- 4,922,061
`[11] Patent Number:
`United States Patent 1
`
`
`Meadows et al. May1, 1990 [45] Date of Patent:
`
`[63]
`
`ABSTRACT
`[57]
`[54] CAPACITIVE TOUCH PANEL SYSTEM
`:
`wa
`WITH RANDOMLY MODULATED
`A capacitive touch panel system (10) having a faceplate
`(14) with an electrically conductive layer (20) of a con-
`POSITION MEASUREMENT SIGNAL
`
`[75] Inventors: R. David Meadows, Beaverton; Roger__sistentresistivity employs a position measurement appa-
`J. McCoy, Portland, both of Oreg.
`ratus (12) to generate an address signal indicative of a
`Tektronix,
`Inc.,
`B
`O
`position (46) on the faceplate in contact with a stylus
`73] Assi
`.
`Tektronix, Inc., Beaverton,
`Oreg.
`(48). The position measurement apparatus includes a
`[73]
`Assignee:
`[21] Appl. No.: 383,113
`position measurementsignal source (56) that generatesa
`;
`;
`square-wave measurement signal of a frequency that
`[22] Filed:
`Jul. 20, 1989
`varies in a substantially random manner. The position
`_. measurementsignal is applied toafirst pair of opposed
`
`Related U.S, Application Data
`electrodes (36) and (40) and a second pair of opposed
` Continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 205,896, Jun. 13, 1988,
`electrodes (38) and (42) positioned along respective side
`Pat. No. 4,853,498.
`margins (26, 30, 28, and 32) of the faceplate. The resis-
`.
`tivity of the conductive layer establishes effective resis-
`Tint, C15 fouc.ceecccscccccssescescssessereccceensaaes GO8C 21/00
`tances of Rx and Ry between the respective first and
`[51]
`
`[52] US. Che ooeessesseeees
`+ 178/19; 340/706
`second pairs of electrodes. Position measurement sub-
`[58] Field of Search .........ccseen 178/19; 340/706
`circuits (54a-54d) are locked-in with the random mea-
`[56]
`References Cited
`surement signal frequencies to measure currents drawn
`through the electrodes wheneverthe stylus contacts the
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`conductive layer, thereby to form an address signal
`4,476,463 10/1984 Ng et al. on. ecececessesereeeeees 340/712
`indicative of the location at which the stylus contacts
`4,680,430 7/1987 Yoshikawaetal.
`-- 178/19
`the faceplate. The random measurementsignal frequen-
`4,698,460 10/1987. Krein etal. ............
`178/19
`cies reduce the susceptibility of the position measure-
`4,698,461 10/1987 Meadowset al.
`.
`4,707,845 11/1987 Krein et ab. wcessseeenee 178/19
`overa relatively broad bandwidth the electromagnetic
`Primary Examiner—Stafford D. Schreyer
`noise generated by the position measurement apparatus.
`Attorney, Agent, or Firm—John D. Winkelman; Mark
`M. Meininger
`
`w» 178/19 ment apparatus to electromagnetic noise and distributes
`
`22 Claims, 2 Drawing Sheets
`
`
`
` 124-5
`
`1300:eRe seoat
`
`1
`
`APPLE 1013
`
`APPLE 1013
`
`1
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`May1, 1990
`
`Sheet 1 of 2
`
`4,922,061
`
`
`
`HOWNOS -“Sls
`
`
`SFLOFI-
`
`P8EL
`
` PSEL|TOYLNOONIVD~)SONIZIIVNHO
`
`eeaeeeeeeee
`
`99g
`
`2
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`May1, 1990
`
`Sheet 2 of 2
`
`4,922,061
`
`AN\i\----———
`—_——NAA -——¢——~7/
`Viv_v
`VV
`Kx Rx
`4g
`(1-Kx)Rx
`
`FIG. 2
`14
`
`22
`
`
`
`|
`|
`
`|||e
`
`VOLTAGE
`
`CONTROLLED[alrnl [SBE
`
`
`
`150
`
`
`|
`DIGITAL-To-
`
`
`
`
`e ne ee es ee oe
`
`MEASURMENT
`SIGNAL SOURCE
`
`_|
`
`3
`
`

`

`1
`
`4,922,061
`
`CAPACITIVE TOUCH PANEL SYSTEM WITH
`~
`RANDOMLY MODULATEDPOSITION
`MEASUREMENT SIGNAL
`
`This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No.
