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`VISA - EXHIBIT 1120
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`VISA - EXHIBIT 1120
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`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 9805245399
`
`Copyright © 1999 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary. -- 4th ed.
`p. cm.
`Previous eds. published under title: Microsoft Press computer
`dictionary
`ISBN 0~7356~0615-3
`
`2. Microcomputers Dictionaries.
`1. Computers Dictionaries.
`1. Microsoft Press computer dictionary.
`QAT6.15.M538
`1999
`004'.03--dc21
`
`99-20168
`CIP
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`23456789 MLML 432109
`
`Distributed in Canada by Penguin Books Canada Limited.
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further information
`about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft Press
`International directly at fax (425} 936-7329. Visit our Web site atW.
`
`Macintosh. Power Macintosh, QuickTime. and TrueType fonts are registered trademarks of Apple Computer,
`Inc. Kodak is a registered trademark of the Eastman Kodak Company. Intel is a registered trademark and Indeo
`is a trademark of Intel Corporation. Active Desktop, Active Directory. ActiveMovie. Active Platform, Activex.
`Authenticode. BacltOffice, DirectInput, DirectX, Microsoft, Microsoft Press. MS—DOS. MSN. NetMeeting.
`NetSltow, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual J ++, WehTV. WebTV Network. Win32. Win325. Windows.
`Windows NT, and XENIX are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the
`United States auditor other countries. PANTONE is a registered trademark of Pantone. Inc. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies, organizations, products. people, and events depicted herein are fictitious. No associa-
`tion with any real company, organization, product, person, or event is intended or should be inferred.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Christey Bahn
`Project Editor: Kim Fryer
`
`
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`
`
`Introduction
`vii
`
`Dictionary
`of Computer Terms
`1
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`Appendix A
`
`ASCII Character Set
`494
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`Appendlx B
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`IBM Extended Character Set
`496
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`Appendix 0
`Apple Macintosh Extended Character Set
`498
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`Appendix D
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`EBCDIC Character Set
`502
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`Appendix E
`Numeric Equivalents
`509
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`Table of Contents
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`Appendix F
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`Internet Domains
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`517
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`Appendix G
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`Common File Extensions
`527
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`Appendix H
`Year 2000 Problem Reference
`536
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`Vi
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`' binomial distillation
`
`binomial distribution a. In statistics, a list or a func-
`tion that describes the probabilities of the possible
`values of a random variable chosen by means of a
`Bernoulli sampling process. A Bernoulli process has
`three characteristics: each trial has only two possible
`outcomes—success or failure; each trial is indepen-
`dent of all other trials; and the probability of success
`for each trial is constant. A binomial distribution can
`
`be used to calculate the probability of getting a speci-
`fied number of successes in a Bernoulli process. For
`example, the binomial distribution can be used to
`calculate the probability of getting a "l three times in
`20 rolls of a pair of dice. Also called Bernoulli distri-
`bution.
`
`biometrics :1. Traditionally, the science of measuring
`and analyzing human biological characteristics. In
`computer technology, biometrics relates to authenti—
`cation and security techniques that rely on measur-
`able. individual biological stamps to recognize or
`verify an individual‘s identity. For example, finger-
`prints, handprints, or voice-recognition might be
`used to enable access to a computer, to a room. or to
`an electronic commerce account. Security schemes
`are generally categorized into three levels: level 1
`relies on something the person carries. such as an ID
`badge with a photo or a computer cardkey; level 2
`relies on something the person knows, such as a
`password or a code number; level 3, the highest level,
`relies on something that is a part of the person’s bio-
`logical makeup or behavior, such as a fingerprint, the
`pattern of blood vessels in a retina, or a signature.
`See also fingerprint reader, handwriting recognition
`(definition 1), voice recognition.
`
`bionics \bi-on‘iks‘\ n. The study of living organisms,
`their characteristics, and the ways they function, with
`a view toward creating hardware that can simulate or
`duplicate the activities of a biological system. See
`also cybemetics.
`
`BIOS \bi’fisl n. Acronym for basic Inputloutput sys-
`tem. 0n PC-compatible computers, the set of essential
`software routines that tests hardware at startup, starts
`the operating system, and supports the transfer of data
`among hardware devices. The BIOS is stored in read-
`only memory (ROM) so that it can be executed when
`the computer is turned on. Although critical to perfor-
`mance. the BIOS is usually invisible to computer
`users. See also AM] BIOS, CMOS setup, Phoenix
`BIOS. ROM BIOS. Compare Toolbox.
`
`50
`
`bipolar adj. 1. Having two opposite states. such as
`positive and negative. 2. in information transfer and
`processing, pertaining to or characteristic of a sig-
`nal in which opposite voltage polarities represent on
`and off, true and false, or some other pair of values.
`See also nonreturn to zero. Compare unipolar. 3. in
`electronics, pertaining to or characteristic of a tran-
`sistor having two types of charge carriers. See also
`transistor.
`
`BIS it. See business information system.
`BISDN it. See broadband ISDN.
`
`bistable adj. 0f. pertaining to, or characteristic of a
`system or device that has two possible states, such as
`on and off. See also flip—flop.
`
`bistable circuit a. Any circuit that has only two stable
`states. The transition between them must be initiated
`
`from outside the circuit. A bistable circuit is capable
`of storing 1 bit of information.
`
`bistable multivibrator a. See flip-flop.
`
`BISYNC \bi‘sénk\ n. Short for binary synchronous
`communications protocol. A communications stan-
`dard developed by IBM. BISYNC transmissions are
`encoded in either ASCII or EBCDIC. Messages can
`be of any length and are sent in units called frames.
`optionally preceded by a message header. BISYNC
`uses synchronous transmission. in which message
`elements are separated by a specific time interval. so
`each frame is preceded and followed by special char-
`acters that enable the sending and receiving machines
`to synchronize their clocks. STX and ETX are con-
`trol characters that mark the beginning and end of the
`message text; BCC is a set of characters used to
`verify the accuracy of transmission. See the illustra—
`tion. Also called BSC.
`
`bit 11. Short for binary digit. The smallest unit of in-
`formation handled by a computer. One bit expresses
`a l or a 0 in a binary numeral. or a true or false logi-
`cal condition. and is represented physically by an
`element such as a high or low voltage at one point in
`a circuit or a small spot on a disk magnetized one
`way or the other. A single bit conveys little informa-
`tion a human would consider meaningful. A group of
`8 bits, however, makes up a byte, which can be used
`to represent many types of information, such as a
`letter of the alphabet, a decimal digit, or other char‘
`acter. See also ASCII, binary', byte.
`
`
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