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`
`History of mobile phones - Wikipedia
`
`History of mobile phones
`
`The history of mobile phones covers mobile communication
`devices that connect wirelessly to the public switched telephone
`network.
`
`While the transmission of speech by radio has a long history, the
`first devices that were wireless, mobile, and also capable of
`connecting to the standard telephone network are much more
`recent. The first such devices were barely portable compared to
`today's compact hand-held devices, and their use was clumsy.
`
`Along with the process of developing a more portable technology,
`and a better interconnections system, drastic changes have taken
`place in both the networking of wireless communication and the
`prevalence of its use, with smartphones becoming common
`globally and a growing proportion of Internet access now done
`via mobile broadband.
`
`A man talks on his mobile phone while standing
`near a conventional telephone box, which stands
`empty. Enabling technology for mobile phones
`was first developed in the 1940s but it was not
`until the mid 1980s that they became widely
`available. By 2011, it was estimated in the United
`Kingdom that more calls were made using mobile
`phones than wired devices.[1]
`
`Contents
`Predecessors
`Early services
`MTS
`IMTS
`Radio Common Carrier
`Other services
`European mobile radio networks
`The cellular concept
`Emergence of automated services
`Handheld mobile phone
`The early generations
`1G – Analogue cellular
`2G – Digital cellular
`3G – Mobile broadband
`4G – Native IP networks
`Mobile device charger standards
`In China
`OMTP/GSMA Universal Charging Solution
`EU smartphone power supply standard
`Satellite mobile
`See also
`References
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`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones
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`Further reading
`
`Predecessors
`
`History of mobile phones - Wikipedia
`
`Before the devices existed that are now referred to as mobile phones or cell phones, there were some precursors. In 1908, a
`Professor Albert Jahnke and the Oakland Transcontinental Aerial Telephone and Power Company claimed to have
`developed a wireless telephone. They were accused of fraud and the charge was then dropped, but they do not seem to
`have proceeded with production.[2] Beginning in 1918, the German railroad system tested wireless telephony on military
`trains between Berlin and Zossen.[3] In 1924, public trials started with telephone connection on trains between Berlin and
`Hamburg. In 1925, the company Zugtelephonie AG was founded to supply train telephony equipment and, in 1926,
`telephone service in trains of the Deutsche Reichsbahn and the German mail service on the route between Hamburg and
`Berlin was approved and offered to first-class travelers.[4]
`
`Fiction anticipated the development of real world mobile telephones. In 1906,
`the English caricaturist Lewis Baumer published a cartoon in Punch magazine
`entitled "Forecasts for 1907" in which he showed a man and a woman in
`London's Hyde Park each separately engaged in gambling and dating on
`wireless telephony equipment.[5] Then, in 1926, the artist Karl Arnold created a
`visionary cartoon about the use of mobile phones in the street, in the picture
`"wireless
`telephony", published
`in
`the German
`satirical magazine
`Simplicissimus.[6]
`
`The Second World War made military use of radio telephony links. Hand-held
`radio transceivers have been available since the 1940s. Mobile telephones for
`automobiles became available from some telephone companies in the 1940s.
`Early devices were bulky, consumed high power, and the network supported only a few simultaneous conversations.
`Modern cellular networks allow automatic and pervasive use of mobile phones for voice and data communications.
`
`Karl Arnold drawing of public use of
`mobile telephones
`
`In the United States, engineers from Bell Labs began work on a system to allow mobile users to place and receive
`telephone calls from automobiles, leading to the inauguration of mobile service on 17 June 1946 in St. Louis, Missouri.
`Shortly after, AT&T offered Mobile Telephone Service. A wide range of mostly incompatible mobile telephone services
`offered limited coverage area and only a few available channels in urban areas. The introduction of cellular technology,
`which allowed re-use of frequencies many times in small adjacent areas covered by relatively low powered transmitters,
`made widespread adoption of mobile telephones economically feasible.
`
`In the USSR, Leonid Kupriyanovich, an engineer from Moscow, in 1957-1961 developed and presented a number of
`experimental pocket-sized communications radio. The weight of one model, presented in 1961, was only 70 g and could fit
`on a palm.[7][8] However, in the USSR the decision at first to develop the system of the automobile "Altai" phone was
`made.[9]
`
`In 1965, Bulgarian company "Radioelektronika" presented on the Inforga-65 international exhibition in Moscow the
`mobile automatic phone combined with a base station. Solutions of this phone were based on a system developed by
`Leonid Kupriyanovich. One base station, connected to one telephone wire line, could serve up to 15 customers.[10]
`
`The advances in mobile telephony can be traced in successive generations from the early "0G" services like MTS and its
`successor Improved Mobile Telephone Service, to first-generation (1G) analog cellular network, second-generation (2G)
`digital cellular networks, third-generation (3G) broadband data services to the state-of-the-art, fourth-generation (4G)
`native-IP networks.
