USOO752.5484B2
`
`(12) United States Patent
`Dupray et al.
`
`(10) Patent No.:
`(45) Date of Patent:
`
`US 7,525,484 B2
`Apr. 28, 2009
`
`(54) GATEWAY AND HYBRID SOLUTIONS FOR
`WIRELESS LOCATION
`(75) Inventors: Dennis J. Dupray, Denver, CO (US);
`Charles L. Karr, Tuscaloosa, AL (US)
`(73) Assignee: TracBeam LLC, Golden, CO (US)
`(*) Notice:
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 72 days.
`(21) Appl. No.: 09/770,838
`(22) Filed:
`Jan. 26, 2001
`(65)
`Prior Publication Data
`US 2001 FOO22558 A1
`Sep. 20, 2001
`Related U.S. Application Data
`(63) Continuation of application No. 09/194,367, filed as
`application No. PCT/US97/15892 on Sep. 8, 1997.
`(60) Provisional application No. 60/056,590, filed on Aug.
`20, 1997, provisional application No. 60/044,821,
`filed on Apr. 25, 1997, provisional application No.
`60/025,855, filed on Sep. 9, 1996.
`(51) Int. Cl.
`(2006.01)
`GOIS3/02
`(52) U.S. Cl. ....................................... 342/450; 342/.457
`(58) Field of Classification Search ............ 342/357.01,
`342/357.06, 450, 453, 463-465, 457; 455/456,
`455/457, 456.2, 456.6
`See application file for complete search history.
`References Cited
`
`(56)
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`3,646,580 A
`
`2, 1972 Fuller et al. ................... 325/53
`(Continued)
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`EP
`
`9, 1985
`O 1772O3 A2
`(Continued)
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`Lepkofker; U.S. Appl. No. 08/246,149 Entitled Individual Location
`System; May 19, 1994.
`
`Primary Examiner Dao L. Phan
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm Dennis J. Dupray
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`A location system is disclosed for commercial wireless tele
`communication infrastructures. The system is an end-to-end
`Solution having one or more location centers for outputting
`requested locations of commercially available handsets or
`mobile stations (MS) based on, e.g., CDMA, AMPS, NAMPS
`or TDMA communication standards, for processing both
`local MS location requests and more global MS location
`requests via, e.g., Internet communication between a distrib
`uted network of location centers. The system uses a plurality
`of MS locating technologies including those based on: (1)
`two-way TOA and TDOA: (2) pattern recognition; (3) dis
`tributed antenna provisioning; and (4) Supplemental informa
`tion from various types of very low cost non-infrastructure
`base stations for communicating via a typical commercial
`wireless base station infrastructure or a public telephone
`switching network. Accordingly, the traditional MS location
`difficulties, such as multipath, poor location accuracy and
`poor coverage are alleviated via Such technologies in combi
`nation with strategies for: (a) automatically adapting and
`calibrating system performance according to environmental
`and geographical changes; (b) automatically capturing loca
`tion signal data for continual enhancement of a self-maintain
`ing historical data base retaining predictive location signal
`data; (c) evaluating MS locations according to both heuristics
`and constraints related to, e.g., terrain, MS Velocity and MS
`path extrapolation from tracking and (d) adjusting likely MS
`locations adaptively and statistically so that the system
`becomes progressively more comprehensive and accurate.
`Further, the system can be modularly configured for use in
`location signaling environments ranging from urban, dense
`urban, suburban, rural, mountain to low traffic or isolated
`roadways. Accordingly, the system is useful for 911 emer
`gency calls, tracking, routing, people and animal location
`including applications for confinement to and exclusion from
`certain areas.
`
`(Continued)
`
`77 Claims, 62 Drawing Sheets
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`ENWRONMENTALDATAPROVIDERS
`EG, APPLICATIONSPROVIDINGTRAFFIC
`FLOW, WEATHER, TC.
`LOCATIONAPPLICATIONS46
`
`..a
`
`BL
`4N
`SWITCHING
`cENTER22T
`PUBLICTELE.
`PHONE
`SWITCHNS
`NETWORK2.
`ANDINTERN
`488
`N7
`
`SISNA
`p
`OCATION
`ROCESSING
`SUBSYSTEM220 1 INFORMATION
`DATABASES
`a
`SAIN
`ADAPTATION
`cool0ANESHENGINE1382
`SSS ESSEs
`TEM1350
`.