`07/205,896, filed June 13, 1988, U.S. Pat. No. 4,853,498.
`
`TECHNICAL FIELD
`
`The present invention relates to touch panel systems
`of the type having electrically conductive faceplates
`and, in particular, to such a touch panel system in which
`a position measurement apparatus generates an address
`signal that is indicative of a location at which a stylus
`contacts the faceplate.
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`A touch panel system is a data input device thatal-
`“lows an operator to interact with information rendered
`on a display screen. For example,
`the operator can
`select one of multiple computer command options ren-
`dered at different locations on the display screen by
`touching the screen at.one of the locations. A touch
`panel system employsa position measurement apparatus
`that generates an address signal
`indicative of the
`touched location. The address signal is delivered to a
`computer that determines from the address signal which
`one of the command options is selected. The object
`with which the operator touches the display screen is
`called a stylus and mayinclude, for example, the opera-
`tor’s finger, a pen, or a pencil.
`A touch panel system of the capacitive-type typically
`includes a faceplate that has on its outer major surface
`on optically transparent, electrically conductive coat-
`ing of a preselected resistivity. The faceplate is posi-
`tioned in front of the display screen of a display device
`so that an operator can touch the conductive coating at
`locations aligned with information rendered on the
`display screen.
`The operator touches the conductive coating with a
`stylus having a nonzero, finite capacitance with refer-
`ence to electrical ground. The stylus causes a changein
`the characteristics of an amplitude modulated position
`measurementsignal applied to the conductive coating.
`The touch panei sysem distinguishes the location the
`stylus contacts from the other locations on the faceplate
`in accordance with the changein the characteristics of
`the position measurementsignal.
`The conductive coating on the faceplate causes a
`capacitive touch panel,system to suffer from at least two
`disadvantages. First, the conductive coating is receptive
`to electromagnetic noise generated by the display sys-
`tem (e.g. cathode-ray tube flyback pulses) or present
`within the environment (e.g. 60 Hz background noise).
`Such noise susceptibility can render difficult the deter-
`mination of a touch location. Second, the conductive
`coating causes the touch panel system to generate elec-
`tromagnetic interference at the frequency of the posi-
`tion measurementsignal. As a result, a capacitive touch
`panel system typically generates substantial amounts of
`electromagnetic noise.
`SUMMARYOF THE INVENTION
`
`10
`
`15
`
`20
`
`25
`
`45
`
`50
`
`55
`
`60
`
`65
`
`An object of the present invention is, therefore, to’
`provide a position measurement apparatus for a capaci-
`tive touch panel system.
`
`2
`Anotherobject of this invention is to provide such an
`apparatus having a reduced susceptibility to electro-.
`magnetic noise.
`A further objectofthis invention is to provide such a
`system that generates reduced amounts of electromag-
`netic noise at any single specific measurement signal
`frequency.
`Thepresent invention is a touch panel system with a
`position measurement apparatus that generates an ad-
`dress signalindicative of a position on the touch panelin
`contact with a capacitive stylus. The stylus has a non-
`zero,
`finite capacitance with reference to electrical
`ground.
`In a preferred embodiment, the touch panel system
`includes a rectangular faceplate with an electrically
`conductive layer. The conductive layer has a consistent
`resistivity, covers the entire outer major surface of the
`faceplate, and carries four bar electrodes. A different
`one of the bar electrodes extends along almost the entire
`length and near each of the side margins of the outer
`major surface of the faceplate. The bar electrodes form
`two pairs of generally parallel opposed electrical
`contacts. Each barelectrodeis electrically connected to
`the conductive layer and the position measurement
`apparatus.