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`Early services
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`History of mobile phones - Wikipedia
`
`MTS
`In 1949, AT&T commercialized Mobile Telephone Service. From its start in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1946, AT&T introduced
`Mobile Telephone Service to one hundred towns and highway corridors by 1948. Mobile Telephone Service was a rarity
`with only 5,000 customers placing about 30,000 calls each week. Calls were set up manually by an operator and the user
`had to depress a button on the handset to talk and release the button to listen. The call subscriber equipment weighed
`about 80 pounds (36 kg)[11]
`
`Subscriber growth and revenue generation were hampered by the constraints of the technology. Because only three radio
`channels were available, only three customers in any given city could make mobile telephone calls at one time.[12] Mobile
`Telephone Service was expensive, costing 15 USD per month, plus 0.30 to 0.40 USD per local call, equivalent to about
`176 USD per month and 3.50 to 4.75 per call in 2012 USD.[11]
`
`In the UK, there was also a vehicle-based system called "Post Office Radiophone Service,"[13] which was launched around
`the city of Manchester in 1959, and although it required callers to speak to an operator, it was possible to be put through to
`any subscriber in Great Britain. The service was extended to London in 1965 and other major cities in 1972.
`
`IMTS
`AT&T introduced the first major improvement to mobile telephony in 1965, giving the improved service the obvious name
`of Improved Mobile Telephone Service. IMTS used additional radio channels, allowing more simultaneous calls in a
`given geographic area, introduced customer dialing, eliminating manual call setup by an operator, and reduced the size
`and weight of the subscriber equipment.[11]
`
`Despite the capacity improvement offered by IMTS, demand outstripped capacity. In agreement with state regulatory
`agencies, AT&T limited the service to just 40,000 customers system wide. In New York City, for example, 2,000 customers
`shared just 12 radio channels and typically had to wait 30 minutes to place a call.[11]
`
`Radio Common Carrier
`Radio Common Carrier[14] or RCC was a service introduced in the 1960s
`by independent telephone companies to compete against AT&T's IMTS. RCC
`systems used paired UHF 454/459 MHz and VHF 152/158 MHz frequencies
`near those used by IMTS. RCC based services were provided until the 1980s
`when cellular AMPS systems made RCC equipment obsolete.
`
`Some RCC systems were designed to allow customers of adjacent carriers to
`use their facilities, but equipment used by RCCs did not allow the equivalent of
`modern "roaming" because technical standards were not uniform. For
`example, the phone of an Omaha, Nebraska–based RCC service would not be
`likely to work in Phoenix, Arizona. Roaming was not encouraged, in part,
`because there was no centralized industry billing database for RCCs. Signaling
`formats were not standardized. For example, some systems used two-tone
`sequential paging to alert a mobile of an incoming call. Other systems used
`DTMF. Some used Secode 2805, which transmitted an interrupted 2805 Hz tone (similar to IMTS signaling) to alert
`
`A mobile radio telephone
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`mobiles of an offered call. Some radio equipment used with RCC systems was half-duplex, push-to-talk LOMO equipment
`such as Motorola hand-helds or RCA 700-series conventional two-way radios. Other vehicular equipment had telephone
`handsets and rotary dials or pushbutton pads, and operated full duplex like a conventional wired telephone. A few users
`had full-duplex briefcase telephones (radically advanced for their day)
`
`At the end of RCC's existence, industry associations were working on a technical standard that would have allowed
`roaming, and some mobile users had multiple decoders to enable operation with more than one of the common signaling
`formats (600/1500, 2805, and Reach). Manual operation was often a fallback for RCC roamers.
`
`Other services
`In 1969 Penn Central Railroad equipped commuter trains along the 360 kilometres (220 mi) New York-Washington route
`with special pay phones that allowed passengers to place telephone calls while the train was moving. The system re-used
`six frequencies in the 450 MHz band in nine sites.[12]
`
`In the UK, Channel Islands and elsewhere the "Rabbit" phone system was briefly used, being a hybrid of "cell" base
`stations and handsets. One major limitation was that you had to be less than 300 feet (closer with buildings) from a base
`due to power limitations on a portable device. [15] With modern technology a similar variant is being considered for
`Apple's new 4G "smart watch" so they can be used in large events in a broadly similar way to a femtocell.