`HYPOTHESISEWALUATOR228
`S. LIKELY LOCATION
`PoTHESISDETERMINATION)
`Erings EEE
`ALDATABASESSEE
`APPLICATIONS
`356
`
`
`
`Cisco v. TracBeam / CSCO-1001
`Page 1 of 163
`
`

`

`US 7,525,484 B2
`Page 2
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`5/1975 Bates ..................... 343,112 R
`3,886,553 A
`5, 1977 Currie et al. ...
`... 343,113 R
`4,023,176 A
`4,232,313 A 11, 1980 Fleishman .....
`... 343/6 R
`4,347,618 A
`8, 1982 Kavouras et al. .............. 375/37
`4,438,439 A
`3/1984 Shreve ....................... 343/449
`4.475,010 A 10, 1984 Huensch et al.
`179f2 EB
`RE31,962 E
`7, 1985 Brodeur ......
`343,389
`4,542,744 A
`9, 1985 Barnes et al.
`128,660
`4,630,057 A 12, 1986 Martin .......
`342,358
`4,636,795. A
`1, 1987 Dano .........
`342,387
`4,651,157 A
`3/1987 Gray et al. ..
`342/457
`4,670,758 A
`6/1987 Campbell ...
`342/.458
`4,700,374. A 10, 1987 Bini .....
`... 379/60
`4,721,958 A
`1, 1988 Jenkin ........
`... 342/13
`4,740,792 A
`4, 1988 Sagey et al. .
`342/457
`4,742,357 A
`5/1988 Rackley ............
`342/457
`4,799,062 A
`1/1989 Sanderford, Jr. et al. .... 342/450
`4,857,840 A
`8, 1989 Lanchais
`... 324/2O7
`4,860,352 A
`8, 1989 Laurance et al. ...
`... 380.23
`4,864.313 A
`9, 1989 Konneker ......
`342/457
`4,876,550 A 10/1989 Kelly .........
`342/451
`4,879,713 A 11/1989 Ichiyoshi .......
`... 37Of75
`4,888,593. A 12/1989 Friedman et al.
`342,387
`4.914,689 A
`4, 1990 Quade et al. ...
`... 379,142
`4,952,772 A
`8, 1990 Zana ..........
`... 219,124.34
`4,990,922 A
`2/1991 Young et al. .................. 342/52
`4,992,796 A
`2, 1991 Apostolos ...
`342,156
`5,003,317 A
`3/1991 Gray et al. .....
`... 342/.457
`5,008,679 A
`4, 1991 Effland et al. ...
`... 342/.353
`5,017,926 A
`5/1991 Ames et al. ....
`... 342/.353
`5,034,898 A
`7, 1991 Lu et al. ........
`... 364,513
`5,043,736 A
`8, 1991 Darnell et al. ....
`... 342,357
`5,045,852 A
`9, 1991 Mitchell et al. ............... 341.51
`5,055,851 A 10, 1991 Sheffer ....................... 342/457
`5,075,694. A 12/1991 Donnangelo et al.
`... 342/455
`5,092.343 A
`3/1992 Spitzer et al. ............... 128,733
`5,099,245 A
`3/1992 Sagey ......................... 342.357
`5,111,209 A
`5/1992 Toriyama.
`342,357
`5,119,102 A
`6/1992 Barnard ...................... 342.357
`5,119, 104 A
`6/1992 Heller ........................ 342/450
`5,136,686 A
`8, 1992 Koza .............
`... 395/13
`5,142.590 A
`8/1992 Carpenter et al. ............. 382/14
`5,155.490 A 10/1992 Spradley et al. ............. 342.357
`5,163,004 A 11, 1992 Rentz ............
`... 364/460
`5,166.694 A 11, 1992 Russell et al. ............... 342/457
`5,177,489 A
`1/1993 Hatch ......................... 342.357
`5,184,347 A
`2f1993 Farwell et al. .
`... 370.94.1
`5, 191342 A
`3/1993 Alsup et al. ................. 342/.465
`5, 193,110 A
`3/1993 Jones et al. ................... 379,94
`5,202,829 A
`4, 1993 Geier
`5,208,756 A
`5/1993 Song .......................... 364,706
`5,212,765 A
`5/1993 Skeirik ........................ 395/11
`5,212,804 A
`5, 1993 Choate ....
