`US 8,895,546 B2
`(10) Patent No.:
`(12)
`Cartt et al.
`(45) Date of Patent:
`Nov. 25, 2014
`
`
`US008895546B2
`
`(75)
`
`(54) ADMINISTRATION OF BENZODIAZEPINE
`COMPOSITIONS
`Inventors: Steve Cartt, San Carlos, CA (US);
`David Medeiros, South San Francisco,
`CA (US); Garry Thomas Gwozdz, Jim
`Thorpe, PA (US); Andrew Loxley
`;
`edalmhi
`ATS):
`Philadelphia, PA (US); Mark
`Mitchnick, Bast Hampton, NY (US);
`David Hale, San Diego, CA (US);
`EdwardT. Maggio, San Diego, CA
`(US)
`.
`:
`(73) Assignee: Hale Biopharma Ventures, LLC,
`Encinitas, CA (US)
`
`(*) Notice:
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`Primary Examiner — Adam C Milligan
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Wilson Sonsini Goodrich &
`Rosati
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`The invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions com-
`prising one or more benzodiazepine drugsfor nasal adminis-
`tration, methods for producing and for using such composi-
`tions.
`
`22 Claims, 5 Drawing Sheets
`AQUESTIVE EXHIBIT 1003
`
`AQUESTIVE EXHIBIT 1003 page 0001
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`
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`U.S. Patent
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`Sheet 1 of 5
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`US 8,895,546 B2
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`Figure 1
`
`ain
`
`4 b.
`
`“fa
`
`aa
`
`one eae?
`
`ah4
`Cagis
`
`“ea
`
`3vyAapeenccnccgpesedeigaesccengeee
`Cone
`
` sOorstan FU mig
`wees Nasal
`wx
`4x
`
`S~ Nasal Solution 10 mig
`~ ¥ smegg
`
`
`
`Tare ih}
`
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`Nov. 25, 2014
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`Sheet 2 of 5
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`US 8,895,546 B2
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`Figure 2
`
`Semi-togarithmic Scale
`
`PORN? ~igem Nasal Susman1) mg
`
` Saas
`*
`{Nasal Solauon ER) mg
`TY Sane
`wmbios TY S nag
`
`0
`
`MSM
`
`qe
`
`72
`
`OH
`
`PMG
`
`HS
`
`NUR HDG BNE
`
`Tome ch
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`Sheet 3 of 5
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`Figure 3
`
`Linear Scale
`
`
`
`Cone(rafal)
`
`weber Basal Nuapensicns TO nig
` fee Nusal Solutic
`
`weer DY S tig
`
`0 SiN)
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`Nov. 25, 2014
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`Sheet 4 of 5
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`Figure 4: Flow Diagram for the Manufacture of Diazepam Solution
`
`Combine:
`e Vitamin E, USP
`e Benzyl Alcohol, NF
`e Dehydrated Alcohol, USP
`
`
`Heat to 45 + 2°C
`
`
`
`AddIntravail and mix until
`dissolved and homogeneous
`
`Maintaining temperature at 45°C,
`add Diazepam, USP and mix until
`dissolved and homogenous
`
`Cool to 25 +2°C
`
`Q:S. to final target weight with
`Dehydrated Alcohol, USP.
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`Figure 5: Flow Diagram for Preparation of Diazepam Suspension
`
`Flow Diagram for the Manufacture of NRL-1A
`
`Sieve Diazepam, USP
`
`Micronize Diazepam, USP
`
`Combine Propylene Glycol, USP
`Purified Water, USP, and
`Vitamin E Polyethylene Glycol
`Succinate, NF
`
`
`Ileat to 45 + 2°C and mix until
`Vitamin E Polyethylene Glycol
`Succinate, NF is dissolved.
`
`Add Povidone, USP and mix
`until dissolved.
`
`QS. to tinal target weight with
`Purified Water, USP. Mix well to
`assure homogeneity
`
`and mix vigorously to disperse.