`
`European mobile radio networks
`In Europe, several mutually incompatible mobile radio services were developed.
`
`In 1966 Norway had a system called OLT which was manually controlled. Finland's ARP, launched in 1971, was also
`manual as was the Swedish MTD. All were replaced by the automatic NMT, (Nordic Mobile Telephone) system in the early
`1980s.
`
`In July 1971 Readycall was introduced in London by Burndept after obtaining a special concession to break the Post Office
`monopoly to allow selective calling to mobiles of calls from the public telephone system. This system was available to the
`public for a subscription of £16 month. A year later the service was extended to two other UK towns.[16]
`
`West Germany had a network called A-Netz launched in 1952 as the country's first public commercial mobile phone
`network. In 1972 this was displaced by B-Netz which connected calls automatically.
`
`The cellular concept
`
`In December 1947, Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young, Bell Labs engineers, proposed hexagonal cells for mobile phones
`in vehicles.[17] At this stage, the technology to implement these ideas did not exist, nor had the frequencies been allocated.
`Two decades would pass before Richard H. Frenkiel, Joel S. Engel and Philip T. Porter of Bell Labs expanded the early
`proposals into a much more detailed system plan. It was Porter who first proposed that the cell towers use the now-
`familiar directional antennas to reduce interference and increase channel reuse (see picture at right)[18] Porter also
`invented the dial-then-send method used by all cell phones to reduce wasted channel time.
`
`In all these early examples, a mobile phone had to stay within the coverage area serviced by one base station throughout
`the phone call, i.e. there was no continuity of service as the phones moved through several cell areas. The concepts of
`frequency reuse and handoff, as well as a number of other concepts that formed the basis of modern cell phone
`technology, were described in the late 1960s, in papers by Frenkiel and Porter. In 1970 Amos E. Joel, Jr., a Bell Labs
`engineer,[19] invented a "three-sided trunk circuit" to aid in the "call handoff" process from one cell to another. His patent
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`contained an early description of the Bell Labs cellular concept, but as
`switching systems became faster, such a circuit became unnecessary and was
`never implemented in a system.
`
`A cellular telephone switching plan was described by Fluhr and Nussbaum in
`1973,[20] and a cellular telephone data signaling system was described in
`hipatitas by Hachenburg et al.[21]
`
`Emergence of automated services
`
`The first fully automated mobile phone system for vehicles was launched in
`Sweden in 1956. Named MTA (Mobiltelefonisystem A), it allowed calls to be
`made and received in the car using a rotary dial. The car phone could also be
`paged. Calls from the car were direct dial, whereas incoming calls required an
`operator to locate the nearest base station to the car. It was developed by Sture
`Laurén and other engineers at Televerket network operator. Ericsson provided the switchboard while Svenska
`Radioaktiebolaget (SRA) and Marconi provided the telephones and base station equipment. MTA phones consisted of
`vacuum tubes and relays, and weighed 40 kilograms (88 lb). In 1962, an upgraded version called Mobile System B (MTB)
`was introduced. This was a push-button telephone, and used transistors and DTMF signaling to improve its operational
`reliability. In 1971 the MTD version was launched, opening for several different brands of equipment and gaining
`commercial success.[22][23] The network remained open until 1983 and still had 600 customers when it closed.
`
`A multi-directional, cellular network
`antenna array ("cell tower")
`
`In 1958 development began on a similar system for motorists in the USSR.[24] The "Altay" national civil mobile phone
`service was based on Soviet MRT-1327 standard. The main developers of the Altay system were the Voronezh Science
`Research Institute of Communications (VNIIS) and the State Specialized Project Institute (GSPI). In 1963 the service
`started in Moscow, and by 1970 was deployed in 30 cities across the USSR. Versions of the Altay system are still in use
`today as a trunking system in some parts of Russia.
`
`In 1959 a private telephone company in Brewster, Kansas, USA, the S&T Telephone Company, (still in business today)
`with the use of Motorola Radio Telephone equipment and a private tower facility, offered to the public mobile telephone
`services in that local area of NW Kansas. This system was a direct dial up service through their local switchboard, and was
`installed in many private vehicles including grain combines, trucks, and automobiles. For some as yet unknown reason,
`the system, after being placed online and operated for a very brief time period, was shut down. The management of the
`company was immediately changed, and the fully operable system and related equipment was immediately dismantled in
`early 1960, not to be seen again.
