THE OXFORD
`
`ENGLISH
`
`DICTIONARY
`
`SECOND EDITION
`
`Prepared
`by
`
`J. A. SIMPSON and E. S. C. WEINER
`
`VOLUME I
`
`A-Bazouki
`
`CLARENDON PRESS · OXFORD
`
`1989
`
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`r. English language - Dictionaries
`I. Simpson, 3. A. John Andrew), 1953-
`IT. Weiner, Edmund S. C., 1950-
`423
`ISBN0-19-861213-3 (vol. I)
`ISBNo-19-861186-2 (set)
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Publication Data
`The Oxford English dictionary.—~ 2nd ed.
`prepared by ¥. A. Simpson and E. S. C. Weiner
`Bibliography: p.
`ISBN o0-19-861213-3 (vol. D
`ISBN o-19~-861186-2 (set)
`1. English language-— Dictionaries.
`I. Simpson, }. A.
`Il. Weiner, E. S.C. 11. Oxford University Press.
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`252
`
`AGGREGATE
`
`
`[Fr.] = AGGRAVATION 3
`la'ggrave, sb. Obs.
`1725 tr. Dupin, Eccl. Hist. 17th c. 1. v. 190 An Error.
`common enough, that Excommunication is not denounce’
`till after the Fulmination of the Aggrave.
`
`[f. prec. +
`
`
`AGGRAVATED
`Ibid. From Aggravation they proceed to re-aggravation;
`[a. Fr,
`ta'ggrave, v. Obs. rare. Also agrave.
`(1840) 262/2 Falsehood will only aggravate yourguilt. 1878
`which is the last excommunication. 1864 Kirk Chas.
`the
`
`GLADSTONE Prim. Homer t11
`Gross wrong to his mother,
`aggrave-r (earlier agraver): see AGGRIEVE.] A bys
`Bold }. 1.
`iv. 583 The Church was invited..to hurl its
`
`aggravated by whatfollows with himself.
`form connecting AGGRIEVE and AGGRAVATE,
`interdicts,
`excommunications,
`‘aggravations’
`and ‘re-
`7. To exasperate, incense, embitter (a person);
`aggravations.’
`.
`
`1530 Parser. 419/1, Lagrudge, lam agraved.Je SUIS greué.
`1612 T. TayLor Titus i. 12 (1619) 256 Whenthe heart is se:
`
`fam. to provoke, arouse the evil feelings of.
`4. A making heavier, graver, or more heinous;
`aggraved,
`the whole man is vnfit either for heauenly 9;
`1611 Cotor., Aggravanter, to aggravate, exasperate. 1634
`earthly exercise.
`the fact of being increased in gravity or
`T. Hersert Trav. 93 This aggra[vajted the Persian king
`
`seriousness.
`exceedingly to be so bearded. 1748 RicHarpson Clarissa
`
`1615 T. Apams White Devill 4 Thus the aggregation of
`(s811) L345 Hf both were to aggravate her parents, as my
`
`circumstances
`is
`the
`aggravation of offences.
`1678
`brother and sister do mine. 1858Tuackenay Virg. xvii. 134
`Cupwortn Intell. Syst. 473 Though in way of Aggravation
`Threats only served to aggravate people in such cases.
`
`of their crime, it be said, that they also worshipped the
`b. To irritate, inflame (physically).
`Creature more than the Creator. 1801 WeLLesLey Desp. 203
`
`1880 Miss Biap Japan |. 466 With stinging wood smoke’
`None of these evils have been diminished..their daily
`
`[n. of action,
`+aggravidi'zation. Obs. rare~'.
`aggravating the eyes.
`increase and aggravation are noterious. 1833 1. TayLor
`(see -ATION) from assumed vb. aggravidize, f, 1,
`lll. To add weight unduly.
`Fanat. §6. 206 Circumstances so unfavourable to virtue...
`ad to + gravid-us ‘heavy, weighted’ + -ize. In
`8. To make the most of; to represent (a thing)
`could hardly admit aggravation. 1851 Mariotti Ttaly 11
`
`for aggrandisation,
`loc. cit., perh. an error
`The consequent aggravation of hard, senseless, suspicious
`as graver, more serious, or more important; to
`
`despotism.
`18g§
`Ess.
`Intuitive Mor. 38 Then eternal
`thoughas likely to be an actual formation by th
`exaggerate. Obs. exc. in extension of6.
`
`punishment would be too great for any multiplication or
`author.]
`Increase
`of weight or
`gravii
`4558 Harpsrie.p Divorce Hen. VIII (1878) 179 Setting
`aggravation ofsins.
`.
`forth and aggravating the great spoil late made in Rome.
`aggravation.
`
`+8. Making the most of (in a bad sense);
`a164x Be. Mountacu Acts & Mon. 404 They..op
`1380 Baret Alvearie A231 To Agerauate and make more
`accused, traduced, persecuted him many wayes, unto death
`thenit is, Exaggerare rem. 1674 Marve.t Rehears. Transp.
`exaggeration. Obs.