`The position measurement apparatus includes a mea-
`surement signal source that generates an amplitude
`modulated measurementsignal of a frequency that var-
`ies in a substantially random manner. The measurement
`signal is applied simultaneously to each ofthe bar elec-
`trodes. The apparatus identifies a position on the face-
`plate in contact with the stylus by measuring the mea-
`surement signal current that the stylus draws through
`each electrode. The current drawn through each elec-
`trode is inversely proportional to the separation be-
`tween the electrode and the position at which the stylus
`touches the faceplate. The current measurements ob-
`tained with respect to the four electrodes are analyzed
`by a microprocessorto identify the position.
`Theposition is identified separately ‘with respect to
`each one ofthe bar electrodes. The following descrip-
`tion relates to the position identification with respect to
`an exemplary one of the bar electrodes. Such descrip-
`tion would apply similarly to each of the three remain-
`ing electrodes.
`The signal source transmits the measurementsignal to
`the bar electrode through the primary coil of a trans-
`former. The transformer develops across the output
`terminals of a secondary coil a potential difference pro-
`portional to the current that the stylus draws through
`the bar electrode. A differential amplifier having first
`and second input terminals is electrically connected to
`the ouput terminals of the secondary coil of the trans-
`former. The differential amplifier receives the potential
`difference and generates positive and negative differen-
`tial output signals proportional
`to the current. The
`transformer cooperates, therefore, with the differential
`amplifier to function as a current meter that measures
`the current drawn through the electrode.
`A signal demodulator of the lock-in type employsthe
`same random frequency measurementsignal as a refer-
`ence for demodulating the positive and negative differ-
`ential output signals. A low-pass filter connected to the
`signal demodulator provides from the demodulated
`signal a substantially steady-state address signal that
`corresponds to an average of the magnitude of the cur- _
`rent drawn through the barelectrode.
`
`4
`
`4
`
`

`

`4,922,061
`
`3
`The position measurement apparatus of the present
`invention has reduced susceptibility to electromagnetic
`noise because of the lock-in characteristics of the signal
`demodulator and the low-pass filter. In addition, the
`position measurementapparatusofthis invention gener-
`ates electromagnetic noise that is spread over the band-
`width of the random frequencies of the position mea-
`surement signal. As a result, the position measurement
`apparatus generates reduced amounts of electromag-
`netic noise at any single specific measurement signal
`frequency.
`Additional objects and advantages of the present
`invention will be apparent from the detaileddescription
`of a preferred embodiment
`thereof, which proceeds
`with reference to the accompanying drawings.
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`
`FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a position
`measurement apparatus of the present invention imple-
`mented in a touch panel system.
`FIG. 2 is an enlarged frontal schematic diagram of
`the faceplate of the touch panel system of FIG.1.
`FIG.3 is a circuit block diagram of a measurement
`signal source employed in the position measurement
`apparatus of FIG. 1.
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED
`EMBODIMENT
`
`4
`tively any resistance. Position measurement apparatus
`12 identifies touch location 46 by measuring the separa-
`tion between location 46 and each oneofelectrodes 36,
`38, 40, and 42.
`Position measurement apparatus 12 comprises four
`similar position measurement subcircuits 54a, 548, 54c,
`and 54d that are connected to the respective electrodes
`36, 38, 40, and 42 to generate an addresssignal indica-
`tive of the separation between touch location 46 and
`each of the electrodes. Subcircuits 54a-54d preferably
`operate simultaneously or “‘in parallel” to generate the
`address signal. Corresponding components of position
`measurement subcircuits 54a-54d have identical refer-
`ence numerals with letter suffices “a’-‘‘d”,
`respec-
`tively. The following description is directed by way of
`example only to position measurement subcircuit 54a
`and is similarly applicable to position measurement
`subcircuits 54b-54d.