`
`In 1966, Bulgaria presented the pocket mobile automatic phone RAT-0,5 combined with a base station RATZ-10 (RATC-
`10) on Interorgtechnika-66 international exhibition. One base station, connected to one telephone wire line, could serve
`up to six customers ("Radio" magazine, 2, 1967; "Novosti dnya" newsreel, 37, 1966).
`
`One of the first successful public commercial mobile phone networks was the ARP network in Finland, launched in 1971.
`Posthumously, ARP is sometimes viewed as a zero generation (0G) cellular network, being slightly above previous
`proprietary and limited coverage networks.
`
`Handheld mobile phone
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`Prior to 1973, mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and
`other vehicles.[19] Motorola was the first company to produce a handheld
`mobile phone. On April 3, 1973, Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and
`executive, made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber
`equipment, placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs, his rival.[25][26][27]
`The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed 1.1 kilograms
`(2.4 lb) and measured 23 by 13 by 4.5 centimetres (9.1 by 5.1 by 1.8 in). The
`prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-
`charge.[28]
`
`John F. Mitchell,[29][30][31] Motorola's chief of portable communication
`products and Cooper's boss in 1973, played a key role in advancing the
`development of handheld mobile telephone equipment. Mitchell successfully
`pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be
`small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular
`phone.[32][33]
`
`The early generations
`
`Martin Cooper photographed in
`2007 with his 1973 handheld mobile
`phone prototype
`
`Newer technology has been developed and rolled out in a series of waves or
`generations. The "generation" terminology only became widely used when 3G was launched, but is now used retroactively
`when referring to the earlier systems.
`
`1G – Analogue cellular
`First automatic analogue cellular systems deployed were NTT's system first used in Tokyo in 1979, later spreading to the
`whole of Japan, and NMT in the Nordic countries in 1981.
`
`The first analogue cellular system widely deployed in North America was the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS).[34]
`It was commercially introduced in the Americas in 13 October 1983, Israel in 1986, and Australia in 1987. AMPS was a
`pioneering technology that helped drive mass market usage of cellular technology, but it had several serious issues by
`modern standards. It was unencrypted and easily vulnerable to eavesdropping via a scanner; it was susceptible to cell
`phone "cloning" and it used a Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) scheme and required significant amounts of
`wireless spectrum to support.
`
`On 6 March 1983, the DynaTAC 8000X mobile phone launched on the first US 1G network by Ameritech. It cost $100m to
`develop, and took over a decade to reach the market.[35] The phone had a talk time of just thirty-five minutes and took ten
`hours to charge. Consumer demand was strong despite the battery life, weight, and low talk time, and waiting lists were in
`the thousands.[36][37]
`
`Many of the iconic early commercial cell phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were eventually superseded
`by Digital AMPS (D-AMPS) in 1990, and AMPS service was shut down by most North American carriers by 2008.
`
`In February 1986 Australia launched its Cellular Telephone System by Telecom Australia. Peter Reedman was the first
`Telecom Customer to be connected on 6 January 1986 along with five other subscribers as test customers prior to the
`official launch date of 28 February.
`
`2G – Digital cellular
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`In the 1990s, the 'second generation' mobile phone systems emerged. Two
`systems competed for supremacy in the global market: the European
`developed GSM standard and the U.S. developed CDMA standard. These
`differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog
`transmission, and also fast out-of-band phone-to-network signaling. The rise
`in mobile phone usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the
`advent of prepaid mobile phones.
`
`In 1991 the first GSM network (Radiolinja) launched in Finland. In general the
`frequencies used by 2G systems in Europe were higher than those in America,
`though with some overlap. For example, the 900 MHz frequency range was
`used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe, so the 1G systems were rapidly
`closed down to make space for the 2G systems. In America the IS-54 standard
`was deployed in the same band as AMPS and displaced some of the existing
`analog channels.
`
`Two 1991 GSM mobile phones with
`several AC adapters
`
`In 1993, IBM Simon was introduced. This was possibly the world's first smartphone. It was a mobile phone, pager, fax
`machine, and PDA all rolled into one. It included a calendar, address book, clock, calculator, notepad, email, and a
`touchscreen with a QWERTY keyboard.[38] The IBM Simon had a stylus you used to tap the touch screen with. It featured
`predictive typing that would guess the next characters as you tapped. It had applications, or at least a way to deliver more
`features by plugging a PCMCIA 1.8 MB memory card into the phone.[39] Coinciding with the introduction of 2G systems
`was a trend away from the larger "brick" phones toward tiny 100–200 grams (3.5–7.1 oz) hand-held devices. This change
`was possible not only through technological improvements such as more advanced batteries and more energy-efficient
`electronics, but also because of the higher density of cell sites to accommodate increasing usage. The latter meant that the
`average distance transmission from phone to the base station shortened, leading to increased battery life while on the
`move.
