MICROSOFT PRESS®
`
`SECOND EDITION
`
`THE COMPREHENSIVE
`
`STANDARD FOR
`
`IIIIIIIIIIIIJIIIIIIIIIIIII n
`
`
`
`BUSINESS, SCHOOL,
`
`LIBRARY, AND HOME
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex.1011, Cover
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex.1011, Cover
`
`

`

`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 1994 by Microsoft Press
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the .contents of this book may be reproduced or
`transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging—in—Publication Data
`
`Microsoft Press computer dictionary : the comprehensive standard for .
`business, school, library, and home / Microsoft Press. -- 2nd ed.
`p.
`cm.
`ISBN 1-55615-597—2
`2. Microcomputers--Dictionaries.
`1. Computers--Dictionaries.
`1. Microsoft Press.
`11. Title: Computer dictionary.
`QA76.15.M54
`1993
`004'. 03- —dC20
`
`93-29868
`CIP
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`125456789 MLML 987654
`
`Distributed to the book trade in Canada by Macmillan of Canada, a division of Canada
`Publishing Corporation.
`
`Distributed to the book trade outside the United States and Canada by
`Penguin Books Ltd.
`
`Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England
`Penguin Books Australia Ltd., Ringwood, Victoria, Australia
`Penguin Books NZ. Ltd., 182-190 Wairau Road, Auckland 10, New Zealand
`
`British Cataloging-in—Publication Data available.
`
`Project Editor: Casey D. Doyle
`Manuscript Editor: Alice Copp Smith
`Technical Editors: Mary DeJong, Jeff Carey, Dail Magee,]r.,]im Fuchs, Seth McEvoy
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1011, Cover 2
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - EX. 1011, Cover 2
`
`

`

`dfiflM WWI/wt) 73
`
`CONTRIBUTORS
`
`JoAnne Woodcock
`Senior Contributor
`
`Peter Aitken
`
`Charles Petzold
`
`Andrew Himes
`
`Phil Rose
`
`Chris Kinata
`William G. Madison
`
`Ross Nelson
`
`Wallace Parker
`
`David Rygmyr
`Michael Vose
`
`Bruce Webster
`
`TECHNICAL REVIEWERS
`
`Robert Ackexman
`Steve Bostwick
`
`Keith Burgoyne
`Kaare Christian
`
`James Johnson
`Chris Kinata
`
`Cary Lu
`M. David Stone
`
`Ray Duncan
`
`John Viescas
`
`
`
`
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1011, Cover 3
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - EX. 1011, Cover 3
`
`