`455,331
`5,214,789 A
`5/1993 George ...................... 455,332
`5,216,611 A
`6, 1993 McElreath .................. 364/454
`5,218,367 A
`6, 1993 Sheffer et al.
`342/457
`5,218,618 A
`6/1993 Sagey ............................ 37.5/1
`5,218,716 A
`6, 1993 Comroe et al. ................ 455,33
`5,223,844 A
`6, 1993 Mansell et al. .
`... 342/.357
`5,225,842 A
`7, 1993 Brown et al. ................ 342.357
`5,233,541 A
`8, 1993 Corwin et al. .............. 364,516
`5,235,633. A
`8, 1993 Dennison et al. .............. 379/60
`5,243,530 A
`9, 1993 Stanifer et al. .............. 364,452
`5,251.273 A 10, 1993 Betts et al. .................... 382/57
`5,260,711 A 11/1993 SterZer ..........
`342/.375
`5,278,892 A
`1/1994 Bolliger et al. ............... 379/60
`5,280,295 A
`1/1994 Kelley et al. ................ 342/463
`5,280,472 A
`1/1994 Gilhousen etal
`... 370/18
`5,282,261 A
`1/1994 Skeirik ........................ 395/22
`5,293,642 A
`3/1994 Lo ............................ 455,331
`5,293,645 A
`3/1994 Sood ......................... 455,54.1
`
`3/1994 Vendetti et al. ............... 379.59
`5,295,180 A
`5/1994 Mathis et al. ...
`342.357
`5,311, 195 A
`5, 1994 Kennedy et al.
`342/457
`5,317,323 A
`6/1994 Desai et al. .....
`342,387
`5,319,374. A
`6/1994 Connolly et al.
`... 379/60
`5,325,419 A
`7/1994 Stilp et al. ...
`... 342,387
`5,327,144 A
`7, 1994 Stafford et al. ......... 364/413.02
`5,331,550 A
`8, 1994 Sennott et al.
`5,343,209 A
`9/1994 Lee ............................. 379.59
`5,349,631 A
`5,359,521 A 10, 1994
`364/449
`5,363,110 A 11, 1994
`342,357
`5,365,447 A 11, 1994
`364,449
`5,365,450 A 11/1994 Schuchman et al.
`364/449
`5,365,516 A 11/1994 Jandrell ......
`... 370, 18
`5,365,544 A 1 1/1994 Schilling ....
`... 375.1
`5,373,456 A 12/1994 Ferkinhoffetal
`364,574
`5,379,224 A
`1/1995 Brown et al. .
`364/449
`5,388,147 A
`2f1995 Grimes .......
`... 379.59
`5,388,259 A
`2f1995 Fleischman et al.
`395/600
`5,389,934 A
`2, 1995 Kass .............
`342,357
`5,390,339 A
`2f1995 Bruckert et al. .
`... 455,332
`5,392,052 A
`2f1995 Eberwine ....
`342,357
`5,394,158 A
`2f1995 Chia. .......
`342/457
`5,394.435 A
`2/1995 Weerackody ...
`... 375,206
`5,395,366 A
`3, 1995 D’Andrea et al.
`604/890.1
`5,398.302 A
`3, 1995 Thrift ......
`... 395/23
`5,402,520 A
`3, 1995 Schnitta ...
`... 395/22
`5,402,524 A
`3, 1995 Bauman et al. .
`... 395/50
`5,408,586 A
`4/1995 Skeirik ....
`... 395/23
`5,408.588 A
`4/1995 Ulug .
`... 395/23
`5,410,737 A
`4/1995 Jones ...
`455/56.1
`5,416,712 A
`5/1995 Geier et al.
`379,114
`5,420,914 A
`5/1995 Blumhardt .....
`364/449
`5,422,813 A
`6, 1995 Schuchman et al.
`5.426,745 A
`6/1995 Baji et al. ................... 395.375
`5.434,927 A
`7/1995 Brady et al. ................ 382/104
`5,438,644 A
`8, 1995
`... 395/22
`5,444.451 A
`8/1995 Johnson et al. ............. 342/453
`5.448,754 A
`9, 1995 Ho et al. .................... 455,34.1
`5,457,736 A 10, 1995 Cain et al. ...