`
`The second generation introduced a new variant of communication called SMS or text
`messaging. It was initially available only on GSM networks but spread eventually on all
`digital networks. The first machine-generated SMS message was sent in the UK on 3
`December 1992 followed in 1993 by the first person-to-person SMS sent in Finland. The
`advent of prepaid services in the late 1990s soon made SMS the communication method of
`choice among the young, a trend which spread across all ages.
`
`2G also introduced the ability to access media content on mobile phones. In 1998 the first
`downloadable content sold to mobile phones was the ring tone, launched by Finland's
`Radiolinja (now Elisa). Advertising on the mobile phone first appeared in Finland when a free
`daily SMS news headline service was launched in 2000, sponsored by advertising.
`
`Personal Handy-
`phone System
`mobiles and modems
`used in Japan around
`1997–2003
`
`Mobile payments were trialed in 1998 in Finland and Sweden where a mobile phone was used to pay for a Coca-Cola
`vending machine and car parking. Commercial launches followed in 1999 in Norway. The first commercial payment
`system to mimic banks and credit cards was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe
`and Smart.
`
`The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999.
`
`3G – Mobile broadband
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`As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to use mobile phones in their daily lives, it became
`clear that demand for data (such as access to browse the internet) was growing. Further, experience from fixed broadband
`services showed there would also be an ever-increasing demand for greater data speeds. The 2G technology was nowhere
`near up to the job, so the industry began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G. The main
`technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of packet switching rather than
`circuit switching for data transmission.[40] In addition, the standardization process focused on requirements more than
`technology (2 Mbit/s maximum data rate indoors, 384 kbit/s outdoors, for example).
`
`Inevitably this led to many competing standards with different contenders pushing their own technologies, and the vision
`of a single unified worldwide standard looked far from reality. The standard 2G CDMA networks became 3G compliant
`with the adoption of Revision A to EV-DO, which made several additions to the protocol while retaining backwards
`compatibility:
`
`Introduction of several new forward link data rates that increase the maximum burst rate from 2.45 Mbit/s to 3.1 Mbit/s
`Protocols that would decrease connection establishment time
`Ability for more than one mobile to share the same time slot
`Introduction of QoS flags
`All these were put in place to allow for low latency, low bit rate communications such as VoIP.[41]
`
`The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001.
`NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on 1 October 2001, using the WCDMA technology. In 2002 the
`first 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea,
`and Monet in the US. Monet has since gone bankrupt. By the end of 2002, the second WCDMA network was launched in
`Japan by Vodafone KK (now Softbank). European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by Three/Hutchison group, on
`WCDMA. 2003 saw a further eight commercial launches of 3G, six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV-DO
`standard.
`
`During the development of 3G systems, 2.5G systems such as CDMA2000 1x and GPRS were developed as extensions to
`existing 2G networks. These provide some of the features of 3G without fulfilling the promised high data rates or full range
`of multimedia services. CDMA2000-1X delivers theoretical maximum data speeds of up to 307 kbit/s. Just beyond these is
`the EDGE system which in theory covers the requirements for 3G system, but is so narrowly above these that any practical
`system would be sure to fall short.
`
`The high connection speeds of 3G technology enabled a transformation in the industry: for the first time, media streaming
`of radio (and even television) content to 3G handsets became possible,[42] with companies such as RealNetworks[43] and
`Disney[44] among the early pioneers in this type of offering.
`
`In the mid-2000s (decade), an evolution of 3G technology began to be implemented, namely High-Speed Downlink Packet
`Access (HSDPA). It is an enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed
`Packet Access (HSPA) family, also coined 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile
`Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Current HSDPA deployments
`support down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 Mbit/s.
`
`By the end of 2007, there were 295 million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide, which reflected 9% of the total
`worldwide subscriber base. About two thirds of these were on the WCDMA standard and one third on the EV-DO
`standard. The 3G telecoms services generated over $120 billion of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the
`majority of new phones activated were 3G phones. In Japan and South Korea the market no longer supplies phones of the
`second generation.
