111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
`US008058069B2
`
`(12) United States Patent
`Yaworski et al.
`
`(IO) Patent No.:
`(45) Date of Patent:
`
`US 8,058,069 B2
`Nov. 15, 2011
`
`(54) LIPID FORMULATIONS FOR NUCLEIC ACID
`DELIVERY
`
`(75)
`
`Inventors: Edward Yaworski, Maple Ridge (CA);
`Kieu Lam, Surrey (CA); Lloyd Jeffs,
`Delta (CA); Lorne Palmer, Vancouver
`(CA); Ian MacLachlan, Mission (CA)
`
`(73) Assignee: Protiva Biotherapeutics, Inc., Bumaby,
`B.C. (CA)
`
`( * ) Notice:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days.
`
`(21) Appl. No.: 12/424,367
`
`(22) Filed:
`
`Apr. 15, 2009
`
`(65)
`
`Prior Publication Data
`
`US 2010/0130588 AI
`
`May 27,2010
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`
`( 60) Provisional application No. 61/045,228, filed on Apr.
`15, 2008.
`
`(51)
`
`Int. Cl.
`C07H 21104
`(2006.01)
`C12N 15188
`(2006.01)
`(52) U.S. Cl .
`....................................... 435/458; 536/24.5
`(58) Field of Classification Search ................. 536/24.5;
`435/458
`See application file for complete search history.
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
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`
`(Continued)
`
`Primary Examiner- Brian Whiteman
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm Kilpatrick Townsend &
`Stockton LLP
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`The present invention provides novel, stable lipid particles
`comprising one or more active agents or therapeutic agents,
`methods of making the lipid particles, and methods of deliv(cid:173)
`ering and/or administering the lipid particles. More particu(cid:173)
`larly, the present invention provides stable nucleic acid-lipid
`particles (SNALP) comprising a nucleic acid (such as one or
`more interfering RNA), methods of making the SNALP, and
`methods of delivering and/or administering the SNALP.
`
`22 Claims, 24 Drawing Sheets
`
`Moderna Ex 1001-p. 1
`Moderna v Arbutus
`
`

`

`US 8,058,069 B2
`2
`
`wo
`wo
`wo
`wo
`wo
`wo
`wo
`wo
`wo
`
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`WO 2005/007196 A2
`112005
`WO 2005/026372 A1
`3/2005
`WO 2005/120152 A2
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`WO 2009/086558 A1
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`WO 2010/042877 AI
`4/2010
`WO 2010/048228 A2
`412010
`WO 2010/088537 A2
`8/2010
`WO 2010/105209 A1
`9/2010
`
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`* cited by examiner
`
`Moderna Ex 1001-p. 2
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`
`

`

`-
`.!!J. a:;
`0
`"'C .e
`.... -s::
`cu
`CIJ
`:::J
`-
`~ 0
`~
`:.c
`C'G >
`
`1.2
`
`1
`
`0.8
`
`0.6
`
`0.4
`
`0.2
`
`0
`
`1
`
`Activity of SNALP on HT29 Cell Line
`
`10
`
`nM Total siRNA
`
`FIG. 1A
`
`......._ Sample 1
`......,....._ Sample 2
`~ Sample 3
`~ Sample 4
`-e- Sample 5
`-+- Sample 6
`Sample 7
`-+- Sample 8
`
`100
`
`Moderna Ex 1001-p. 3
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`

`

`1.2
`
`1
`
`-.!!!.
`-a;
`0
`-c
`.s
`cu
`....
`(l)
`~ c:
`::::>
`~ 0.6
`
`0.8
`
`0 -~ 0.4
`:s cu
`>
`
`0.2
`
`Activity of SNALP on HT29 Cell Line
`
`.....,..._ Sample 10
`~ Sample 11
`-*- Sample 12
`
`--- Sample 9
`--- Sample 13
`
`-I- Sample 14
`Sample 15
`-+-- Sample 16
`
`0
`
`1
`
`10
`
`nM Total siRNA
`
`100
`
`FIG. 18
`
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 2011
`
`Sheet 3 of24
`
`US 8,058,069 B2
`
`Activity of SNALP Upon Intravenous Administration in Mice
`group mean± SD (n=4)
`
`T
`
`-r-T
`
`T
`
`IT
`
`TT T
`
`T
`
`-rT
`
`rr
`nil
`
`~ 2.5
`a:::
`<(
`~ 2.0
`E
`0
`~ 1.5
`(.9
`ci:i
`0
`~ 1.0
`.....