`... 379/60
`5,473,602 A 12/1995 McKenna et al. ............. 370, 60
`5,479,397 A 12/1995 Lee ............................. 370, 18
`5,479,482 A 12/1995 Grimes
`... 379.59
`5,485,163 A
`1/1996 Singer ........................ 342/457
`5,506,864 A
`4/1996 Schilling .................... 375,205
`5,508,707 A
`4/1996 LeBlanc et al.
`342/457
`5,508,708 A
`4, 1996 Ghosh et al. ................ 342/457
`5,512,908 A
`4/1996 Herrick ...................... 342,387
`5,513,111 A
`4/1996 Wortham
`5,513,243 A
`4/1996 Kage ........................... 379, 58
`5,513,246 A
`4/1996 Jonsson et al. ................ 379/60
`5,515,285 A
`5/1996 Garrett, Sr. et al.
`TO1,300
`5,515,378 A
`5/1996 Roy, III et al. ............. 370.951
`5,515,419 A
`5/1996 Sheffer ........................ 379, 58
`5,517,667 A
`5/1996 Wang ......
`... 395/24
`5,519,760 A
`5/1996 Borkowski et al. ............ 379.59
`5,526,001 A
`6/1996 Rose et al. .................. 342/442
`5,526,357 A
`6/1996 Jandrell ...
`... 370,952
`5,526,466 A
`6/1996 Takizawa ................... 395/262
`5,537.460 A
`7, 1996 Holliday, Jr. et al. .......... 379.59
`5,546,445 A
`8/1996 Dennison et al. ...
`... 379/60
`5,555,257 A
`9/1996 Dent ......................... 370.951
`5,555,286 A
`9, 1996 Tendler
`5,561,704 A 10/1996 Salimando ................... 379, 58
`5,563,611 A 10/1996 McGann et al. ............. 342/389
`5,563,931 A 10/1996 Bishop et al. ................. 379.59
`5,564,079 A 10, 1996 Olsson ....
`455,541
`5,570.412 A 10/1996 LeBlanc ...................... 379, 58
`5,572,218 A 11/1996 Cohen et al. ................ 342.357
`5,574,648 A 1 1/1996 Pilley ......
`364,439
`5,577, 169 A 1 1/1996 Prezioso ...................... 395/61
`5,581,490 A 12/1996 Ferkinhoff et al. .......... 364,578
`5,581,596 A 12/1996 Hogan ......................... 379.59
`
`
`
`Cisco v. TracBeam / CSCO-1001
`Page 2 of 163
`
`

`

`US 7,525,484 B2
`Page 3
`
`5,583,513 A 12/1996 Cohen ........................ 342.357
`5,583,517 A 12/1996 Yokev et al.
`342/457
`5,588,038 A 12/1996 Snyder .......
`... 379/57
`5,592, 180 A
`1/1997 Yokev et al. ...
`... 342/450
`5,594.425. A
`1/1997 Ladner et al. ...
`340,825.06
`5,594,740 A
`1/1997 LaDue ........................ 379.59
`5,594,782 A
`1/1997 Zicker et al.
`... 379/63
`5,596,625 A
`1/1997 LeBlanc .....
`... 379/60
`5,600,705 A
`2/1997 Maenpaa ....
`... 379.58
`5,600,706 A
`2f1997 Dunn et al. ....
`... 379/59
`5,602,903. A
`2f1997 LeBlanc et al.
`... 379/60
`5,604,765 A
`2f1997 Bruno et al. ...
`... 375,200
`5,608.410 A
`3/1997 Stilp et al. .................. 342,387
`5,610,815 A
`3, 1997 Gudat et al. ...
`364,424.027
`5,610,972 A
`3/1997 Emery et al. ......
`... 379.58
`5,611,704 A
`3, 1997 KamizOno et al.
`439,164
`5,612,703 A
`3, 1997 Mallinckrodt .....
`342/457
`5,613,041 A
`3, 1997 Keeler et al.
`... 395/23
`5,613,205 A
`3, 1997 Dufour ..........
`455,332
`5,614,914 A
`3/1997 Bolgiano et al. ..... ... 342/364
`5,617.565 A
`4, 1997 Augenbraum et al. ....... 395/604
`5,619,552 A
`4, 1997 Karppanen et al. ...
