Bursten
`
`For Advanced Brown LeMay
`ised Eighth Editio
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`Revi
`
`ition
`
`Apotex (IPR2019-00400) Ex. 1049 p. 001
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`

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`Chemistry
`
`The Central Science
`Eighth Revised Edition
`
`Theodore L. Brown
`University ofIllinois at Urbana-Champaign
`
`H. Eugene LeMay,Jr.
`
`University of Nevada, Reno
`
`Bruce E. Bursten
`The Ohio State University
`
`With contributions by Julia R. Burdge, University of Akron
`
`
`
`PRENTICE HALL
`UpperSaddle River, New Jersey 07458
`
`
`
`Apotex (IPR2019-00400) Ex. 1049 p. 002
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`\
`
`OQ
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`' U
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`y
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`3 B a
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`/
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`al
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`Editor: John Challice
`DevelopmentEditor/Editor in Chief, Development: Carol Trueheart
`Associate Editor: Mary Hornby
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`CoverIllustration: © Kenneth Eward/BioGrafx, 1999
`CopyEditor: Fay Ahuja
`
`© 2002, 2000, 1997, 1994, 1991, 1988, 1985, 1981, 1977 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.
`Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
`
`All rights reserved. Nopart of this book maybe
`reproduced, in any form or by any means,
`without permission in writing from the publisher.
`Printed in the United States of America
`10987654321
`
`ISBN O-13-Ob1142-5
`
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`
`Apotex (IPR2019-00400) Ex. 1049 p. 003
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`compo
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`to raise
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`appear
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`
`sponta
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`G-12
`
`GLOSSARY
`
`redox (oxidation-reduction) reaction A reaction in which certain
`atoms undergo changesin oxidation states. The substance increas-
`ing in oxidation state is oxidized; the substance decreasing in oxi-
`dation state is reduced. (Chapter 20; Introduction)
`reducing agent or reductant The substance thatis oxidized and
`thereby causes the reduction of some other substancein an oxida-
`tion-reduction reaction. (Section 20.1)
`reduction A process in which a substance gains one or moreelec-
`trons. (Section 4.4)
`refining The process of converting an impure form of a metal into
`a more usable substance of well-defined composition. For example,
`crude pig iron from theblast furnaceis refined in a converter to
`producesteels of desired compositions. (Section 23.2)
`rem A measure ofthe biological damage caused byradiation; rems
`= rads * RBE. (Section 21.9)
`renewable energy Energy such assolar energy, wind energy, and
`hydroelectric energy that is from essentially inexhaustible sources.
`(Section 5.8)
`representative (main-group) element Element in which the s and
`p orbitals are partially occupied. (Section 6.9)
`resonance structures (resonance forms)
`Individual Lewis struc-
`tures in cases where two or more Lewis structures are equally good
`descriptions of a single molecule. The resonancestructures in such
`an instance are “averaged”to give a correct description ofthe real
`molecule. (Section 8.7)
`reverse osmosis The process by which water molecules move
`under high pressure through a semipermeable membranefrom the
`more concentrated to the less concentrated solution. (Section 18.5)
`reversible process A process that can go back and forth between
`states along exactly the same path; a system at equilibrium is re-
`versible because it can be reversed byan infinitesimal modification
`of a variable such as temperature. (Section 19.1)
`ribonucleic acid (RNA) A polynucleotide in which riboseis the
`sugar component. (Section 25.11)
`roasting Thermal treatmentof an ore to bring about chemicalre-
`actions involving the furnace atmosphere. For example,a sulfide ore
`mightbe roastedin air to form a metal oxide and SO.. (Section 23.2)
`root-mean-square (rms) speed (4) The square rootof the aver-
`age of the squared speeds of the gas molecules in a gas sample.