`A position measurementsignal source 56 generates a
`bipolar continuous square-wave measurement signal
`and is delivered to an input 58 of a source outputfilter
`60. The measurement signal alternates between a posi-
`tive voltage, + V, and a negative voltage level, —V,at
`a frequency that varies in a substantially random man-
`ner. In the prferred embodiment, a microporcessor 62
`functions as a pseudo-random numbergenerator that
`generates a pseudo-random numbersignal thatis deliv-
`ered to an input 64 of measurementsignal source 56. In
`response to the pseudo-random numbersignal, measure-
`mentsignal source 56 generates the measurementsignal
`with a frequency of between 150 and 250 kHzin accor-
`dance with the value of the pseudo-random number.
`Microprocessor 62 generates the pseudo-random num-
`bers at a frequency of about 50 kHz.
`Output filer 60 is preferably of the low-pass type and
`cooperates with an output resistor 66 to establish an
`output impedanceof 2 kilohms. This output impedance
`functions to improve the uniformity of the signal-to-
`noise ratios of the signals on electrodes 36-42,as will be
`described below in greater detail. Outputfilter 60 deliv-
`ers the square-wave measurementsignal to electrode 36
`via the primary coil 68a of a transformer 70a. Primary
`coil 68a is arranged so thatits positive terminal 72a and
`negative terminal 74a are electrically connectedto elec-
`trode 36 and the output resistor 66 of filter 60 respec-
`tively.
`.
`With reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, stylus 48 in contact
`with touch location 46 may be modeled as dividing the
`resistance R, into a first resistance k,Rx and a second
`resistance (1—kx)Rx, the term k, representing the nor-
`malized distance 762 between touch location 46 and
`electrode 36. The first resistance represents the resis-
`tance of layer 20 between touch location 46 and elec-
`trode 36, and the second resistance represents the resis-
`tance of layer 20 between touch location 46 and elec-
`trode 40. Stylus 48 in contact with layer 20 drawscur-
`rents proportional to the measurementsignalto electri-
`cal ground. Position measurement subcircuits 54a and
`54c measure the currents drawnto electrical ground via
`the respective first and second resistances, thereby to
`indicate the position of touch location 46 along the
`X-axis.
`With reference to position measurement subcircuit
`54a, transformer 70a includes two secondary coils 78a
`and 80q that are inductively coupled to primary coil
`68a. Secondary coil 78a has a positive terminal 82a and
`a negative terminal 84a that are electrically connected
`to an inverting input 86a ofa differential amplifier 88a
`
`5
`
`15
`
`20
`
`25
`
`30
`
`40
`
`45
`
`60
`
`65
`
`FIG. 1 schematically shows a touch panel system 10
`and an associated position measurement apparatus 12 of
`the present invention. Touch panel system 10 includes’
`an optically transparent faceplate 14 positioned face-to-
`face with the display screen 16 of a display device 18
`that incorporates, for example, a cathode-ray tube. It
`will be appreciated that the display device 18 could
`alternatively include a liquid crystal display or a sign-
`board that displays fixed information such as a numeric
`key pad.
`Faceplate 14 includes an optically transparent, elec-
`trically conductive layer 20 that covers substantially all
`of an outer major surface 22 of faceplate 14. Layer 20is
`formed from indium tin oxide (ITO) and has a consis-
`tent resistivity. Faceplate 14 is typically of a rectangular
`shape and includes on major surface 22 a first pair of
`opposed side margins 26 and 30 and a secondpair of
`opposed side margins 28 and 32.
`Electrodes 36, 38, 40 and 42 in the form of bars or
`strips are positioned on and extend along major portions
`of the lengths of side margins 26, 28, 30, and 32, respec-
`50
`tively. Electrodes 36 and 40 and electrodes 38 and 42
`form two pairs of opposed electrical contacts that are -
`electrically connected along their lengths to conductive
`layer 20. Electrodes 36 and 40 define across faceplate 14
`an X-axis having its origin 44 located near the bottom
`side of electrode 36, and electrodes 38 and 42 define
`across faceplate 14 a Y-axis having its origin 44 located
`near theleft side of electrode 38.
