MARC standards - Wikipedia
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`MARC standards
`
`MARC (MAchine-Readable Cataloging) standards are a set of
`digital formats for the description of items catalogued by libraries,
`such as books. Working with the Library of Congress, American
`computer scientist Henriette Avram developed MARC in the 1960s
`to create records that could be read by computers and shared
`among libraries.[1] By 1971, MARC formats had become the US
`national standard for dissemination of bibliographic data. Two years later, they became the international
`standard. There are several versions of MARC in use around the world, the most predominant being MARC 21,
`created in 1999 as a result of the harmonization of U.S. and Canadian MARC formats, and UNIMARC, widely
`used in Europe. The MARC 21 family of standards now includes formats for authority records, holdings
`records, classification schedules, and community information, in addition to the format for bibliographic
`records.
`
`Filename
`extension
`Internet
`media type
`
`MARC
`.mrc, .marc
`
`application/marc
`
`Contents
`Record structure and field designations
`Field designations
`Record structure
`Content
`MARC formats
`MARC 21
`MARCXML
`Future
`See also
`References
`Further reading
`External links
`
`Record structure and field designations
`The MARC standards define three aspects of a MARC record: the field designations within each record, the
`structure of the record, and the actual content of the record itself.
`
`Field designations
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`Each field in a MARC record provides particular information about the item the record is describing, such as
`the author, title, publisher, date, language, media type, etc. Since it was first developed at a time when
`computing power was low, and space precious, MARC uses a simple three-digit numeric code (from 001-999)
`to identify each field in the record. MARC defines field 100 as the primary author of a work, field 245 as the
`title and field 260 as the publisher, for example.
`
`Fields above 008 are further divided into subfields using a single letter or number designation. The 260, for
`example, is further divided into subfield "a" for the place of publication, "b" for the name of the publisher, and
`"c" for the date of publication.
`
`Record structure
`MARC records are typically stored and transmitted as binary files, usually with several MARC records
`concatenated together into a single file. MARC uses the ISO 2709 standard to define the structure of each
`record. This includes a marker to indicate where each record begins and ends, as well as a set of characters at
`the beginning of each record that provide a directory for locating the fields and subfields within the record.
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`In 2002, the Library of Congress developed the MARCXML schema as an alternative record structure, allowing
`MARC records to be represented in XML; the fields remain the same, but those fields are expressed in the
`record in XML markup. Libraries typically expose their records as MARCXML via a web service, often
`following the SRU or OAI-PMH standards.
`
`Content
`MARC encodes information about a bibliographic item, not about the content of that item; this means it is a
`metadata transmission standard, not a content standard. The actual content that a cataloger places in each
`MARC field is usually governed and defined by standards outside of MARC, except for a handful of fixed fields
`defined by the MARC standards themselves. Resource Description and Access, for example, defines how the
`physical characteristics of books and other items should be expressed. The Library of Congress Subject
`Headings (LCSH) are a list of authorized subject terms used to describe the main subject content of the work.
`Other cataloging rules and classification schedules can also be used.
`
`MARC formats
`
`Name
`
`Authority records
`
`Bibliographic
`records
`Classification
`records
`Community
`Information records
`
`Holdings records
`
`MARC formats
`Description
`provide information about individual names, subjects, and uniform titles. An authority
`record establishes an authorized form of each heading, with references as
`appropriate from other forms of the heading.
`describe the intellectual and physical characteristics of bibliographic resources
`(books, sound recordings, video recordings, and so forth).
`MARC records containing classification data. For example, the Library of Congress
`Classification has been encoded using the MARC 21 Classification format.
`MARC records describing a service-providing agency, such as a local homeless
`shelter or tax assistance provider.
`provide copy-specific information on a library resource (call number, shelf location,
`volumes held, and so forth).