`... 379/60
`5,621,848 A
`4, 1997 Wang ...............
`395.2.2
`5,625,668 A
`4, 1997 Loomis et al. .......
`... 379.58
`5,625,748 A
`4, 1997 McDonough et al. ........ 395/26
`5,627,547 A
`5/1997 Ramaswamy et al.
`... 342/.357
`5,629,707 A
`5, 1997 Heuvel et al. .....
`250,341.5
`5,631,469 A
`5, 1997 Carrieri et al. .
`... 395/605
`5,634,051 A
`5, 1997 Thomson .......
`... 395.245
`5,638,486 A
`6/1997 Wang et al. ...
`... 324f772
`5,640,103 A
`6, 1997 Petsche et al. ....
`... 342,357
`5,646,630 A
`7/1997 Sheynblat et al. .
`... 395/23
`5,649,065. A
`7, 1997 Lo et al. .....
`340/573
`5,652,570 A
`7/1997 Lepkofker ..
`5,657.487 A
`8/1997 Doner ........................ 455,456
`5,663,734 A
`9/1997 Krasner ...................... 342.357
`5,673,322 A
`9/1997 Pepe et al. ..
`... 380.49
`5,675,344 A 10/1997 Tong et al. .................. 342/457
`5,675,788 A 10, 1997 Husick et al. ............... 395/615
`5,686,924 A 11/1997 Trimble et al. .......
`... 342/.357
`5,701,328 A 12, 1997 Schuchman et al. ......... 375,204
`5,710,758 A
`1/1998 Soliman et al. ............. 370,241
`5,710,918 A
`1/1998 Lagarde et al........
`... 395/610
`5,717.406 A
`2, 1998 Sanderford et al. ......... 342/457
`5,719,584 A
`2, 1998 Otto ........................... 342/.465
`5,724,047 A
`3, 1998 Lioio et al. .......
`... 342/442
`5,724,648 A
`3/1998 Shaughnessy et al. ...... 455/56.1
`5,724,660 A
`3/1998 Kauser et al. ............... 455,456
`5,727,057 A
`3/1998 Emery et al. ......
`... 379,211
`5,729,549 A
`3, 1998 Kostreski et al. ............ 37Of 522
`5,732,074 A
`3/1998 Spaur et al. ................. 370,313
`5,732,354 A
`3, 1998 MacDonald ...
`... 455,456
`5,736,964 A
`4, 1998 Ghosh et al. ................ 342/457
`5,737.431 A
`4, 1998 Brandstein et al. ............ 381/92
`5,740,048 A
`4, 1998 Abel et al. ...........
`... 701 (200
`5,742,509 A
`4, 1998 Goldberg et al. ......... 364,449.5
`5,742,905 A
`4, 1998 Pepe et al. .................. 455,461
`5,754.955 A
`5, 1998 Ekbatani .....
`455,422
`5,764,756 A
`6, 1998 Onweller .................... 379,242
`5,774,802 A
`6, 1998 Tell et al. .................... 455,408
`5,774,805 A
`6, 1998 Zicker ...........
`... 455.426
`5,774,829 A
`6, 1998 Cisneros et al. ............. TO1,213
`5,774,869 A
`6/1998 Toader ........................ 70.5/10
`5,786,773 A
`7/1998 Murphy ...
`340/947
`5,787,235 A
`7, 1998 Smith et al. ................... 395/50
`5,787,354 A
`7/1998 Gray et al. .................. 455,456
`5,790,953 A
`8/1998 Wang et al. ...
`... 455,435
`5,790,974 A
`8/1998 Tognazzini ................. TO1,204
`5,799,016 A
`8, 1998 Onweller .................... 370/401
`5,802.454 A
`9/1998 Goshay et al. .
`455,312
`5,802,518 A
`9/1998 Karaev et al. .................. 707/9
`5,805,670 A
`9, 1998 Pons et al. .................... 379/45
`5,809,415 A
`9/1998 Rossmann .................. 455,422
`
`9, 1998 Orr et al.
`5,815,417 A
`9, 1998 Grell et al. .................. 375,356
`5,815,538 A
`9, 1998 Dennison et al.
`455,456
`5,815,814 A
`10, 1998 Dennison et al.