`Theresistivity of layer 20 establishes effective total
`resistances Rx and Ry in the respective X-and Y-axis
`directions across faceplate 14. Position measurement
`apparatus 12 identifies a position or location 46 (FIG.2)
`on faceplate 14 in contact with a capacitive stylus 48
`(FIG. 2) such as, for example, a person’s finger. (The
`location 46 is hereinafter referred to as “touch location
`46.”) Stylus 48 may be modeled as a capacitor 50 and a
`resistor 52 electrically connected in parallel to ground.
`Capacitor 50 can have a capacitance of between 5 and
`several hundred picofarads. Resistor 52 can haveeffec-
`
`5
`
`

`

`5
`and ground, respectively. Similarly, secondary coil 80a
`has a negative terminal 92a and a positive terminal 94a
`that are electrically connected to noninverting input
`96a of differential amplifier 88a and ground, respec-
`tively. Differential amplifier 882 operates in the differ-
`ential-input, differential-output mode.
`The current drawn to groundvia the first resistance
`flows through primary coil 68a. This current induces in
`secondary coils 78¢ and 80¢ a current Ig that flows
`through positive terminal 82a, negative terminal 92a,
`and a resistor 98a of 22 ohmsthat is connected between
`them. The current I, generates across resistor 98a a
`potential different porportional to the current drawn
`through electrode 36 by the presence of stylus 48 at
`touch location 46. The potential difference is applied to
`inputs 86a and 96c of differential amplifier 88a, which
`generatesat its positive output 106¢ and negative output
`1082 respective positive and negative differential output
`signals representing the current drawn through elec-
`trode 36. The differential output signals are modulated
`at
`the substantially random measurement signal fre-
`quency, and the magnitudes of the differential output
`signals are inversely proportional to the distance 76a
`between touch location 46 and electrode 36.
`Outputs 106a and 108a deliver the positive and nega-
`tive differential output signals to different inputs of a
`single pole-double throw demodulation switch 1144
`having a switching control input 1164 that receives as a
`reference signal the substantially random measurement
`signal generated by measurement signal source 56.
`Switch 114¢ generates a demodulated output signal by
`delivering to output 118a the positive and negative
`differential output signals during the respective +V
`and —V voltage levels of the measurementsignal. As a
`result, differential amplifier 88@ and switch 114a coop-
`erate to function as a “lock-in” amplifer thatis “locked-
`in” to the measurementsignal frequency and coherently
`demodulates the differential output signals. The demod-
`ulated output signal represents a relatively low-noise,
`substantially steady-state address signal
`that corre-
`sponds to an average of the magnitude of the current
`drawn throughelectrode 36;is indicative of the distance
`76a between touch location 46 and electrode 36; and is
`substantially independent of the relative impedances of
`capacitor 50 and resistor 52 of stylus 48.
`Demodulation switch 114a delivers on its oputput the
`steady-state address signal to a first low passfilter 124a
`having a 3dB cut-off frequency of 3.3kHz. The cutoff
`frequency of low pass filter 124a is selected so thatit
`rapdily delivers a filtered address signal of substantial
`magnitude to an automatic gain control circuit 126.
`Gain control circuit 126 includes diodes 128a, 1288,
`128c, and 128d that receive at their anodes 1302, 1308,
`130c, and 130d the measurement signals generated by
`the réspective position measurement subcircuits 54a,
`54b, 54c, and 54d. The cathodes 132a, 1326, 132c, and
`132d of the respective diodes 128a, 128), 128c, and 128d
`are electrically connected and deliver to a gain normal-
`izing stage 134 the one of the address signals generated ©
`by subcircuits 54a-54d having the greatest voltage mag-
`nitude. Normalizing stage 134 automatically normalizes
`further processing of the addressing signals with refer-
`ence to the one measurementsignal.