`
`1. 220,
`| have not in the least aggravated your sense or
`1628 Wiruer Brit. Rememb.
`11. 2173 But,
`|
`from
`itifull, merciful,
`..no great
`evidences
`of
`any
`words. 1740 in Col. Rec. Penn. IV.
`441 You have greatly
`
`
`
`aggravationswill forbeare. 1699 BENTLEY Phalaris Pref. 33 compassionate—_disposition,—_whic received’ agy
`
`aggravated the numberof Servantsinlisted by calling them
`Rhetorical aggravations above the naked and strict Truth.
`aggravidisation in continuing the same to his name,
`several hundreds. 1876 Freeman Norm. Cong, HL. xii. 251
`:
`memory, and succession.
`1743 Tinoac tr. Rapin’s Hist. UL. xvu. 73 It might be
`
`{t was not hard, wheneverit was convenient,to insist on and
`thought, Buchanan, who hated the queen, has used
`
`to aggravate the offence.
`aggravation,
`if what happened afterwards did not
`too
`[f. L. aggrega-r
`aggregable (‘egrigeb(a)l), 2.
`evidently confirm whathe said.
`
`see -BLE.] Capable of being collected into one
`
`aggravated (‘egroveitid), ppl. a.
`6. a. fam. The action of exasperating, or
`that may be aggregated with (other
`mass;
`-ED.]
`
`irritating. Also, an exasperating or irritating
`property).
`+1. Heaped up, charged. Obs.
`occurrence,
`situation,
`ete.,;
`annoyance,
`
`1570 Dee Math. Pref. 2 Their particular Images, by Art
`1603 Greenwey Tacitus, Ann. 1v. vi. (1622) 96 For other
`difficulty.
`things aggrauated against him, he wasarraigned.
`are aggregable and diuisible. 1910 Lo. Hatssury Laws Eng.
`XIIT. $253. 204 Property accruing to a deceased persoiy
`1875 L. Trousaince Life amongst Troubridges (1966) 138
`estate after his death..is aggregated with the other
`+2. Increased, magnified. Obs. in gen. sense.
`
`Amy and I are both hot-tempered, and I believe [ have a
`1548 Haut Chron. Edw, V (R.) Small'matters aggrauated
`aggregable property passing on the death of such person,
`talent for aggravation at times. 1880 ‘Marx Twain’ Tramp
`
`with heinous names. 1727 THOMSON Summer 1121 Follows
`1924
`Westm. Gaz. 12 Feb.,
`The Parliamentary estates were:
`Abroad 614 A..sorely tried American student..used to fly
`the
`loosen’d aggravated roar, Enlarging, deepening,
`to a certain German word for relief when he could bear up
`aggregable with the marriage settlement funds. 1927
`Dail
`
`mingling.
`.
`.
`.
`ei. 12 Apr. g/t Property which is {so} settled. .is no
`amit.
`.
`under his aggravations no longer... This was the word
`3. Increased in gravity or seriousness: made
`
`the life tenant with
`aggregable when passing on the death of
`the other property passing on that death.
`worse, or more grievous;
`intensified in evil
`b.
`(Trouble or disturbance
`caused by)
`character.
`
`aggressive behaviour, harassment, cf. AGGRO.
`aggregate (‘egrigot, -eit), ppl. a. and sb. Alsg
`a1638 Mepe Wks.
`1. xxvii. 117 This Sacriledge or
`1939 L. Gotpinc Mr. Emmanuel i. 11 If I should have a
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Sacrilegious son,|should not give him such aggravation.act committed by Ananias_ is.. partly 1969 B.
`4-5 aggeregat.
`[ad. L. aggregat-us united in
`Rusens Elected Member (980) xiii. 134 Throughout our
`aggravated by the inexcusableness thereof. 1712 STEELE
`flock, associated, pa. pple. of aggrega-re,f. age.
`
`childhood,it seems the only thing we gave our mothers was
`Spect. No. 472 Pt A poor Man in the Agony of Pain,
`ad- to + gregd-re to collect; f. grex, greg-em
`aggravated by Want and Poverty. 1810 Soutney Kehamat.
`
`aggravation. And not just aggravation, but such aggravation.
`flock.]
`vii. Wks. VIII. 5 For who could know What aggravated
`I used to think aggravation was a yiddish word. 1970 C.
`
`A. ppl. adj.
`wrong Provoked the desperate blow! 1862 STANLEY Jewish
`Kersu Aggravations of Minnie Ashe xiv. 196 With my
`Ch.
`(877) Lov.
`101 Calamities.. exhibited here in
`aggravations
`you'd also use language.
`1970 P. Laurie
`1. pple. Collected into one body.
`
`aggravated forms.
`.
`Scotland Yard 287 Aggravation, harassment imposed either
`for Loll. 16 Aggregat, or gedred to gidre inon,
`¢ 1400 Apol.
`irritated,
`rg71 Rietey Comp. Alch, in Ashmole (1652)tv.viii. 146 D
`4.