`Q)
`>
`:J 0.5
`
`FIG. 2
`
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 2011
`
`Sheet 4 of24
`
`US 8,058,069 B2
`
`3 .0 . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
`
`2.5
`
`0
`~
`0:::
`~ 2.0
`0:::
`E
`0 a. 1.5
`~
`Cri
`0
`~ 1.0
`
`I-
`(!)
`>
`:J
`
`0.5
`
`-47% vs PBS Control
`
`1
`
`-77% vs PBS Control
`
`0.0 - \ - - l - - - - - - - - l - . . , . - l - - - - - - . . . . J . ._ , - -L - - - - - -L . . . . . . j
`PBS
`2:30 SNALP 5x1 mg/kg 1:57 SNALP 5x0.1 mg/kg
`
`FIG. 3
`
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 2011
`
`Sheet 5 of24
`
`US 8,058,069 B2
`
`Activity of SNALP Upon Intravenous Administration in Mice
`group mean ±SO (n=4)
`
`2.0
`
`1
`
`0
`:.;::;
`co
`0::
`<( 1.5
`z
`0:::
`E
`0
`0.. 1.0
`<(
`~
`CCI
`0
`0..
`<(
`
`.... 0.5
`Q)
`.i::=
`....J
`
`0.0
`
`1
`
`1
`
`T
`
`I ~
`I
`II
`I
`PBS Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8
`
`l
`
`I
`
`1
`
`FIG. 4
`
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 2011
`
`Sheet 6 of24
`
`US 8,058,069 B2
`
`Activity of SNALP Upon Intravenous Administration in Mice
`group mean± SO (n=4)
`
`~
`
`~ 2.0 IT
`<( z
`~
`E 1.5
`0
`CL
`~
`~ 1.0
`0..
`<(
`1-
`~
`:.J 0.5
`
`FIG. 5
`
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 2011
`
`Sheet 7 of24
`
`US 8,058,069 B2
`
`Tolerability of IV 1:57 SNALP in Female BALB/c Mice, n=4, SO error
`140.----~----A-I-an-in_e_A_m-in-o-tr-an_s_re-ra_s_e ___________ 1_6_8~~~2~0-5------,
`D
`Aspartate Aminotransferase
`[&l
`Sorbital Dehydrogenase
`
`120
`
`lncr'd SDH, ALT levels indicate hepatocyte damage.
`96
`
`100
`
`81
`
`79
`
`53
`
`59
`
`.....1 80
`......
`;2
`
`60
`
`40
`
`20
`
`0
`
`r:o~
`<?
`
`FIG. 6A
`
`Tolerability of IV 1:57 SNALP in Female BALB/c Mice,
`SD
`
`Alanine Aminotransferase
`Aspartate Aminotransferase
`Sorbital Dehydrogenase
`
`2-fold increase ("3xULN") is considered clinically
`significant
`
`8.7
`
`7.9
`
`ro
`E
`0 z
`'0 -.E
`
`:.J .._
`
`(J)
`0.
`0.
`::>
`"C
`0
`1.1...
`><
`
`Lipid dose
`siRNA dose
`
`96
`7 mg/kg
`
`79
`
`99
`
`123
`9 mg/kg
`
`Gear PBS
`
`102
`
`FIG. 68
`
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 2011
`
`Sheet 8 of24
`
`US 8,058,069 B2
`
`FIG. 7A
`
`FIG. 7B
`
`FIG. 7C
`
`SNALP Activity From Different Manufacturing Processes
`IV, 48 h, ApoB-10048 U2/2 G1/2 (Dow),
`female BALB/c mice, n=4, SD error
`
`0
`~ 2.0
`0:::
`<(
`~ 1.5
`E
`0
`CL 1.0
`<(
`(!)
`
`cl:i 0 0.5
`
`0.