`
`Iligh pressure/
`small size
`(Diazepam)
`
`Low pressure/
`larger size
`(DiazepamB)
`
`Add Methylparaben, NF,
`Propylparaben, NF and Intravail
`and mix until dissolved.
`
`Fill 3 mL finished product into
`5 mL Amberglass vial with
`PTFElined phenolic closure.
`
`Sample Diazepam A and Diazepam
`B tor in-process testing
`
`
`Cool to 25 4
`
`Add Micronized Diazepam A/B
`
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`1
`ADMINISTRATION OF BENZODIAZEPINE
`COMPOSITIONS
`
`CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED
`APPLICATIONS
`
`This application is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. patent
`application Ser. No. 12/413,439, filed Mar. 27, 2009, pub-
`lished as US 2009/0258865 on Oct. 15, 2009, whichis incor-
`porated herein by reference in its entirety; this application
`also claimspriority to U.S. provisional application 61/040,
`558, filed Mar. 28, 2008, U.S. provisional application 61/497,
`017, filed Jun. 14, 2011 and U.S. provisional application
`61/570,110, filed Dec. 13, 2011, each of which is incorpo-
`rated herein by referencein its entirety.
`
`10
`
`15
`
`FIELD OF THE INVENTION
`
`This applicationrelates to the nasal administration of ben-
`zodiazepine drugs and combinationsthereof.
`
`20
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`Bywayof non-limiting example, the benzodiazepine fam-
`ily consists of drugs such as diazepam, lorazepam, and mida-
`zolam. The drugs in this family have been observed as pos-
`sessing
`sedative,
`tranquilizing
`and muscle
`relaxing
`properties. They are frequently classified as anxiolytic and
`skeletal muscle relaxants. They are thought to be useful in
`preventing, treating, or ameliorating the symptomsof anxi-
`ety, insomnia, agitation, seizures (such as those caused by
`epilepsy), muscle spasmsandrigidity, the symptomsof drug
`withdrawal associated with the continuous abuse of central
`
`nervous system depressants, and exposure to nerve agents.
`Benzodiazepines are thought to act by binding to the
`GABA,, receptorof a neuron, possibly causing the receptor to
`change shape and making it more accessible to gamma-ami-
`nobutyric acid (GABA).
`GABAis an inhibitory neurotransmitter that, when bound
`to the GABA, receptor, facilitates Cl” ions flooding into the
`neuron to which the receptor is bound. The increase in Cl-
`ions hyperpolarizes the membraneof the neuron. This com-
`pletely or substantially reduces the ability of the neuron to
`carry an action potential. Targeting this receptor is particu-
`larly useful in treating many disorders, such as tetanus and
`epilepsy, which mayresult from too many action potentials
`proceeding through the nervous system.
`Current formulations of benzodiazepine drugs can be
`administered orally, rectally, or parenterally. The ability to
`utilize these and other types of formulations has been signifi-
`cantly limited due, in many cases, to solubility challenges.
`The oral route of administration may be considered sub-
`optimal due to several disadvantages. For example,
`the
`amountof time required for an orally administered benzodi-
`azepine drug to reach therapeutically relevant concentrations
`in blood plasma mayberather long, such as an hour or more.
`Moreover, as benzodiazepine drugs pass through theliver a
`significant amount of the drug may be metabolized. Thus,
`large doses may be required to achieve therapeutic plasma
`levels. Furthermore, due to the nature of seizures and muscle
`spasms, it can be extremely difficult for either a patient or a
`care-giver to administer the benzodiazepine drug orally and
`care-givers may be reluctantto place their handsin patients’
`mouths.
`
`Intravenous administration perhaps providesa faster route
`of administration. However intravenous administration is
`
`generally limited to trained health care professionals in
`
`25
`
`30
`
`35
`
`40
`
`45
`
`50
`
`55
`
`60
`
`65
`
`2
`tightly controlled clinicalsettings. Additionally, sterility must
`be maintained. Furthermore, administering any drug intrave-
`nously can be painful andis likely impractical for patients
`suffering from a phobia of needles. In addition, intravenous
`administration of benzodiazepinesis associated with respira-
`tory depression. Thus, use of intravenous benzodiazepinesis
`limited to professional health care environments.