`

`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1011, p. 293
`
`

`

`radio frequency
`
`button is a small circle that, when selected, has a
`smaller, filled circle inside it. Radio buttons are so
`named because their behavior mimics that of the
`buttons on a radio: Selecting one button dese-
`lects the previously selected button.
`
`Radio
`buttons
`
`Image Attributes
`
`(9 Color:
`
`E) Black andwme -
`
`Radio
`buttons
`
`Radio button.
`
`when the sorting is done using binary values,
`which simplifies comparisons (Is a given bit on or
`off?) and reduces the number of lists (each pass
`produces at most two lists).
`rag The irregularity along the left or right ends of
`the lines on a printed page. Rag complements
`justification, in which one or both edges of the
`text (both, in the center example of the illustra-
`tion) form a straight vertical line. Word—processed
`letters and other documents are commonly left-
`justified, with ragged-right margins (as in the
`example on the left). Ragged-left text is used
`infrequently—~typically,
`in advertisements—for
`visual effect.
`
`Ragged right
`mm: mall.- I: nu-
`illlmlum. m.—
`l...
`'
`m- n on r
`mum-«- n r u lull-I
`u . or Inn- 1 mun...
`cunt-M mu 2 n...» .m:
`
`mm mm rum.
`
`radio frequency Abbreviated RF. The portion of
`the electromagnetic spectrum with frequencies
`between 10 kilohertz and 3000 gigahertz. This
`corresponds to wavelengths between 50 kilome—
`ters and 1 millimeter.
`
`ragged left/right See rag.
`RAM Pronounced “ram.” Acronym for random ac-
`cess memory. Semiconductor-based memory that
`can be read and written by the microprocessor or
`radix The base of a number system—for ex-
`other hardware devices. The storage locations ,
`ample, 2 in the binary system, 10 in the decimal
`can be accessed in any order. Note that .the vari—
`system, 8 in the octal system, and 16 in the hexa-
`ous types of ROM memory are capable of random
`decimal system. See also base.
`access. The term RAM, however, is generally un—
`radix point The period or other character that
`derstood to refer to volatile memory, which can
`separates the integer portion of a number from
`be written as well as read. Compare core,
`the fractional portion. In the decimal system, the
`EPROM, flash memory, PROM, ROM.
`‘
`radix point is the decimal point, as in the number
`RAM card An add-in circuit board containing
`1.53.
`RAM memory and the interface logic necessary to
`radix sorting algorithm A sorting algorithm that
`decode memory addresses.
`sorts by grouping elements according to succes-
`RAM cartridge See memory cartridge.
`sive parts of their keys. A simple example is sort-
`RAM chip A semiconductor storage device. RAM
`ing a list of numbers in the range 0—999. First the
`chips can be either dynamic or static memory. See
`list is sorted by the 100’s digit into a set of (up to)
`also dynamic RAM, static RAM.
`10 lists; then each list, one at a time, is sorted into
`RAMDAC Pronounced “ram—dack." Acronym for
`a set of (up to) 10 lists based on the 10’s digit; and
`random access memory digital-to-analog con-
`finally, each of those lists is sorted by the 1’s
`verter. A chip built into some VGA and SVGA
`digit. This algorithm is usually most efficient
`
`
`329
`
`
`
`
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1011, p. 329
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - EX. 1011, p. 329
`
`

`

`ROM BASIC
`
`node. Because of the closed loop, however, add-
`ing new nodes can be difficult. A ring network
`is diagrammed below. Compare bus network,
`star network; see also token passing, token ring
`network.
`
`
`
`RJ-ll connector See phone connector.
`RLL encoding See run-length limited encoding.
`robot Generally, a machine that can sense and re-
`act to input and cause changes in its surround—
`ings with some degree of intelligence,
`ideally
`without human supervision. Robots are seldom
`humanlike in appearance, although they are of—
`ten designed to mimic human movements in car-
`rying out their work. Robots are commonly used
`in manufacturing, as in the construction of auto-
`mobiles and most computers. See also robotics.
`robotics The branch of engineering devoted to the
`creation and training of robots. Roboticists work
`within a wide range of fields, such as mechanical
`and electronic engineering, cybernetics, bionics,
`and artificial intelligence, all toward the end of
`endowing their creations with as much sensitiv-
`ity, independence, and flexibility as possible. See
`also artificial intelligence, bionics, cybernetics.
`robustness Soundness; the ability of a program
`to function, or to continue functioning well, in
`unexpected situations.
`rollback A return to a previous stable condition,
`as when the contents of a hard disk are restored
`from a backup after a destructive hard disk error.
`ROM Rhymes with “bomb”; acronym for read-
`only memory. Semiconductor—based memory
`that contains instructions or data that can be read
`but not modified. To create a ROM chip, the de-
`signer supplies a semiconductor manufacturer
`with the instructions or data to be stored; the
`manufacturer then produces one or more chips
`containing those instructions or data. Because
`creating ROM chips involves a manufacturing
`processor but optimizes each so it can be carried
`process, it is economically viable only if the ROM
`out very rapidly—usually within a single clock
`chips are produced in large quantities; experi-
`cycle. RISC chips thus execute simple instructions
`mental designs or
`small volumes are best
`faster than microprocessors designed to handle a
`handled using PROM or EPROM. In general us-
`much wider array of instructions. They are, how-
`age, the term ROM often means any read-only
`ever, slower than general-purpose CISC (complex
`device, including PROM and EPROM. See also
`instruction set computing) chips when executing
`EEPROM, EPROM, PROM.
`complex instructions, which must be broken down
`roman An adjective describing a typeface or type
`into many machine instructions before they can
`style in which the characters are upright. Com-
`be carried out by RISC microprocessors. Families
`pare italic; see also font family.
`of RISC chips include Sun Microsystems’ SPARC,
`ROM BASIC A version of interpreted BASIC stored
`Motorola’s 88000, and Intel’s i860. Compare CISC;
`in ROM (read-only memory). Many early home
`see also architecture, scalar.
`_______________—_—____——————-———
`
`Ring network.
`
`RIP See raster image processor.
`RISC Pronounced “risk"; acronym for reduced
`instruction set computing. A type of micropro-
`cessor design that focuses on rapid and efficient
`processing of a relatively small set of instructions.
`RISC design is based on the premise that most of
`the instructions a computer decodes and executes
`are simple. As a result, RISC architecture limits the
`number of instructions that are built into the micro-
`
`342
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1011, p. 342
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1011, p. 342
`
`
`
`