`<(
`
`SNALP Re-Formulation - Activity Assessment in BALB/c Mice
`48 h time point, n=4, SD error bars
`
`0.6
`0
`~ 0.5
`cb
`g_ 0.4
`~
`co 0.3
`E
`en
`~ 0.2
`Q)
`> 0.1
`~
`-0.1 PBS
`(i3
`0:::
`
`1:57
`Gear
`Press Pump
`0.05 mg/kg
`
`1:57
`Syringe
`Press Pump
`0.1 mg/kg
`
`::J
`32
`Ol
`
`E -e
`
`2 en
`Q)
`0
`.r.::
`()
`I§
`0
`I(cid:173)
`CO
`
`E en ro
`0::
`
`Efficacy of SNALP Formulations
`Fresh Terminal Plasma, n=4 female Balb/c mice, SD Error Bars
`70
`60
`50
`40
`30
`20
`10
`
`o~~~~~~~~~~~~~
`1:57
`Syringe
`Press Pump
`0.05 mg/kg
`
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 2011
`
`Sheet 9 of24
`
`US 8,058,069 B2
`
`I
`
`.--
`(!)
`tfl
`0
`0
`@
`0.
`tfl >
`.......-
`'<:!"
`N ....
`:::J
`0
`
`I -C\'l
`
`tfl
`tfl
`0
`....1
`.....
`..r:
`C)
`~
`>-
`"8 co
`
`Tolerability of 1157 SNALP IV in BALB/c Mice, n=4 (Grp1-3 n=3), SD error
`
`6%
`
`4%
`
`2%
`
`0%
`
`-2%
`
`PBS
`
`-4% .
`
`-6%
`
`9:1
`6:1
`9:1
`6:1
`6:1
`6:1
`9:1
`9mg/ 11 mg 11mg 13mg/ 15mg/ 17mg/ 11 mg/
`kg
`/kg
`. /kg . "kg . kg· . kg· ... ·kg·
`
`9:1
`7mg/kg
`. ......... 9:1 PBS ..
`
`11mg/kg
`
`FIG. 8
`
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 2011
`
`Sheet 10 of 24
`
`US 8,058,069 B2
`
`Tolerability of IV 1157 SNALP Prepared at 9:1 Lipid:Drug Ratio
`
`1 ,40Ci-r--------------------~
`
`1'
`
`1'
`
`~ Platelet Count
`
`PBS
`
`Gear PBS In Line at
`7 (71) mg/kg
`
`Gear PBS lnLine at
`11 (112) mg/kg
`
`FIG. 9
`
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 2011
`
`Sheet 11 of 24
`
`US 8,058,069 B2
`
`Tolerability of IV 1:57 Gear PBS In-Line SNALP in Female BALB/c
`Mice, n;;;;4, SO error
`
`lZl Alanine Aminotransferase
`D Aspartate Aminotransferase
`~ Sorbital Dehydrogenase
`Samples taken at 24 h time point except
`for last grp (48 h).
`
`893
`
`1,200
`
`1,000
`
`::::! 800
`::J
`
`600
`
`400
`
`200
`
`FIG. 10A
`
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`

`Tolerability of IV 1:57 Gear PBS In-Line SNALP in Female BALB/c Mice, n=4, SD error
`
`50
`
`40 .............. .
`
`Alanine Aminotransferase
`Aspartate Aminotransferase
`Sorbital Dehydrogenase
`
`2-fold increase ("3xULN") is considered clinically significant
`
`30
`
`20
`
`,_
`(])
`0..
`0..
`::>
`"'0
`0 u_
`I
`X
`
`siRNA dose
`Lipid dose
`PBS
`
`11 mg/kg
`9mg/kg
`112
`92
`9:1 SNALP (10)
`
`11mg/kg
`78
`
`15mg/kg
`13mg/kg
`107
`93
`6:1 SNALP (7)
`
`17mg/kg
`121
`
`11mg/kg
`112
`9:1 (10)
`
`FIG. 10B
`
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 2011
`
`Sheet 13 of 24
`
`US 8,058,069 B2
`
`FIG. 11A
`1157 Gear PBS In-Line SNALP Activity From Different Input Lipid:Drug Ratios
`IV, 48 h, ApoB-10048 U2/2 G1/2 (Dow}, female BALB/c mice, n=4, SD error
`
`3.0
`
`2-tailed T -test: p=0.078
`
`[
`
`1-35%
`
`SNALP Re-Formulation -Activity Assessment in BALB/c Mice
`DOW ApoB lead siRNA, 48 h time point, n=4, SD error bars
`LLQ =9%
`
`-28%
`
`0
`~ 2.5
`.::( z
`~ 2.0
`0
`fl.