`(Section 10.7)
`rotational motion Movementof a molecule as thoughit is spin-
`ning like a top. (Section 19.3)
`
`screening effect The effect of inner electrons in decreasing the nu-
`clear charge experienced by outerelectrons. (Section6.7)
`secondary structure The mannerin whicha protein is coiled or
`stretched. (Section 25,9)
`second law of thermodynamics A statementof our experience
`that there is a direction to the way events occur in nature. When=
`process occurs spontaneouslyin one direction, it is nonspontaneous
`in the reverse direction.It is possible to state the second lawin many
`different forms, butthey allrelate back to the sameidea about spor-
`taneity. Oneof the most common statements found in chemical con-
`texts is that in any spontaneous process theentropyof the universe
`increases. (Section 19.2)
`second-order reaction A reaction in which the overall reaction
`order (the sum of the concentration-term exponents) in the rate law
`is 2. (Section 14.3)
`sigma (co) bond A covalent bondin which electron densityis con-
`centrated along the internuclearaxis. (Section 9.6)
`sigma (o) molecular orbital A molecular orbital that centers the
`sputte
`electron density about an imaginaryline passing through two nu-
`al that
`clei. (Section 9.7)
`gaseor
`standz
`significant figures The digits that indicate the precision with
`101.32
`which a measurementis made;all digits of a measured quantityare
`significant, includingthe last digit, which is uncertain. (Section 1.5
`standa
`acell\
`silicates Compoundscontainingsilicon and oxygen,structurally
`based on SiO,tetrahedra. (Section 22.10)
`standi
`single bond A covalent bond involving one electron pair
`that ac
`(Section 8.4)
`ement
`SI units The preferred metric units for use in science. (Section 1.4
`standi
`all rea
`slag A mixture of moltensilicate minerals. Slags maybe acidic or
`basic, accordingto the acidityor basicity of the oxide addedto sil-
`stand:
`ica. (Section 23.2)
`ereya
`under
`smectic liquid-crystalline phase A liquid crystal in which the
`molecules are aligned alongtheir long axes and arranged in sheets
`stand
`tion 2]
`with the ends of the molecules aligned. There are several different
`kinds of smectic phases. (Section 12.1)
`tial of
`smelting A melting process in which the materials formed in
`standi
`the course of the chemicalreactions that occur separate into two
`substz
`or more layers. For example, the layers might be slag and molten
`standi
`metal. (Section 23.2)
`half-re
`sol-gel process Aprocess in which extremelysmall particles (0.003
`stand:
`to 0.1 mm in diameter) of uniform size are producedin a series of
`called
`chemical steps followed by controlled heating. (Section 12.4)
`standi
`solid Matter that has both a definite shape and a definite volume.
`stand.
`salinity A measure of the salt content of seawater, brine, or brack-
`(Section 1.2)
`ish water. It is equal to the massin gramsof dissolved salts present
`atm p:
`solubility The amountof a substance that dissolves in a given
`tion 1!
`in 1 kg of seawater. (Section 18.5)
`quantityof solventat a given temperature to form a saturated so-
`starch
`salt An ionic compound formed by replacing one or more H* of
`lution. (Sections 4.2 and 13.2)
`acts ai
`an acid by other cations. (Section 4.3)
`solubility-product constant (solubility product) (K,,) An equi-
`state f
`saponification Hydrolysis of an ester in the presence ofa base.
`librium constantrelated to the equilibrium between a solid salt and
`or con
`(Section 25.6)
`its ions in solution. It provides a quantitative measure of the solu-
`is fixe
`saturated solution A solution in which undissolved solute and
`bility of a slightly soluble salt. (Section 17.4)
`are sp
`dissolved solute are in equilibrium. (Section 13.2)
`solute A substancedissolved in a solvent to formasolution;it is
`states
`scientificlaw A concise verbal statement or a mathematical equa-
`normally the component of a solution present in the smaller
`tion that summarizes a broad variety of observations and experi-
`amount. (Section 4.1)
`ences. (Section 1.3)
`solution A mixture of substances that has a uniform composition;
`scientific method The general process of advancing scientific
`a homogeneous mixture. (Section 1.2)
`knowledge by making experimental observations and by formu-
`solution alloy A homogeneousalloy, with the components dis-
`lating laws, hypotheses, and theories. (Section 1.3)
`tributed uniformly throughout. (Section 23.6)
`scintillation counter An instrumentthat is used to detect and
`solvation Theclustering of solvent molecules arounda solute par-
`measureradiation bythe fluorescenceit producesin a fluorescing
`ticle. (Section 13.1)
`medium.(Section 21.5)
`
`liquid
`steret
`bondi
`the at
`stoict
`and p
`strato
`
`pospl
`
`
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`Apotex (IPR2019-00400) Ex. 1049 p. 004
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