`

`SECOND EDITION
`
`The Comprehensive Standard for Easiness, School, Library. and Home
`
`‘criomry that met “
`e information needs of today’s microcomputer user.
`_ lid in
`«3 edition has
`i
`)l‘lb‘ in the microcomputer world, the
`5 ideal to,
`the l'lUllLll'CfL
`
`sionals, Wid‘
`
`‘
`
`int; in l
`
`‘11] Softh’n‘e
`I
`I G tnphics
`I Electronics l L, n'imunicatinns
`
`‘
`I Memory M:
`I Do
`1;) l‘iihlis
`I Cr)mputervlndustr
`
`The \llCROSOFT PRESS COMPUTFR DICTIONARY wis u t itte11, let lone 1. not edited by u -.listinguished to
`and academic communi
`mutu industry , id the hi A
`of expert‘s \\
`- e\perience is limtn hum L'l‘t
`
`Pronunciation Guides. Where appropriate,
`definitions include phonetic pronunciations
`that reflect industry usage—for example:
`GUI, pronounced “gooey.”
`
`Definitions Plus. Each of the more than
`5000 entries is written in clear, standard
`English. Most go beyond simple definiv
`tion to provide additional detail. You’ll find
`definitions for terms as basic to computing
`as hard disk, boot, operating system, and
`doublerclick, as well as more advanced terms
`such as objectmnted programming, fractal,
`expert system, and virtual memory.
`
`Illustrations. Drawings, photographs, and
`diagrams enhance many definitions.
`
`Cross—References. Entries are fully cross
`referenced to provide supplementary infor»
`mation and invite further exploration.
`
`Adapter
`
` ’-Cm]Ipufem/GelwmI
`
`adapter With personal computers, especially those
`from IBM® or those that are IBM compatible, usually a
`printed circuit board (also called an interface card) that
`enables the computer to use a peripheral device for which it
`does not already have the necessary connections or circuit
`boards. See the illustration. Adapters are often used to
`permit upgrading to new or different hardware. Most often,
`the term is encountered in video, as in Color/Graphics
`Adapter (CGA), Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA), and
`Video Graphics Array (VGA). Other common adapters
`include game—controller hardware for joysticks, adapters
`for serial communications with devices such as modems,
`adapters for parallel interfaces for devices such as printers,
`and adapters for other types of peripheral dew'ces such as
`CD-ROM drives. Commonly, a single adapter card can
`have more than one adapter on it. For example, a single
`adapter card can have both a serial port and a parallel port.
`
`See also port.
`
`ISBN 1- 55615- 597- 2
`
`USA.
`UK.
`Canada
`
`$19.95
`£17.05
`$26 95
`
`[Rmmum lidsril-
`
`9 781556 15597 I
`
`Reference
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1011, Back Cover
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - EX. 1011, Back Cover
`
`