`Filter 124a also delivers the address signal to a second
`low passfilter 136a having a 3 dB frequency of 100 Hz
`for. optimizing the signal-to-noise ratio of the address
`signal. Filters 124a and 136a cooperate to reject inco-
`herent noise signals that are injected into touch panel
`
`30
`
`45
`
`65
`
`4,922,061
`
`- 5
`
`20
`
`25
`
`6
`system 10 by electromagnetic waves or a system user.
`Filter 136a delivers the address signal to an input 138a
`of a four input-to-one output analog multiplexer 140,
`which transmits in a serial fashion to an analog-to-digi-
`tal converter 142 the address signals generated by sub-
`circuits 54a-54d. Analog-to-digital converter 142 com-
`municates with microporcessor 62 that receives the
`digital address signals and generates in response to them
`the X- and Y-coordinates of touch location 46.
`The cathode-ray tube of display device 18 forms an
`image by scanning an electron beam (not shown) in a
`raster pattern across display screen 16. Such an imageis
`formed of image framesthat include between about 200
`and 2,000 horizontal scan lines and that are addressedat
`frequencies of between 20 and 90 Hz. The beam current
`of the scanning electron beam changes in accordance
`with the magnitude of a video signal that carries infor-
`mation representing the image to be rendered. The
`video signal further includes for each horizontal scan
`line a flyback or retrace pulse that directs the electron
`beam to return to a starting scan position after the com-
`pletion of each successive horizontal scan line. The
`flyback pulses relate in a one-to-one fashion to the hori-
`zontal scan lines and occur, therefore, at frequencies of
`about 15-200 kHz.
`Conductive layer 20 of touch panel system'10 has a
`relatively large surface area (e.g. abou 1100 cm?) that
`causes the layer to function as a capacitor. As a conse-
`quence, the flyback pulses on a video signal are capaci-
`tively induced onto layer 20, thereby introducing noise
`signals of substantial magnitudes into measurementsys-
`tem 12. For example, the noise signals associated with
`the flyback pulses can have voltage magnitudes up to
`about 100 times the magnitude of the measurement
`signal on conductive layer 20.
`Position measurement apparatus 12 is capable of de-
`termining the position of touch location 46 by meansof
`the cooperation between the random variations in the
`measurement signal frequency and the lock-in charac-
`teristics of position measurement subcircuits 54a-54d.
`In particular, the noise signals associated with the. fly-
`back pulses as well as other electromagnetic noise
`sources are incoherent with the substantially random
`measurement signals. Accordingly,
`low pass filters
`124a-124d and 136a-136d cooperate with the lock-in
`characteristics of subcircuits 54a-54d to attenuate the
`noise signals, thereby to allow the detection of touch
`location 46.
`Another aspect of the present invention is that the
`substantially random variations in the measurement
`signal frequency reduces the magnitudeof the electro-
`magnetic noise generated by position measurement ap-
`paratus 12 at any selected frequency.In particular, the
`measurementsignal frequency ranges over a bandwidth
`of 150-250 kHz such that electromagnetic noise gener-
`ated by the measurementsignal is also distributed over
`the same bandwidth. As a result, the electromagnetic
`noise generated by position measurement apparatus 12
`at any selected frequency is of relatively low magni-
`tude, thereby reducing the electromagnetic interference
`generated by position measurement apparatus 12.
`The following sets forth, by way of example only, a
`description of the manner in which microprocessor 62
`identifies the position of touch location 46 along only
`the X-axis. The demodulated address signals generated
`by measurementsubcircuits 54¢ and 54c¢ are DC volt-
`ages, V, and V2, that are proportional to the currents
`drawn through electrodes 36 and 40, respectively. With
`
`6
`
`

`

`4,922,061
`
`X=Vi/AVi + 4%).