`~ 1.5
`Cci
`0
`Q.
`.::( 1.0
`....
`ell >
`:.J
`
`0.5
`
`FIG. 118
`
`0.40
`
`I
`
`0.35
`g 0.30
`.-
`CD 8. 0.25
`::f.
`E o.2o
`Ill en
`0::: 0.15
`(])
`>
`~
`(i5
`0::
`
`0.10
`
`0.05
`
`0.00
`
`PBS
`
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 2011
`
`Sheet 14 of 24
`
`US 8,058,069 B2
`
`Efficacy of SNALP Reformulations
`Fresh Terminal Plasma, n=4 female Balb/c mice, SD Error Bars
`
`Cl)
`
`:!2 50
`5
`-e 4o
`
`60 -...J
`(I) -(/)
`
`(I)
`
`:g 30
`(.)
`$
`~ 20
`ro
`E
`(/) ro 10
`a::
`
`0
`
`PBS
`
`New 1:57 SNALP (7:1)
`
`FIG. 12
`
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 2011
`
`Sheet 15 of 24
`
`US 8,058,069 B2
`
`120%~--------------------------------------,
`-+- Luc
`-.tr- PLK1424
`
`115%
`
`......
`.s::
`.Q'l 110%
`~
`>-
`"'C 105%
`0 co
`
`100%
`
`95%
`
`90%~~--~~--~~~~--~~--~~--~~~
`8
`12
`16
`20
`24
`28
`32
`36
`40
`44
`48
`52
`56
`60
`Study Day
`
`FIG. 13
`
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 2011
`
`Sheet 16 of 24
`
`US 8,058,069 B2
`
`-..-- Control SNALP
`
`---<>- Active SNALP
`
`-ro
`>
`·~
`::I
`C/)
`
`80%
`
`60%
`
`40%
`
`20%
`
`0%,+-~~~~~--~~-,--~~--~~~r-~~~
`15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
`Days after seeding
`
`FIG. 14
`
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 2011
`
`Sheet 17 of 24
`
`US 8,058,069 B2
`
`2.0 -
`
`<(
`-
`~ 1.6
`E
`~ 1.2
`<(
`(!)
`.c 0.8
`~
`...J
`2: 0.4
`-
`c
`('lj
`~ 0.0
`
`T
`
`T
`
`T
`
`I
`
`I
`
`I
`
`PBS
`
`Luc
`
`PLK1424
`
`FIG. 15
`
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 2011
`
`Sheet 18 of 24
`
`US 8,058,069 B2
`
`1
`
`2
`
`3 4
`
`5 6 7
`
`8
`
`9 10
`
`200
`100
`
`.......- PLK1424 5'RACE
`product
`476bp
`
`FIG. 16
`
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 2011
`
`Sheet 19 of 24
`
`US 8,058,069 B2
`
`x200 mag
`
`x400 mag
`
`x200 mag
`
`x400 mag
`
`FIG. 17
`
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 2011
`
`Sheet 20 of 24
`
`US 8,058,069 B2
`
`6x2mg/kg Mean tumor volume
`
`-+-Luc-DMA
`-11- PLK-DMA
`-+-PLK-DSA
`
`(L)
`E
`::::l
`0
`> .._
`0
`E
`::::l
`I-
`
`0~--~----~----~----~--~----~----.---~
`8
`10
`12
`14
`16
`18
`20
`22
`24
`Days
`
`FIG. 18
`
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 2011
`
`Sheet 21 of 24
`
`US 8,058,069 B2
`
`PLK mRNA silencing in scid /beige mice treated with 2mg/kg 1 :57 SNALP against
`subcutaneous Hep3B tumors
`
`100%
`
`-15%
`
`-30%
`
`-37%
`
`-52%
`
`-65%
`
`0.70
`
`0.60
`
`0
`tii
`~ 0.50
`0
`•Q..