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`Although mobile phones had long had the ability to access data networks such as the Internet, it was not until the
`widespread availability of good quality 3G coverage in the mid-2000s (decade) that specialized devices appeared to access
`the mobile web. The first such devices, known as "dongles", plugged directly into a computer through the USB port.
`Another new class of device appeared subsequently, the so-called "compact wireless router" such as the Novatel MiFi,
`which makes 3G Internet connectivity available to multiple computers simultaneously over Wi-Fi, rather than just to a
`single computer via a USB plug-in.
`
`Such devices became especially popular for use with laptop computers due to the added portability they bestow.
`Consequently, some computer manufacturers started to embed the mobile data function directly into the laptop so a
`dongle or MiFi wasn't needed. Instead, the SIM card could be inserted directly into the device itself to access the mobile
`data services. Such 3G-capable laptops became commonly known as "netbooks". Other types of data-aware devices
`followed in the netbook's footsteps. By the beginning of 2010, E-readers, such as the Amazon Kindle and the Nook from
`Barnes & Noble, had already become available with embedded wireless Internet, and Apple had announced plans for
`embedded wireless Internet on its iPad tablet devices later that year.
`
`4G – Native IP networks
`
`By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-
`intensive applications like streaming media.[45] Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized 4th-
`generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first
`two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U.S. by Sprint) and the
`LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera.
`
`One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of circuit switching, instead
`employing an all-IP network. Thus, 4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio
`media, utilizing packet switching over Internet, LAN or WAN networks via VoIP.[46]
`
`Mobile device charger standards
`
`Before a universal charger standard was agreed upon in the
`late 2000s users needed an adaptor which was often the
`same brand as their phone to recharge the battery.
`
`In China
`As of 14 June 2007, all new mobile phones applying for a
`license in China are required to use a USB port as a power
`port for battery charging.[48][49] This was the first standard to
`use the convention of shorting D+ and D−.[50]
`
`Micro-USB
`
`USB power standards for mobile charger
`Port
`Current
`Voltage
`Power (max)
`500 mA
`5 V
`2.5 W
`1 A
`5 V
`5 W
`2 A
`5 V
`10 W
`100 mA to 3 A 5 V
`15 W
`1.7 A to 3 A
`9 V
`27 W
`1.8 A to 3 A
`15 V
`45 W
`2.25 A to 5 A
`20 V
`100 W
`
`Type-C[47]
`
`OMTP/GSMA Universal Charging Solution
`In September 2007, the Open Mobile Terminal Platform group (a forum of mobile network operators and manufacturers
`such as Nokia, Samsung, Motorola, Sony Ericsson, and LG) announced that its members had agreed on Micro-USB as the
`future common connector for mobile devices.[51][52]
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones
`
`9/14
`
`Petitioners Exhibit 1015 - Page 9
`
`

`

`History of mobile phones - Wikipedia
`5/10/2018
`suit
`on
`17 February
`followed
`(GSMA)
`The GSM Association
`2009,[53][53][54][55][56] and on 22 April 2009, this was further endorsed by the
`The Wireless Association,[57] with
`CTIA –
`the
`International
`Telecommunication Union (ITU) announcing on 22 October 2009 that it had
`also embraced the Universal Charging Solution as its "energy-efficient one-
`charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution," and added: "Based on the Micro-
`USB interface, UCS chargers will also include a 4-star or higher efficiency
`rating—up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger."[58]
`
`EU smartphone power supply standard
`In June 2009, many of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed
`an EC-sponsored Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), agreeing to make
`most data-enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Union compatible
`with a common External Power Supply (common EPS). The EU's common EPS specification (EN 62684:2010) references
`the USB Battery Charging Specification and is similar to the GSMA/OMTP and Chinese charging solutions.[59][60] In
`January 2011, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) released its version of the (EU's) common EPS
`standard as IEC 62684:2011.[61]
`
`The Micro-USB interface is
`commonly found on chargers for
`mobile phones.
`
`Satellite mobile
`
`As well as the now-common cellular phone, there is also the very different approach of connecting directly from the
`handset to an Earth-orbiting satellite. Such mobile phones can be used in remote areas out of reach of wired networks or
`where construction of a cellular network is uneconomic.
`
`The Inmarsat system is the oldest, originally developed in 1979 for safety of life at sea, and uses a series of satellites in
`geostationary orbits to cover the majority of the globe. Several smaller operators use the same approach with just one or
`two satellites to provide a regional service. An alternative approach is to use a series of low Earth orbit satellites much
`closer to Earth. This is the basis of the Iridium and Globalstar satellite phone services.
`
`See also
`
`The Mobile R