`
`:
`7
`the position of touch location 46 along the X-axis repre-
`sented by distance 76a (FIG. 2) and the variable X,
`microprocessor 62 represents the X-coordinate as:
`
`8
`rable magnitudes and typically differ by less than an
`order of magnitude. Resistor 66 functions, therefore, as
`an automatic gain control that substantially reduces the
`dynamic range requirements of subcircuits 54a-54d and
`allows a system user to “load” signal source 56.
`It will be obvious to those having skill in the art that
`It will be appreciated that microprocessor 62 would
`many changes may be made in the above-described
`employ a similar equation together with the demodu-
`details of the preferred embodiment of the present in-
`lated address signals generated by subcircuits 54) and
`vention without departing from the underlying princi-
`54d to determine only the Y-coordinate of touch loca-
`ples thereof. For example, a measurement signal of
`tion 46.
`substantially random frequency could be generated in
`To identify both the X- and Y-coordinates of touch
`accordance with a pseudo-random number generated
`location 46, microprocessor 62 communicates with a
`by a feedback shift register or an analog noise genera-
`memorycircuit 146 that stores a look-uptable listing the
`tor. The scope of the present invention should be deter-
`X- and Y-axis coordinates corresponding to particular
`mined, therefore, only by the following claims.
`measurementsignal magnitudes. The look-up table may
`Weclaim:
`be empirically generated for each touch panel system to
`1. In a display system including a display surface
`accommodate anyirregularities.in the resistivity of the
`positioned adjacent an optically transparent, electri-
`conductive layer.
`cally conductive layer havingafirst resistivity andfirst
`Touch panel system 10 is of a sturdy or robust config-
`20
`and second opposed side marginsof preselected lengths,
`uration that also provides low-power operation. The
`a position address encoder for generating an address
`configuration of system 10 is robust because of the lim-
`ited numberof electrodes in contact with conductive
`signal indicative of a location on the conductivelayer in
`layer 20 and the inherent sturdiness of transformers.
`contact with a stylus that is electrically connected to a
`The low-power operation of system 10 is obtained be-
`reference potential, comprising:
`cause substantially no poweris dissipated from conduc-
`signal generating meansfor generating a time-varying
`tive layer 20 unless it is touched bya stylus.
`position measurementsignal of a preselected mag-
`With reference to FIG. 3, measurementsignal source
`nitude and a frequency that varies in a substantially
`56 includes a digitial-to-analog converter 150 coupled
`random manner;
`.
`to input 64 to receive the pseudo-random numbersignal
`first and second electrodes positioned along the
`generated by microprocessor’ 62. In response to the
`lengths of the respective first and second opposed
`pseudo-random numbersignal, digital-to-analog con-
`side margins and receiving the position measure-
`verter 150 generates a control voltage of a magnitude
`ment signal generated by the signal generating
`correspondingto the value of the pseudo-random num-
`means, the resistivity of the conductive layer estab-
`ber. The control voltage is delivered to a control input
`‘lishing an effective total resistance between the
`152 of a voltage controlled oscillator 154, which is
`first and second electrodes; and
`responsive to the control voltage to generate a measure-
`current measuring means for measuring currents cor-
`mentsignal of a frequency corresponding to the magni-
`responding to the position measurementsignal and
`tude of the control voltage. Accordingly, digital-to-
`drawn through the first and second electrodes
`analog converter 150 and voltage controlled oscillator
`whenever a stylus contacts the conductive layer,
`154 cooperate with microprocessor 62 to generate a
`wherebythestylus contacting the conductive layer
`measurementsignal of a frequency that varies in a sub-
`divides the total resistance into first and second
`stantially random manner.
`resistances that cause currents to be drawn through
`With reference to FIG. 1, the means by which output
`the respective first and second electrodes in pro-
`resistor 66 of filter 60 functions to improve the unifor-
`portion to the separation between the electrodes
`mity of the signal-to-noise ratios of the signals applied to
`and the location.