`<?5 0.40
`<E
`~ 0.30
`Q..
`i .J::
`c
`~ 0.20
`:2
`
`0.10
`
`FIG. 19
`
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 2011
`
`Sheet 22 of 24
`
`US 8,058,069 B2
`
`6x2mg/kg Mean tumor volume
`2200~----------------------------------------~
`
`Crossover dosing of Luc
`l
`cOMA group with 6 x 2
`m~kgPLKcDSA SNALP ~
`
`-+- Luc-DMA
`-+- PLK-DMA
`-+- PLK-DSA
`
`Initial 6 x 2 mg/kg
`SNALP
`
`2000
`
`1800
`
`(!) 1600
`E
`..=! 1400
`0
`> 0 1200
`~ 1000
`800
`
`600
`
`400
`
`200
`
`o+-~~~~~~4-~~~~~~~~~~~
`8 1 0 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
`Days
`
`FIG. 20
`
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 2011
`
`Sheet 23 of 24
`
`US 8,058,069 B2
`
`1.20
`
`Mean hPLK (1 :4) : hGAPDH (1 :40) minus "background"
`
`0.99
`
`0.61
`
`0.42
`
`0.23
`
`0.23
`
`- 1.00
`
`0
`
`'-""
`
`~ ....
`:::c 0.80
`0
`CL
`<:(
`(9
`.c 0.60
`..
`
`,-..
`
`~ .... -~ 0.40
`__J
`CL
`.c
`c:: co 0.20
`(].)
`::2:
`
`0.00
`
`24h Luc 1 :57 24h PLK 1:57 24h PLK 1 :57 96h PLK 1 :57 96h PLK 1 :57
`cOMA
`cOMA
`cOSA
`cOMA
`cOSA
`
`FIG. 21
`
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 2011
`
`Sheet 24 of 24
`
`US 8,058,069 B2
`
`80
`
`70
`
`60
`
`-+- 1 :57 PEG-cO SA SNALP
`
`--.-- 1 :57 PEG-cOMA SNALP
`
`50
`
`Q)
`C/)
`0
`"C
`"C
`Q) 40
`t5
`Q) :s 30
`
`::::1(
`0
`
`20
`
`10
`
`0
`0
`
`1
`
`2
`
`3
`
`5
`4
`Time (h)
`
`6
`
`7
`
`8
`
`9
`
`FIG. 22
`
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`US 8,058,069 B2
`
`1
`LIPID FORMULATIONS FOR NUCLEIC ACID
`DELIVERY
`
`CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED
`APPLICATIONS
`
`T11e present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional
`Application No. 61/045,228, filed Apr. 15, 2008, the disclo(cid:173)
`sure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its
`entirety for all purposes.
`
`STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY
`SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
`
`Not applicable.
`
`NAMES OF PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH
`AGREEMENT
`
`Not applicable.
`
`REFERENCE TO A "SEQUENCE LISTING"
`
`Not applicable.
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`10
`
`2
`vehicles (Feigner, Scientific American, 276:102 (1997);
`Choun et a!., Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 6:698
`(1995)). For instance, cationic liposome complexes made of
`an amphipathic compound, a neutral lipid, and a detergent for
`transfecting insect cells are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,458,
`382. Cationic liposome complexes are also disclosed in U.S.
`Patent Publication No. 20030073640.
`Cationic liposome complexes are large, poorly defined
`systems that are not suited for systemic applications and can
`elicit considerable toxic side effects (Harrison eta!., Biotech(cid:173)
`niques, 19:816 (1995); Li eta!., The Gene, 4:891 (1997); Tam
`eta!, Gene Ther., 7:1867 (2000)).As large, positively charged
`aggregates, lipoplexes are rapidly cleared when administered
`in vivo, with highest expression levels observed in first-pass
`15 organs, particularly the lungs (Huang eta!., Nature Biotech(cid:173)
`nology, 15:620 (1997); Templeton eta!., Nature Biotechnol(cid:173)
`ogy, 15:647 (1997); Hofland eta!., Pharmaceutical Research,
`14:742 (1997)).