`Rectal suppository compositions of benzodiazepine drugs
`can have a rapid onset of action. However, the inconvenience
`of rectally administered drug is an obvious impediment to
`their being administered by anyone outside a very small
`group of the patient’s intimate acquaintances and the
`patient’s professional medical care-givers.
`
`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`
`In some embodiments, there are provided (non-aqueous)
`pharmaceutical solutions for nasal administration consisting
`of: (a) a benzodiazepine drug; (b) one or more natural or
`synthetic tocopherols or tocotrienols, or any combinations
`thereof, in an amount from about 30% to about 95% (w/w);
`(c) one or more alcohols or glycols, or any combinations
`thereof, in an amount from about 10% to about 70% (w/w);
`and (d) an alkyl glycoside, in a pharmaceutically-acceptable
`solution for administration to one or more nasal mucosal
`membranesofa patient. In some embodiments, the benzodi-
`azepine drug is dissolved in the one or more natural or syn-
`thetic tocopherols or tocotrienols, or any combinations
`thereof, in an amount from about 30% to about 95% (w/w);
`and the one or more alcohols or glycols, or any combinations
`thereof, in an amount from about 10% to about 70% (w/w). In
`some embodiments, the benzodiazepine drug is selected from
`the group consisting of: alprazolam, brotizolam, chlordiaz-
`epoxide,
`clobazam,
`clonazepam,
`clorazepam,
`demox-
`azepam, diazepam,
`flumazenil,
`flurazepam, halazepam,
`midazolam,
`nordazepam,
`medazepam,
` nitrazepam,
`oxazepam,
`lorazepam, prazepam, quazepam,
`triazolam,
`temazepam,
`loprazolam, any pharmaceutically-acceptable
`salts thereof, and any combinationsthereof. In some embodi-
`ments, the benzodiazepine drugis diazepam,or a pharmaceu-
`tically-acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the
`solution contains about 1 to about 20% (w/v) of benzodiaz-
`epine, e.g. about 1 to about 20% (w/v) of diazepam. In some
`embodiments, the one or more natural or synthetic toco-
`pherols or tocotrienols are selected from the group consisting
`of a-tocopherol, B-tocopherol, y-tocopherol, 6-tocopherol,
`a-tocotrienol, £-tocotrienol, y-tocotrienol, 6-tocotrienol,
`tocophersolan, any isomers thereof, any esters thereof, any
`analogsor derivatives thereof, and any combinationsthereof.
`In some embodiments, the one or more alcohols are selected
`from the group consisting of ethanol, propyl alcohol, butyl
`alcohol, pentanol, benzyl alcohol, any isomers thereof, or any
`combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the solution
`contains two or more alcohols, such as ethanol (1-25% (w/v))
`and benzyl alcohol (1-25% (w/v)), or ethanol (10-22.5%
`(w/v)) and benzyl alcohol
`(7.5-12.5% (w/v)).