`fam. Exasperated,
`incensed,
`by
`the police or criminals on each other.
`1977 J.
`MANDELKAU Buttons viii. 112 We'd been getting
`heavy
`our Conjunccion four Elements must be aggregat.- 150
`provoked.
`
`Hawes Past. Pleas. (1845) 181 Whan in my minde|had wi
`aggravation from things in our area. 1978 Times 21 Jan. 2/3
`16x11 Corcr., Aggravanté, aggravated, exasperated. 1848
`Members of the public are quite able to make their own
`agregate Every thinge that | in hym had sene. 1672 Baxter
`
`Dickens Dembey 316 ‘I'm very much obliged to you, Misses
`claims assisted and guided by departmentofficials without
`Bagshaw's Scandals iv. 23 Scarce now to be numbred,-any
`Brown,’ said the unfortunate youth, greatly aggravated.
`having
`these people coming in and causing aggravation.
`more than drops that are aggregate in a Pond. 1866 Rocent
`
`1982 ® FRiepMAN Proofs of Affection vii. 84
`She'd had
`Agric. & Prices 1. x. 165 After the Reformation. estat
`
`enough aggravation with her over the Yom Kippur business.
`became more aggregate and insulated.
`.
`1984 Police Rev. 16 Mar. 531/1 Aggravation emerged into
`2. adj. a. Constituted by the collection of m
`the criminal vocabulary during the Fifties gang wars
`
`particles or units into one body, mass,
`between jack Spot and Billy Hill. Meaning to annoy, harass
`amount; collected, collective, whole, total.
`or provoke, it is a misuse of the conventional sense of the
`word, which, shortened to ‘aggro’, has travelled far beyond
`1659 Everyn Mem,
`(1857) UL 116 Were I not’
`the boundaries of underworld conversation.
`
`aggregate person, and so obliged..to provide for” mi
`dependents. 1685 Morpen Geogr. Rect. 68 Polonia, .is
`+7. a. A circumstance that renders more
`aggregate Body consisting of many distinct Provinces. 1824
`weighty or important. Ods. in the general sense.
`15 Publications..of which.
`Dispin Libr. Comp.
`
`1653 Baxrer Saints’ Rest tv. ix. (1862)745 Considerof the
`several aggravations of the mercy of the Spirit enabling thee
`agaregate total is scarcely to be credited. 1859 Edin.
`
`No. 223, #2 Or were they but the representatives of th
`thereto.
`.
`aggregate Hellenic races? 1876 Rocers Pol. Econ. ii. z The
`aggregate amountof labour expended..is called the cost
`b. esp. ‘An extrinsic circumstanceor accident,
`
`:
`production.
`which increases the guilt of a crime, or the
`
`the total
`b. aggregate demand (Econ.),
`misery of a calamity.’ J.
`1sga-5 Latimer Serm. & Rem, (1845) 351 Not any new
`demand for, or spending on, goods, services,
`
`indisposition, but one of old standing,
`though lately
`etc., within a particular market; conversely,
`increased by fresh aggravations. 1651 Baxter Inf.
`Bapt. 174
`
`aggregate supply.
`What a hainous aggravation of their sin it
`is,
`that the
`
`1894 J. N. Keynes in R. H. I. Palgrave Dict. Pol. Econ,
`commit it after Baptism. r7gx T. Paune Rights of Man (ed.
`s41/1 The aggregate demand for a commodity in gene
`4) 135 It is no relief, but an aggravation to a person in
`E. Jounson in Ibid. IIT. 488/2 The aggregate
`use. 1899 W.
`slavery, to reflect that he was sold by his parent. 1855 Bain
`
`supply price may be in excess of the aggregate expenses
`Senses &F Intell. 1.
`ii. §11 (1864) 134 Confinementis the
`production. 1936 J. M. Keynes Gen. Theory Employment t
`
`chief aggravation of all those impurities.
`i. 25 The volume of employmentis given by the points
`intersection between the aggregate demand function and the
`
`aggregate supply function.
`Ibid.
`iv. 4o A raising of
`
`lead to an increase:
`aggregate demand function, will
`
`aggregate output. 19§2 R. A. Gorpon Business Fluctuationt
`ii. 1o
`We may .. speak of ‘aggregate demand’ and ‘aggregate
`
`supply’in describing the forces which lead to changes mt
`
`total output of goods and services. 1958 J. K. GALBRAITH
`
`Affluent Society
`viii.
`g2 The
`immediate. . cause
`depressionis a fall in the aggregate demand. . for buying t
`
`output of the economy. 1970 C. Furtapo in LL,
`
`Masses in Lat. Amer. ti. 49 The action of these factors [ete:,
`..are bound to... make the pattern of aggregate deman
`and the structure of aggregate supply compatible.
`.
`
`3. Law. Composed of manyindividuals unite
`into one association.
`
`x62g Str H. Fincy Law (1636) gt Corporations .. whereok
`someare aggregate of many persons,thatis to say, of a h
`and body; other consist in one singular person, 179% Act Tt
`
`Geo. III, xix.
