memoryrather than running ap-
`plications. Very little progress is made
`under these circumstances as memory or
`other resources have become exhausted or
`too limited to perform the necessary oper-
`ations.
`
`Onthe Internet, a sequence of
`thread
`postings relating to an original newsgroup
`or forum message that continue on from
`each other. To continue the thread as a
`user a referencetopic is specified as part of
`the user’s message posting.
`
`to display on a screen or load from a Web
`site. Thumbnails make it quicker and eas-
`ier to view or manage a group oflarger im-
`ages. They are often used in image
`catalogs.
`
`thunk A code in an operating system
`that allows 16-bit code to call 32-bit code
`and vice versa. For example, Widows 95
`can run programs written in both 16-bit
`and 32-bit instruction sets.
`
`TIFF (tagged image file format) A com-
`mon format for scanning, storing, and in-
`terchanging bitmapped images. The files
`have thefile extension.tif.
`
`timedivision multiplexing (TDM)
`multiplexer.
`
`See
`
`timeout A condition that occurs when a
`process waitingfor either an external event
`or the expiry of a. preset
`time interval
`reachesthe end of the timeinterval before
`the external event has been detected.If, for
`example, the process has sent a message
`and no ACKNOWLEDGMENT has been de-
`tected at the end of the preset time period,
`then the process may take appropriate ac-
`tion, such as retransmitting the message.
`
`timer
`
`See counter.
`
`time sharing A technique whereby the
`time of a computer can be shared among
`several jobs, a brief period being allocated
`(by the OPERATING SYSTEM) to each job in
`turn. During such a period - known as a
`time slice — the job is permitted to use the
`resources of the computer, i.e. the proces-
`sor, main store, etc. A MULTIACCESS SYSTEM
`relies on time sharing.
`
`time slice
`
`See time sharing.
`
`TLU (table look-up)
`
`See table.
`
`token
`
`See lexical analysis.
`
`
`
`4
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`tro
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`des
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`tou
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`to
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`it 1
`
`throughput A measure of the overall
`performance of a computer system, i.e. of
`the amount of work performedin a given
`period. It can, for example, be measured in
`terms of Joss per day.
`
`thumbnail A small version of an image
`or document page, which is much quicker
`
`token ring network A LAN in which
`the nodes are connected together in a ring
`in such a waythat each nodecan only com-
`municate with its neighbors on either side,
`IPR2019-00610
`[PR2019-00610
`Ex. 3001 ('043 Ex. 1016)
`Ex. 3001 (1043 Ex. 1016)
`
`
`204
`
`4
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`RPX-1009, p.4
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