`Other liposomal delivery systems include, for example, the
`20 use of reverse micelles, anionic liposomes, and polymer lipo(cid:173)
`somes. Reverse micelles are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,429,
`200. Anionic liposomes are disclosed in U.S. Patent Publica(cid:173)
`tion No. 20030026831. Polymer liposomes that incorporate
`dextrin or glycerol-phosphocholine polymers are disclosed in
`25 U.S. Patent Publication Nos.
`20020081736
`and
`20030082103, respectively.
`A gene delivery system containing an encapsulated nucleic
`acid for systemic delivery should be small (i.e., less than
`about 100 nm diameter) and should remain intact in the cir-
`30 culation for an extended period of time in order to achieve
`delivery to affected tissues. This requires a highly stable,
`senun-resistant nucleic acid-containing particle that does not
`interact with cells and other components of the vascular com(cid:173)
`partment. The particle should also readily interact with target
`35 cells at a disease site in order to facilitate intracellular delivery
`of a desired nucleic acid.
`Recent work has shown that nucleic acids can be encapsu(cid:173)
`lated in small (e.g., about 70 nm diameter) "stabilized plas(cid:173)
`mid-lipid particles" (SPLP) that consist of a single plasmid
`40 encapsulated within a bilayer lipid vesicle (Wheeler et a!.,
`Gene Therapy, 6:271 (1999)). T11ese SPLPs typically contain
`the "fusogenic" lipid dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine
`(DOPE), low levels of cationic lipid, and are stabilized in
`aqueous media by the presence of a poly( ethylene glycol)
`(PEG) coating. SPLPs have systemic application as they
`exhibit extended circulation lifetimes following intravenous
`(i.v.) injection, accumulate preferentially at distal tumor sites
`due to the enhanced vascular penneability in such regions,
`and can mediate transgene expression at these tun1or sites.
`The levels of trans gene expression observed at the tumor site
`following i.v. injection of SPLPs containing the luciferase
`marker gene are superior to the levels that can be achieved
`employing plasmid DNA-cationic liposome complexes (li(cid:173)
`poplexes) or naked DNA.
`Thus, there remains a strong need in the art for novel and
`more efficient methods and compositions for introducing
`nucleic acids such as siRNA into cells. In addition, there is a
`need in the art for methods of downregulating the expression
`of genes of interest to treat or prevent diseases and disorders
`such as cancer and atherosclerosis. The present invention
`addresses these and other needs.
`
`RNA interference (RNAi) is an evolutionarily conserved
`process in which recognition of double-stranded RNA
`(dsRNA) ultimately leads to posttranscriptional suppression
`of gene expression. This suppression is mediated by short
`dsRNA, also called small interfering RNA (siRNA), which
`induces specific degradation of mRNA through complemen(cid:173)
`tary base pairing. In several model systems, this natural
`response has been developed into a powerful tool for the
`investigation of gene function (see, e.g., Elbashir eta!., Genes
`Dev., 15:188-200 (2001); Hammond eta!., Nat. Rev. Genet.,
`2:110-119 (2001)). More recently, it was discovered that
`introducing synthetic 21-nucleotide dsRNA duplexes into
`manunalian cells could efficiently silence gene expression.
`Although the precise mechanism is still unclear, RNAi
`provides a potential new approach to downregulate or silence
`the transcription and translation of a gene of interest. For
`example, it is desirable to modulate (e.g., reduce) the expres(cid:173)
`sion of certain genes for the treatment of neoplastic disorders 45
`such as cancer. It is also desirable to silence the expression of
`genes associated with liver diseases and disorders such as
`hepatitis. It is further desirable to reduce the expression of
`certain genes for the treatment of atherosclerosis and its
`manifestations, e.g., hypercholesterolemia, myocardial inf- 50
`arction, and thrombosis.
`A safe and effective nucleic acid delivery system is
`required for RNAi to be therapeutically useful. Viral vectors
`are relatively efficient gene delivery systems, but suffer from
`a variety oflimitations, such as the potential for reversion to 55
`the wild-type as well as immune response concerns. As a
`result, nonviral gene delivery systems are receiving increas(cid:173)
`ing attention (Worgall et a!., Human Gene Therapy; 8:37
`(1997); Peeters eta!., Human Gene Therapy, 7:1693 (1996);
`Yei eta!., Gene Therapy, 1:192 (1994); Hope eta!., Molecular 60
`Membrane Biology, 15:1 (1998)). Furthennore, viral systems
`are rapidly cleared from the circulation, limiting transfection
`to "first-pass" organs such as the lungs, liver, and spleen. In
`addition, these systems induce innmme responses that com(cid:173)
`promise delivery with subsequent injections.