`in Oxf. & Camb. Enactmts. 78 Whether
`University or City, aggregate or sole. 1862 Lp. BRouGHA!
`
`Brit. Constitn. xvii. 272 Each chapter is a corporation
`aggregate, and each person is a corporation sole.
`.
`
`Zool. Consisting of distinct animals united
`4.
`into a common organism.
`
`1835 Kiney Habits & Inst. Anim. 1. v. 164 All the polyped
`iv: 8
`are aggregate animals.
`1848 Dana Zoophytes
`Aggregate, when the polyps of a compound zoophyte ate
`
`united to one another by their sides.
`tae
`5. Bot. Consisting of florets united within'#
`common calyx or involucre, as in scabious:
`
`honeysuckle,
`and valerian.
`Sometimes 9
`
`flowers, fruits: Collected into one TPRI01
`Qualcomm 20:
`
`aggravating (‘xgroveitin), vbl. sb. [f. as prec. +
`-ING!.] The process expressed by the verb
`AGGRAVATE. (Now mostly gerundial.)
`1659 Mitton Civ. Power Wks.
`1851, 332 To the
`multiplying and the aggravating of sin to them both. Mad.
`Relieving the pain instead of aggravating it.
`aggravating (‘egroveitin), ppl. a. [f. as prec. +
`-ING*,]
`+i. Bringing a charge against; accusatory.
`Obs.
`1640-4 in Rushworth’s Hist. Coll. (1692) TV. 250 The
`Articles of Impeachment... were carried up to the Lords,
`and a smart aggravating Speech made at the delivery of
`them.
`2. Adding weight,effect, intensity. Usually in
`an evil sense, Making worse, or more heinous.
`1790 Beatson Nav. & Mil. Mem. 1. 27 Dragged from
`their master’s house, with very aggravating circumstances.
`3. fam. Exasperating, irritating, provoking.
`1775 AsH, Aggravating, exaggerating, provoking. 1825
`Br. Jonathan U1. 383 Say no more, that's enough, rather
`aggravatin' though,atfirst. 1865 Dickens Mut.
`Fr. xv. 381
`You're an.. aggravating, bad old creature!
`
`aggravatingly (‘egra,vertinli), adv. [f. prec. +
`-LyY?.] In an aggravating manner; in a manner
`that makes worse, embitters,irritates, etc.
`a1680 R. ActestRee 40 Serm. (L.) Uf | had worded this
`moreaggravatingly. 1748 RicHArpsoN Clarissa (1811) L. vii.
`43 Mysister aggravatingly held up her hands. 1861 All Yr.
`Round 4 Aug. 447 The aggravatingly wakeful condition of
`the inhabitants.
`
`aggravation (gro'verfan). Also 5 agrauacion.
`[Prob. a. Fr. aggravation (Cotgr. 1611) ad. L.
`aggravation-em, n. of action f. aggrava-re: see
`AGGRAVATEa.]
`ob 1. The laying on of burdens, oppression.
`bs.
`1481 Caxton Myrrour tl. x. 153 Nature may not suffre..
`the sodeyn agrauacions ne griefs, of whiche by their folyes
`they trauaylle nature,
`+2. The charging as an offence; accusation.
`Obs.
`1647 May Hist. Parl. 1.
`ix, 112 Severall Members were
`appointed to present these particular charges... which they
`all did, making large speeches in aggravation of their crimes.
`1675 Baxter Cath. Theol. 1.
`i. 212,
`| only answer your
`aggravation of uncomfortableness of their Doctrine.
`3. Eccles. (See quot.)
`x611 Cotor., dggravation..a curse, excommunication, or
`execration denounced against an obstinate offender, 1751
`Cuampers Cycl., Aggravation, in the Romish canon-law,is
`particularly used for an ecclesiastical censure, threatening
`an excommunication, after three admonitions used in vain.
`
`aggravative (‘egra,veitiv), a. and sb. rare. [f. L.
`aggravat-
`ppl.
`stem of
`aggravd-re
`(see
`AGGRAVATE a.) + -IveE.] adj. Of or pertaining to
`aggravation;
`tending to aggravate.
`s6. That
`which aggravates or tends to aggravate.
`19733 Nortu Exam. 1. v. 319 We rose up to Oates’s Plot
`by a Climax of Aggravatives. 1863 Sata Capt. Dang. U1. viii.
`278 By the endearing aggravative of Jemmy he is.. known.
`
`[f. AGGRAVATE vy. +
`aggravator(‘egroveita(r)).
`-or, as
`if a. L. *aggravdator agent-noun f.
`aggravare: see AGGRAVATEa.]}
`1. One who,or that which, aggravates.
`1§98 FLorio, Grauatore, an aggrauator,
`a grieuer, a
`molester.
`form
`corrupt
`in
`{also
`slang
`+2.
`(A)aggerawator). A greased lock of hair. Obs.