`measurementsubcircuits 54a-54d is described with ref-
`2. The encoderof claim 1 further comprising a source
`erence to an exemplary system that does not employ
`output filter having a high output impedance and being
`output resistor 66. Whenever a user touches the face-
`electrically connected between the signal generating
`plate of the exemplary system at a location that is very
`50
`means and the electrodes.
`close to. an electrode that indicates position alongafirst
`3. The encoder of claim 2 in which the source output
`axis, nearly all of the electrical current flowing from the
`filter includes a low-passfilter.
`faceplate and through the person is drawn from the
`4. The encoder of claim 1 in which the position mea-
`electrode. Under these conditions, verylittle current is |
`surement signal is a continuous square-wavesignal.
`drawnfrom the electrodes that indicate position in the
`55
`5. The encoder of claim 1 in which the current mea-
`other axis. As a consequence,
`the magnitude of the
`suring means measures in parallel the currents drawn
`signal-to-noise ratio of signals indicating position along
`through thefirst and second electrodes.
`the first axis can be up to 1,000 times greater than the
`6. The encoder of claim 1 in which the current mea-
`magnitude of the signal-to-noise ratio of the signals
`suring means includes means for generatingafirst po-
`indicating position along the orthogonal axis. Such a
`60
`tential difference proportional
`to a current drawn
`range of signal-to-noise ratios imposes extreme operat-
`through thefirst electrode, andafirst differential ampli-
`ing constraints on the dynamic range capabilities of the
`fier having first and second inputs across whichthefirst
`position measurement apparatus.
`potential difference is applied, the first differential am-
`Output resistor 66 offilter 60 improves the uniformity
`plifier forming ona first output a signal representing the
`of the signal-to-noise ratios of the signals applied to
`measurement subcircuits 54a-54d by providing each
`current drawn throughthefirst electrode.
`one of electrodes 36-42 with a nonzero resistance
`7. The encoderof claim 6 in which the current mea-
`through which stylus 48 drawscurrent. As a result, the
`suring means further includes means for generating a
`currents drawn through electrodes 36-42 are of compa-
`second potential difference proportional to a current
`
`10
`
`30
`
`65
`
`7
`
`

`

`4,922,061
`
`—_ 0
`
`30
`
`10
`9
`into a position measurement signal
`input signal
`drawn through the second electrode, and a seconddif-
`representing the location; and
`ferential amplifier having third and fourth inputs across
`measurement signal demodulating means receiving
`which the second potential difference is applied, the
`the position measurement signal for demodulating
`seconddifferential amplifier forming on a second output
`it in accordance with the input signal, thereby to
`a signal representing the current drawn through the
`generate the address signal indicative of the loca-
`second electrode.
`tion on the conductive layer in contact with the
`8. The encoder of claim 1 in which the conductive
`stylus.
`layer is disposed on an otpically transparent faceplate
`13. The encoder of claim 12 further comprising cur-
`positioned adjacent the display surface.
`rent measuring means to measure currents correspond-
`9. The encoder of claim 1 in which the conductive
`ing to the position. measurement signal and drawn
`layer further comprises third and fourth opposed side
`through the first and second electrodes whenever a
`margins of preselected lengths positioned in a trans-
`stylus contacts the conductive layer, whereby the stylus
`verse direction to the first and second side margins and
`contacting the conductive layer divides the total resis-
`in which the encoder further. comprises:
`tance into first and second resistances that cause cur-
`third and fourth electrodes positioned along the
`rents to be drawn through the first and secondelec-
`lengths of the respective third and fourth opposed
`trodes in proportion to the separation betweenthe elec-
`trodes and the location.
`side margins and receiving the position measure-
`ment signal generated by the signal generating
`14. The system of claim 12 further comprising a
`means; and
`source outputfilter having a high output impedance and
`current measuring means for measuring currents cor-
`being electrically connected between the signal gener-
`responding to the position measurementsignal and
`ating means and the electrodes.
`15. The system of claim 14 in which the source output
`drawn through the third and fourth electrodes
`filter includes a low-passfilter.
`wh