`In some
`embodiments, the benzodiazepine is present in the pharma-
`ceutical composition in a concentration from about 20
`mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the one
`or more natural or synthetic tocopherols or tocotrienols, or
`any combinationsthereof, is in an amount from about 45% to
`about 85% (w/w). In some embodiments, the one or more
`natural or synthetic tocopherols or tocotrienols, or any com-
`binations thereof, is in an amount from about 50% to about
`75% (w/w). In some embodiments, the one or more alcohols
`or glycols, or any combinationsthereof, is in an amount from
`about 15% to about 55% (w/w), e.g. about 25% to about 40%
`AQUESTIVE EXHIBIT 1003
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`AQUESTIVE EXHIBIT 1003 page 0010
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`US 8,895,546 B2
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`3
`(w/w). In some embodiments, the solution consists of diaz-
`epam (5-15% (w/v)), alkyl glycoside (0.01-1% (w/v)), vita-
`min E (45-65% (w/v)), ethanol (10-25% (w/v)) and benzyl
`alcohol (5-15% (w/v)). In some embodiments, the solution
`comprises at least about 0.01% (w/w) of an alkyl glycoside,
`e.g. about 0.01% to 1% (w/w) of an alkyl glycoside, such as
`dodecyl maltoside. In some embodiments, the solution con-
`sists ofdiazepam (5-15% (w/v)), dodecyl maltoside (0.01-1%
`(w/v)), vitamin E (45-65% (w/v)), ethanol (10-25% (w/v))
`and benzyl alcohol (5-15% (w/v)); moreparticularly the solu-
`tion may consist of diazepam (9-11% (w/v)), dodecyl malto-
`side (0.1-0.5% (w/v)), vitamin E (50-60% (w/v)), ethanol
`(15-22.5% (w/v)) and benzyl]alcohol (7.5-12.5% (w/v)); and
`even moreparticularly, the solution may consist of diazepam
`(10% (w/v)), dodecy] maltoside (0.15-0.3% (w/v)), vitamin E
`(50-60% (w/v)), ethanol (17-20% (w/v)) and benzyl alcohol
`(10-12% (w/v)).
`Some embodiments described herein provide a method of
`treating a patient with a disorder which maybetreatable with
`a benzodiazepine drug, comprising: administering to one or
`more nasal mucosal membranesofa patient a pharmaceutical
`solution for nasal administration consisting of a benzodiaz-
`epine drug, one or more natural or synthetic tocopherols or
`tocotrienols, or any combinationsthereof, in an amount from
`about 30% to about 95% (w/w); one or more alcohols or
`glycols, or any combinations thereof, in an amount from
`about 10% to about 70% (w/w); and an alkyl glycoside. In
`some embodiments, the benzodiazepine drug is dissolved in
`the one or more natural or synthetic tocopherols or tocot-
`rienols, or any combinations thereof, in an amount from about
`30% to about 95% (w/w); and the one or more alcohols or
`glycols, or any combinations thereof, in an amount from
`about 10% to about 70% (w/w). In some embodiments, the
`benzodiazepine drug is selected from the group consisting of:
`alprazolam, brotizolam, chlordiazepoxide, clobazam, clon-
`azepam, clorazepam, demoxazepam, diazepam, flumazenil,
`flurazepam,
`halazepam,
`midazolam,
`nordazepam,
`medazepam, nitrazepam, oxazepam, lorazepam, prazepam,
`quazepam,triazolam, temazepam, loprazolam, any pharma-
`ceutically-acceptable salts thereof, and any combinations
`thereof. In some embodiments, the benzodiazepine drug is
`diazepam, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof. In
`some embodiments, the solution contains about 1 to about
`20% (w/v) ofbenzodiazepine,e.g. about 1 to about 20% (w/v)
`of diazepam. In some embodiments, the one or more natural
`or synthetic tocopherols or tocotrienols are selected from the
`group consisting of a-tocopherol, B-tocopherol, y-toco-
`pherol, 5-tocopherol, a-tocotrienol, B-tocotrienol, y-tocot-
`rienol, 5-tocotrienol, tocophersolan, any isomers thereof, any
`esters thereof, any analogs or derivatives thereof, and any
`combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more
`alcohols are selected from the group consisting of ethanol,
`propyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, pentanol, benzyl alcohol, any
`isomers thereof, or any combinations thereof.
`In some
`embodiments, the solution contains two or more alcohols,
`such as ethanol (1-25% (w/v)) and benzyl] alcohol (1-25%
`(w/v)), or ethanol (10-22.5% (w/v)) and benzy] alcohol(7.5-
`12.5% (w/v)). In some embodiments, the benzodiazepine is
`present in the pharmaceutical composition in a concentration
`from about 20 mg/mLto about 200 mg/mL. In some embodi-
`ments, the one or more natural or synthetic tocopherol