`1838 Dickens in Bell’s Life in London 4 Oct. 1/1 His hair
`carefully twisted into the outer corner of each eye, till it
`formed a variety of that description of serni-curls, usually
`knownas ‘haggerawators’, 1859 F. Fow.er Southern Lights
`38 Theladies .. are addicted to.. strained hair, embellished
`with two or three C’s—-aggravators they call "em-~ running
`over the temple. 1860 Horren Slang Dict., Aggerawators
`(corruption of Aggravators),
`the greasy locks of hair in
`vogue among costermongers and other street folk, worn
`twisted from the temple back towards the ear. 1861 Temple
`Bar 1. 226 The broad bull neck, and the ‘aggerawator’ curl.
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`233
`
`1406 Population is
`1864 Spect.
`quantities of matter.
`aggregated in small villages. 1865 Grote Plato 1.1. 6 This
`peripheral fire was broken up and aggregated into separate
`TTHASSES.,
`2. reff. and intr. in sense 1.
`
`1855 H. Spencer Psychol. (1872) E11. vin. 255 The taste of
`honey aggregates with sweet
`tastes in general,
`1870
`Procror Other Worlds iv.
`to7 We see the polar snows
`
`aggregatin.
`1875 Darwin Insectiv. Plants iti.
`42,
`I
`—
`distinetly
`y minute spheres of protoplasm aggregating
`
`themselv
`.
`_.
`3. trans. To unite (an individual) to (rarely
`with) an association or company;
`to add as a
`constituent member.
`1651 Life of Father Sarpi (1676) 15 Being a year before
`that, aggregated to that most famous College of Padua. 1722
`Wotaston Relig. Nat. v. 112 Hard to discern, to which of
`the two sorts,
`the good or the bad, a man ought to be
`aggregated.
`1802 T. Jerrerson Writings (1830) IL]. 456
`These people are now aggregated with us. 1860 Trench
`Serm, Westm. iti. 22 That great thirteenth apostle, who after
`the Resurrection was aggregated to the other twelve.
`4. ellipt.
`[from sb.J] To amount
`in the
`aggregate to; to form an aggregate of. (Colloq.
`Cf. te average.)
`1865 Morn. Star
`17 Apr., The guns captured... will
`aggregate in all probability five or six hundred. 187g W.
`Wessrer in Cassedi’s Techn. Educ. (V. 132/1 British vessels,
`agpregating 520,019 tons burden.
`
`aggregate, erroneous for older AGGREGE q.v.
`aggregated (grigeitid), ppl. a. [f. prec. + -ED.
`Preceded by AGGREGATEppl. a.]
`assembled,
`1. Gathered into one whole;
`collected; collective.
`1§76 Lamparpe Peramb. Kent (1826) 16 These
`peoples,
`being aggregated of so many sundrie Nations. 1646 Sin T.
`Browne Pseud. Ep.
`1. vit.
`(1686) 20 The aggregated
`testimony of many hundreds. 177§ JoHNSON Tax. no Tyr.
`61 Part of the aggregated guilt of
`rebellion. 1873 Darwin
`Insectiv. Plants iit. 47 The aggregated masses in manyof the
`cells were re-dissolved,
`2. Zool, = AGGREGATE a. 4.
`1846 Parrerson Zool. 27 These Polypes are not separated,
`but aggregated.
`+3. Bot. = AGGREGATE a. §. Obs.
`1706 Puiciips, dggregated Flower.
`
`[f. AGGREGATEa.
`aggregately (‘egrigatl), adv.
`+ -Ly?] Collectively,
`taken together,
`in the
`aggregate.
`1750 CHESTERFIELD Lett, 220 (1792) IL. 347 Manylittle
`things,
`though separately they seem too insignificant
`to
`mention, yet aggregately are too material for me to omit.
`1823 T. Tavcor (ttle) The Elements of a new Arithmetical
`Notation..in which
`the Series discovered..for
`the
`Quadrature of the Circle and Hyperbola, are demonstrated
`to be aggregately Incommensurable Quantities.
`
`Cf.
`? Obs.
`(‘egrigatnis).
`aggregateness
`
`-NeESsS.] The quality of being
`AGGREGATE a. +
`aggregate; collectiveness, compositeness.
`1668 Witxins Real Charact. 34 Aggregateness, Train,
`Troop, Company, Party.
`
`aggregating (‘egrigeitin), vb/. sb. [f. AGGREGATE
`uv. + -1nG'.] Collection into a mass; gathering,
`grouping.
`1875 Darwin Insectiv, Plants xv. 354 The aggregating
`airs.
`process spreads from the glands down the pedicels of the
`aggregating (‘egrigeitin), ppl. a. [f. AGGREGATE
`vw, + «ING?] Collecting into a mass; forming an
`aggregate.
`1875 WuitneyLife of Lang, v. 84 An aggregating crystal.
`
`AGGREGATE
`
`1693 in Phil. Trans. SVUL ga8 Such Trees and Shrubs,
` whos
`Stower and Fruit are Aggregate, as the Fieus. 179g
`
`MARTYN fh.