`Plasmid DNA-cationic liposome complexes are currently
`the most connnonly employed nonviral gene delivery
`
`65
`
`BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`
`The present invention provides novel, serum-stable lipid
`particles comprising one or more active agents or therapeutic
`agents, methods of making the lipid particles, and methods of
`
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`US 8,058,069 B2
`
`4
`ing to a mammalian subject a lipid particle described herein
`such as a nucleic acid-lipid particle (e.g., SNALP).
`In a further aspect, the present invention provides methods
`for treating a disease or disorder in a mammalian subject in
`need thereof, the method comprising administering to the
`manm1alian subject a therapeutically effective amount of a
`lipid particle described herein such as a nucleic acid-lipid
`particle (e.g., SNALP).
`Other objects, features, and advantages of the present
`10 invention will be apparent to one of skill in the art from the
`following detailed description and figures.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`
`3
`delivering and/or administering the lipid particles (e.g., for
`the treatment of a disease or disorder).
`In preferred embodiments, the active agent or therapeutic
`agent is fully encapsulated within the lipid portion of the lipid
`particle such that the active agent or therapeutic agent in the
`lipid particle is resistant in aqueous solution to enzymatic
`degradation, e.g., by a nuclease or protease. In other preferred
`embodiments, the lipid particles are substantially non-toxic
`to mammals such as humans.
`In one aspect, the present invention provides lipid particles
`comprising: (a) one or more active agents or therapeutic
`agents; (b) one or more cationic lipids comprising from about
`50 mol % to about 85 mol % of the total lipid present in the
`particle; (c) one or more non-cationic lipids comprising from 15
`about 13mol% to about 49.5 mol% of the total lipid present
`in the particle; and (d) one or more conjugated lipids that
`inhibit aggregation of particles comprising from about 0.5
`mol % to about 2 mol % of the total lipid present in the
`particle.
`More particularly, the present invention provides serum(cid:173)
`stable nucleic acid-lipid particles (SNALP) comprising a
`nucleic acid (e.g., one or more interfering RNA molecules
`such as siRNA, aiRNA, and/or miRNA), methods of making
`the SNALP, and methods of delivering and/or administering 25
`the SNALP (e.g., for the treatment of a disease or disorder).
`In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid-lipid particle
`(e.g., SNALP) comprises: (a) a nucleic acid (e.g., an interfer(cid:173)
`ing RNA); (b) a cationic lipid comprising from about 50 mol
`%to about 85 mol% of the total lipid present in the particle; 30
`(c) a non-cationic lipid comprising from about 13 mol% to
`about 49.5 mol % of the total lipid present in the particle; and
`(d) a conjugated lipid that inhibits aggregation of particles
`comprising from about 0.5 mol% to about 2mol% of the total
`lipid present in the particle.
`In one preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid-lipid par(cid:173)
`ticle (e.g., SNALP) comprises: (a) an siRNA; (b) a cationic
`lipid comprising from about 56.5 mol% to about 66.5 mol%
`of the total lipid present in the particle; (c) cholesterol or a
`derivative thereof comprising from about 31.5 mol% to about 40
`42.5mol% of the total lipid present in the particle; and (d) a
`PEG-lipid conjugate comprising from about 1mol% to about
`2mol% of the total lipid present in the particle. This preferred
`embodiment of nucleic acid-lipid particle is generally
`referred to herein as the "1 :62" formulation.
`In another preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid-lipid
`particle (e.g., SNALP) comprises: (a) an siRNA; (b) a cat(cid:173)
`ionic lipid comprising from about 52 mol% to about 62 mol
`% of the total lipid present in the particle; (c) a mixture of a
`phospholipid and cholesterol or a derivative thereof compris- 50
`ing from about 36 mol % to about 4 7 mol % of the total