`
`MARC 21
`MARC 21 was designed to redefine the original MARC record format for the 21st century and to make it more
`accessible to the international community. MARC 21 has formats for the following five types of data:
`Bibliographic Format, Authority Format, Holdings Format, Community Format, and Classification Data
`Format.[2] Currently MARC 21 has been implemented successfully by The British Library, the European
`Institutions and the major library institutions in the United States, and Canada.
`
`MARC 21 is a result of the combination of the United States and Canadian MARC formats (USMARC and
`CAN/MARC). MARC21 is based on the NISO/ANSI standard Z39.2, which allows users of different software
`products to communicate with each other and to exchange data.[2]
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`MARC 21 allows the use of two character sets, either MARC-8 or Unicode encoded as UTF-8. MARC-8 is based
`on ISO 2022 and allows the use of Hebrew, Cyrillic, Arabic, Greek, and East Asian scripts. MARC 21 in UTF-8
`format allows all the languages supported by Unicode.[3]
`
`MARCXML
`MARCXML is an XML schema based on the common MARC21 standards.[4] MARCXML was developed by the
`Library of Congress and adopted by it and others as a means of facilitating the sharing of, and networked
`access to, bibliographic information.[4] Being easy to parse by various systems allows it to be used as an
`aggregation format, as it is in software packages such as MetaLib, though that package merges it into a wider
`DTD specification.
`
`The MARCXML primary design goals included:[5]
`◾ Simplicity of the schema
`◾ Flexibility and extensibility
`◾ Lossless and reversible conversion from MARC
`◾ Data presentation through XML stylesheets
`◾ MARC records updates and data conversions through XML transformations
`◾ Existence of validation tools
`
`Future
`The future of the MARC formats is a matter of some debate among libraries. On the one hand, the storage
`formats are quite complex and are based on outdated technology. On the other, there is no alternative
`bibliographic format with an equivalent degree of granularity. The billions of MARC records in tens of
`thousands of individual libraries (including over 50,000,000 records belonging to the OCLC consortium
`alone) create inertia. The Library of Congress has launched the Bibliographic Framework Initiative
`(BIBFRAME),[6] which aims at providing a replacement for MARC that provides greater granularity and easier
`re-use of the data expressed in multiple catalogs.[7] Beginning in 2013, OCLC Research exposed data detailing
`how various MARC elements have been used by libraries in the 400 million MARC records (as of early 2018)
`contained in WorldCat.[8] The MARC formats are managed by the MARC Steering Group, which is advised by
`the MARC Advisory Committee.[9] Proposals for changes to MARC are submitted to the MARC Advisory
`Committee and discussed in public at the American Library Association (ALA) Midwinter and ALA Annual
`meetings.
`
`See also
`◾ Cataloging
`◾ International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD)
`◾ ISO 2709
`◾ JACKPHY
`◾ Metadata and metadata standards
`◾ Z39.50
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARC_standards
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`◾ ONIX for Books
`
`References
`1. Schudel, Matt. "Henriette Avram, 'Mother of MARC,' Dies" (https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0605/avram.html).
`Library of Congress. Retrieved June 22, 2013.
`2. Joudrey and Taylor, Organization of Information, p. 262
`3. "Character Sets: MARC-8 Encoding Environment: MARC 21 Specifications for Record Structure,
`Character Sets, and Exchange Media (Library of
`Congress)" (https://www.loc.gov/marc/specifications/speccharmarc8.html). loc.gov.
`4. "MARC 21 XML Schema" (https://www.loc.gov/standards/marcxml/). Library of Congress. Retrieved
`2013-12-11.
`5. "MARC XML Design Considerations" (https://www.loc.gov/standards/marcxml/marcxml-design.html).
`Loc.gov. 2004-12-30. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
`6. "Bibliographic Framework Initiative" (http://bibframe.org/). Library of Congress. Retrieved 2 February
`2013.