`Rousseau's Bot. vi. 67 An aggregate or capitate
`flowers OF 3
`of Rowers, 1845 Lanpiey Sch. Bor. (1858)
`
`iv, 42 Lobel's Cutrhjly, Flowers aggregate,
`tufted.
`1858
`Gray Bot. Text-bk. 395 Aagregate Fruits, those formed of
`agerenae carpels of the same Hower, .
`.
`6. Geol. Composed of distinct minerals,
`combinedinto one rock, as granite. Cf. B sd. 4.
`pag Maus in Plal) Trans, LXXXVI yo A compact
`aggregate substance, apparently compounded of quartz,
`
`ochraceous earth, chert, ete.
`.
`47. Gram. Collective. Obs.
`
`1683 Davoren Plutarch 34 One in the aggregate sense as we
`
`my, or one body of men, constituted of many
`
`individuals. 1756 Burke Subi. & B. Wks. 1842 1. 69 Such
`as represent many simple ideas united by nature to form
`» determinate composition, as man, horse,
`tree,
`etc. These I call aggregate words
`
`8. ahsol. quasi-sé, (sc. state, etc.) esp. in phr. in
`(the) aggregate.
`“yaRacHarpson Dissert. Lang. 31 Man in the aggregate,
`js too irregular to be reduced to invariable laws.
`1852
`
`
`VeCuLtocH Taxation it. xi. 377 These payments must
`amount,
`in the aggregate,
`to a vast sum. 1973 O. Sacks
`Awakenings (1976) 16 These ‘footnotes’ sometimes have the
`form and length of miniature essays, and in aggregate now
`constitute about one third of the book's length.
`from the
`9. aggregate recoil:
`the ejection,
`surface of
`a
`radioactive sample, of atoms
`additional
`to
`those which
`recoil
`on
`disintegrating (B.S.I. Gloss. Terms Nuel. Set.
`1962).
`191g R. W. Lawson in Nature 13 Feb. 464/2 To the recoil
`
`of a compact cluster of atoms of the active matter when one
`of the atoms contained in it disintegrates with an ejection of
`ana-particle.. I recently gave the nameof ‘aggregate recoil’.
`1926 ~~ tr. Hevesy & Paneth’s Man. Radioactivity vi. 61
`Aggregate recoil phenomena can also be observed with
`preparations in which the polonium was not deposited
`electrolytically.
`B. sé.
`1. Collected sum, sum total.
`1686 tr. Hobbes’s Elem. Philos. (1839) 77 A cause is the sum
`or aggregate of all
`such accidents..as concur
`to the
`producing of the effect propounded. 1846 MivtLogie 1. vii.
`§2 (1868) 296 Every such belief represents the aggregate of
`all past experience. 28977 Mozvey Unie, Serm.v. 120 The
`
`general only regards his men as masses, so much aggregate
`affarce,
`2. A mass formed bythe union of individual
`particles; an assemblage, a collection.
`1650 Hosses De Corp. Polit, 78 A Multitude considered
`as One Aggregate. 1667 Boyie Orig. Formes & Qual, 30
`Agitating water into froth .. that aggregate of small Bubbles.
`1738 JouNsoN Idler No. 36 Pg Four is a certain aggregate of
`units. 1855 H, Spencer Psychol. (1872) 1 ui. 13g Mind...
`is a circumscribed aggregate of activities. 1869 GLADSTONE
`
`Juv. Mundi v. 134 That marvellous aggregate which we
`
`know as the Greek nation, 1898 P. Bayne Per, Rev. ii, 28 He
`
`was
`an aggregate of confusions and incongruities.
`.
`.
`3. esp. Physics. A mass formed bythe union of
`homogeneous particles (in distinction from a
`compound).
`1692 Bentiey Boyle Leet. vii. 231 The whole Aggregate of
`
`Matter would retain well-nigh an uniform tenuity of
`
`
`Texture. 170g Ray Creation t. 114 Those vast Aggregates of
`Air, Water,
`and Earth. 181g Sie H. Davy Agric. Chem. g
`
`The chemical elements acted upon by attractive powers
`
`combine in different aggregates.
`1870 Tynoaut Heat
`vi.
`
`§225 Snow. is not an irregular aggregate of ice particles.
`4. Geol. A mass of minerals formed into one
`rock.
`8 Masses of different
`1795 Kirwan Elem. Min. (ed. 2) 1. 3
`
`aggregates inhering or adhering to each other.
`/bid. 370
`
`
`Derivatives..differ
`from aggregates
`in
`this,
`that
`the
`associated ingredients are not visibly distinct. 1830 Lyei.
`Princ. Geol. 1. 169 To render fit for soils, even the hardest
`aggregates belonging to our globe. 186g Puitztips Pesuctus
`if, 36 Pompeii was built on a mass ofvolcanic aggregates.
`5. Bulld. Gravel, sand, slag or the like added to
`a binding agent to form concrete, tarmacadam,
`ete,
`1881 Mechanic 4111t
`522 Any waste material of a hard
`nature may be used as aggregate in making concrete, 1930
`
`Engmeerimg 1g Dec. 764/3
`The
`importance of mineral
`aggregates for concrete, 1933 <Irchit. Rev. LXXILL. 2197/1
`©
`solid conerete balustrade has had the aggregate
`sed, 1949 P. C. Carman Chem. Const. of Engin. Mat.
`
`By mixing cement with sand or ‘fine aggregate’ and
`broken rock or ‘coarse aggregate’ .. the resulting concrete is
`rthan cement itsell, 1958 Daily Mai 16 July 7/2
`.
`Coated roadstone
`knownas ‘tarmac’ which is a mixture
`of tar or bitumen with aggregates of natural stoneor... slags.
`
`6. Metallurgy. (See quots.)
`2935 A. Sacvetr Metadlogr. of fron & Steel (ed. 4)1. 8
`
`Wher an alloy contains more than oneofthese phases,it is
`Renerally referred to as an aggregate. 1958 A. D. Merriman
`Diet. Metall. ait Ageregate..in reference to metals and
`alloys, the term is applied to mechanical mixtures of two or
`
`More phases. Quenched steel, for example, is an aggregate
`oh
`of thr
`$s: solid solution of carbon in gamma-iron,
`alpha-iron and iron carbide.
`
`AGGREGE
`second [book] recounts his aggregation to the societyof free-
`masons.
`.
`.
`3. The state of being aggregated, assembled,
`or united into a whole; aggregate condition.
`_ 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseud, Ep.
`to Their individuall
`
`imperfections being great, they are moreover enlarged by
`their aggregation. 1794 Suttivan View af Nat. 1, 297 The
`first state of a body,at least chymically considered, is that in
`which if
`is
`in the greatest possible aggregation.
`1870
`Pynpatt Heat v. §176.
`143 The phenomena which
`accompanychanges of the state of aggregation.
`4. concr.
`A whole composed of many
`particulars; a mass formed by the union of
`distinct particles;
`a gathering,
`assemblage,
`collection.
`1547 Boorbe Breuiary ii. 2 A fatte matter in the browes
`the
`whiche
`be
` granuluse
` aggregacions.
`1638
`Cuntingworts Relig. Prot. vii. $142. 107 The Church
`being nothing else but an aggregation of Believers. 1833
`Brewster Nat. Magic v. 106 Small spherical aggregations of
`siliceous matter. 1863 Fawcett Pol. Econ. 1. v. 71 Victoria
`has.. advanced from an aggregation of isolated settlements
`to the position of a prosperous country.
`
`[f. L. aggregat-
`aggregative (‘egrigeitiv), a.
`ppl. stem of aggregd-re (see AGGREGATE a.) +
`-tve. Cf. late Fr. agrégatif, -ive.]
`1. Of or pertaining to aggregation; collective.
`1644 Jessop Angel of Ephesus 8 Seven singular starres may
`signifie seven unites, whether singular or aggregative. 1661
`BRAMHALL Just Vind.
`iii. 44 We have heard of late of an
`aggregative treason .. But never untill now of an aggregative
`schism. 1833 Lye. Princ, Geol. IIL. 126 An aggregative
`processlike that which takes place in the setting of mortar.
`2. Having the tendencyto collect particulars
`into wholes; or particles into masses.
`1713 Notes to H. Mere’s Death's Vis. 36 That Substance. .
`shou'd cleave together, or have an aggregative Power. 1800
`Henry Epit. Chem. (1808) 227 The aggregative affinity of
`bodies in promoting chemical union. 1817 CoLerince Biog.
`Lit. 1, 285 Fancy, or the aggregative and associative power.
`3. Having the tendency to unite (oneself) or
`combine; associative, social.
`1837 Cariyze Fr. Revol. [. iv. iv. (4871) 122 Crabbed old
`friend of men!it is his sociality, his aggregative nature.
`4. quasi-sb. = AGGREGATE A&.
`?x7ga SPELMAN Feuds (R.) Such customs as were in use
`either before the Conquest, or at the Conquest, or at any
`time since, in the disjunctive, not in the aggregative.
`
`aggregato~ (egri,geitau), combining form of
`AGGREGATE a@.,
`in which it
`is used adverbially
`with another adjective; = AGGREGATELY-, in an
`aggregate manner; as in aggregato-glomerate,
`-gemmate.
`1848 Dana Zoophytes vii.
`115 Simple or aggregato-
`gemmate,
`Jbid. 361 Quite simple, ramose or aggregato-
`glomerate.
`
`? Obs. [agent-noun
`aggregator (‘egrigeita(r)).
`AGGREGATE wv., as if a. L. *aggregdtor,
`f.
`aggregare.]
`1. One who joins himself to; an adherent.
`1533 Evyvor Castel of Helth (1541) Aitij, Y* practisis of
`Isake, Halyabbas, Rasys, Mesue, and also of the more part
`of them which were their aggregatours and folowers.
`2. A collector of particulars; a compiler.