`7. "Bibliographic Framework Initiative Update Forum" (https://www.loc.gov/bibframe/media/updateforum-
`nov22-2013.html) (BIBFRAME, Library of Congress). 2013-11-22. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
`8. "MARC Usage in WorldCat" (http://experimental.worldcat.org/marcusage/). OCLC Research. 2013.
`Retrieved April 8, 2015.
`9. "MARC Advisory Committee" (https://www.loc.gov/marc/mac/MAC_members.html). Library of Congress.
`Retrieved January 22, 2018.
`◾ Reitz, J. M. (2004) Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science (http://www.abc-
`clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_m.aspx).
`
`Further reading
`◾ MARBI (1996). MARC 21 Formats (https://www.loc.gov/marc/96principl.html). Library of Congress.
`◾ Joudrey, Daniel N., Arlene G. Taylor, and David P. Miller (2015). Introduction to Cataloging and
`Classification. Libraries Unlimited.
`◾ Joudrey, Daniel N., and Arlene G. Taylor (2018). The Organization of Information. Libraries Unlimited.
`◾ Coyle, Karen (2011-07-25). "MARC21 as Data: A Start" (http://journal.code4lib.org/articles/5468). The
`Code4Lib Journal (14).
`◾ Tennant, Roy (2002-10-15). "MARC must die" (http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2002/10/ljarchives/marc-must-
`die/). Library Journal.
`
`External links
`◾ Understanding MARC Bibliographic Machine Readable Cataloging (https://www.loc.gov/marc/umb/), a
`good introduction
`◾ MARC authority records (http://authorities.loc.gov/help/disphlp1.htm)
`◾ "MARC 21 home page" (https://www.loc.gov/marc/). Library of Congress.
`◾ MARC frequently asked questions (https://www.loc.gov/marc/faq.html)
`◾ List of MARC country codes (https://www.loc.gov/marc/countries/cou_home.html)
`
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`◾ Network Development and MARC Standards Office (https://www.loc.gov/marc/ndmso.html)
`◾ MARC 21 Character Sets (https://www.loc.gov/marc/specifications/specchartables.html)
`◾ "Tools For MARC Records" (https://www.loc.gov/marc/marctools.html). Library of Congress.
`◾ Kevin J. Comerford (12 September 1996). "Notes on MARC
`Format" (http://groups.google.com/group/bit.listserv.museum-l/msg/7d101d8d1681ac0b).
`Newsgroup: bit.listserv.museum-l (news:bit.listserv.museum-l).
`Usenet: UPMAIL05.199609120436340817@msn.com
`(news:UPMAIL05.199609120436340817@msn.com).
`◾ Amazon to MARC Converter (http://chopac.org/cgi-bin/tools/az2marc.pl)
`◾ MAB information, Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
`(http://www.dnb.de/EN/Standardisierung/Formate/MAB/mab_node.html)
`◾ MARC Records with Books From India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan
`(https://www.dkagencies.com/result.aspx?From=1023&To=1343)
`◾ NISO/ANSI Z39.2
`(https://web.archive.org/web/20090209042415/http://www.niso.org/kst/reports/standards?
`step=2&gid=&project_key=fb7a107043228a342cb704973825aca7bc6ae58d)
`◾ 2709:1996 (http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=7675%
`7CISO)
`◾ Converting MARCBN into MARC21 (http://mak.bn.org.pl/wykaz5.htm)
`◾ Library of Congress: MARCXML (https://www.loc.gov/standards/marcxml/)
`◾ "Library of Congress Announces Standard MARCXML Schema" (http://xml.coverpages.org/LOC-
`StandardMARCXML-ShemaAnnounce.html)
`◾ Interpreting MARC: Where’s the Bibliographic Data? (http://journal.code4lib.org/articles/3832/) by Jason
`Thomale Code4Lib Journal Issue 11, 2010-09-21 ISSN 1940-5758 (https://www.worldcat.org/search?
`fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1940-5758)
`
`Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MARC_standards&oldid=890781000"
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