`1623 BurTON Anat. Mel. 11. 1v.1. tit. (1676) 230/2 Jacobus
`de Dondis the Aggregator repeats Ambergreese Nutmegs
`and all Spice amongst therest.
`
`[f. L. aggregat-
`taggregatory. Obs. rare~'.
`ppl. stem of aggregd-re (see AGGREGATE a.) +
`-ory, as if ad. L. *aggregatérium.] That which
`contains collected particulars; a compilation.
`atgoo Bibell of Geomancye in Hist. MSS. 1872, 112/2
`Here endeth the aggregatorey other the compilatory of
`Geomancye.
`
`[n. of action f.
`aggregation (egrrgeifan).
`AGGREGATE w., as if ad. L. *aggregatién-em f.
`+a'ggrege, -‘edge, v. Obs. Forms: 4-5 agrege,
`uggrega-re, Cf. L. congregatio, and late Fr.
`-egge, 5 agredge, -eage, aggregge, 5~7 aggrege,
`agrégation.]
`6-7 aggredge, 7 aggrage. Also aphet. grege. [a.
`1. a. The action or process of collecting
`OFr. agrege-r,
`-ter
`(Pr. agreujar):—late L.
`particles into a mass, or particulars into a whole;
`*aggrevid-re, f. late L. *grevis (cf. It. greve, Pr.
`or of adding one particle fo an amount;
`greu, OF r. grief) for gravis, perh. by assimilation
`collection, assemblage, union.
`1864 BauLpwin Mor. Phrios. (ed. Palfr.) v. iv, Learning is
`to less (Diez). With aggreviare,
`agregier,
`no other thing but the aggregation of many mens sentences
`aggrege,
`cf.
`abbreviare,
`abrégier,
`abridge;
`andacts. 1691 J. Wesster Aetallogr. ii. 45 By aggregation
`alleviare,
`alegier,
`allege.
`A MFr.
`form,
`and apposition of atoms. 1817 Jas. Mite Brit, India [oti v.
`638 By the continual aggregation of one individual case to
`influenced by aggravare, was agragier, aggragier,
`another. 1875 Darwin Insectio. Plants vi. 113 The glands
`whence
`Sc.
`aggrage.
`See AGGRIEVE
`and
`were blackened from the aggregation of their protoplasmic
`AGGRAVATE, from same L, elements].
`contents.
`.
`1. trans. To make heavy; to make dull (the eyes
`b. Ecology. The act or process of organisms
`or ears).
`coming together to form a group; a group so
`1382 Wyetuir Lam. tii. 7 He agreggede myn gyues. —— Is.
`formed; = ASSOCIATION 12.
`(See also quot.
`vi. re Blynde out the herte of this puple, and his eres agregge
`
`{2388 aggrege thouthe eeris therof}. ——- Js. lix.
`1 Lo! there
`1927.)
`1gog FL
`EB. Crements Research Methods in Ecology 314.
`is not abreggid the hond of the Lord. . ne agreggid is his ere.
`wgi2 J. S. Heoxtey dnd. in Anim. Kingdom iv. 110 In the
`2. intr. “To be heavy, to be weighed down.
`making of Valvox, community-life--mere aggregation --
`1393 Gower Conf. [1. 389 Sacrilegge Which maketh the
`aggregate (‘iwgrigeit), v. Also 6 agregate. Pa.
`camefirst, division of labour last. 1927 HaLpaNe & HuxiLey
`conscience agregge.
`Animal Biol. xi, 235 Aggregation is the joining togetherof a
`Pple. at first aggregate, afterwards aggregated.
`3. trans. To make graver, to aggravate.
`number of separate units to form a super-unit, as when coral
`f. AGGREGATE a. Cf. mod.Fr. agréger.]
`
`
`1382 Wyciir Gen. xviti. 20 The synne of hem is myche
`polyps unite to form a colony. 192g Weaver & C
`TS
`lL. trans. ‘To gather into one whole or mass; to
`agredgyd.
`¢ 1386 CuHavcer
`Parson's
`T.
`886 The
`
`Plant Ecol.
`i. 3 The individuals come to be grouped, as a
`
`circumstaunces that aggreggen mochel every synne. 1496
`collect together, assemble; to mass.
`
`result of propagation, a process termed aggregation.
`Dives & Pauper (W. de Worde) i.
`iv.
`rr3/2 Wycked
`1509 Hawes Past. Pleas, vit. vii, The retentyfe memory
`
`
`2. The adding of any oneto an association as a
`custome excuseth not
`ne but it accuseth and aggregeth
`oust ever agregate All maters
`thought
`to retayne
`
`member thereof; admission, affiliation,
`synne,
`1536 BeLie
`& Cron, Scotl. (1821) L. 42 To
`Mwardly.
`1633 °
`pams Comm. 2 Pet. in.
`t (2865) 210 The
`
`aggrege this importabil cruelte in mair dammaige of our
`
`
`a@izro Br. Bt
`Wks. U1. 555 (T.) The aggregation, or
`
`light which lav diffused abroad..was afterwards ag