`455,456
`RE35,916 E
`5,819,273 A 10, 1998 Vora et al. ...
`... 707/10
`5,819,301 A 10, 1998 Rowe et al. ..
`... 707/513
`5,822.539 A 10, 1998 Van Hoff ........
`395.200.66
`5,832,367 A 11/1998 Bamburak et al. ............ 455,62
`5,835,857 A 11/1998 Otten ......
`455,410
`5,835,907 A 1 1/1998 Newman ..................... 707/10
`5,838,562 A 11/1998 Gudat et al. ........... 364,424.02
`5,842,130 A 1 1/1998 Oprescu-Surcobe et al. 455/456
`5,844,522 A 12/1998 Sheffer et al. ............... 342/457
`5,845,198 A 12/1998 Bamburak et al. .
`455,311
`5,845,267 A 12/1998 Ronen ........
`... 705/40
`5,857,181 A
`1/1999 Augenbraun et al. ........... 707/2
`5,864.313 A
`1/1999 Specket al.
`455,404
`5,864,755 A
`1/1999 King et al. ...
`370,352
`5,867.495 A
`2f1999 Elliott et al. .
`5,867,799 A
`2/1999 Lang et al. ..................... 707/1
`5,870,029 A
`2f1999 Otto et al. .
`340,825.36
`5,872,539 A
`2f1999 Mullen ....
`... 342,357
`5,873,040 A
`2f1999 Dunn et al.
`455,456
`5,873,076 A
`2f1999 Barret al. .
`... TO7.3
`5,875,394 A
`2/1999 Daly et al.
`455,411
`5,875,401 A
`2f1999 Rochkind
`455,466
`5,883,598 A
`3, 1999 Parl et al. ....
`342/457
`5,890,068 A
`3, 1999 Fattouche et al.
`455,456
`5,892,441 A
`4/1999 Woolley et al. .
`340,539
`5,893,091 A
`4/1999 Hunt et al. ..................... 707/3
`5,895,436 A
`4/1999 Savoie et al.
`5,901,358 A
`5/1999 Petty et al. .................. 455,456
`5,903,844 A
`5/1999 Bruckert et al. .
`455,456
`5,905.455 A
`5/1999 Heger et al...
`... 342/22
`5,906,655 A
`5/1999 Fan ............................ TO1,216
`5,913, 170 A
`6/1999 Wortham .................... 455,457
`5,914,675 A
`6/1999 Tognazzini
`340,989
`5,917.405 A
`6/1999 Joao ........................... 340/426
`5,917,449 A
`6/1999 Sanderford et al. ......... 342/457
`5,917,866 A
`6/1999 Pon ..................
`375,346
`5,920,873 A
`7/1999 Van Huben et al.
`707/2O2
`5,924,090 A
`7, 1999 Krellenstein ................... 707/5
`5,926, 133 A
`7/1999 Green, Jr. ....
`342,363
`5,933,421 A
`8/1999 Alamouti et al. ............ 370,330
`5,933,822 A
`8/1999 Braden-Harder et al. ....... 707/5
`5,936,572 A
`8, 1999 Loomis et al.
`342.357
`5,943,014 A
`8/1999 Gilhousen ................... 342/.465
`5,945.948 A
`8/1999 Buford et al. ............... 342/457
`5,949,815 A
`9, 1999 Pon ...............
`375,208
`5,952,969 A
`9/1999 Hagerman et al. .......... 342/457
`5,959,568 A
`9/1999 Woolley ...................... 342/42
`5,963,866 A 10, 1999 Palamara et al. ...
`455,456
`5,966,658 A 10/1999 Kennedy, III et al. ....... 455.426
`5,969,673 A 10/1999 Bickley
`5,973,643 A 10/1999 Hawkes et al. .............. 342/457
`5,977,913 A 1 1/1999 Christ ........................ 342/.465
`5,978,840 A 11/1999 Nguyen et al. .............. 709/217
`5,982,324 A 11/1999 Watters et al. ...
`342,357.06
`5,982,891 A 11/1999 Ginter et al. ................... 380/4
`5,983,214 A 1 1/1999 Lang et al. ..................... 707/1
`5,987,329 A 11/1999 Yost et al. .
`... 455,456
`5.999,124 A 12/1999 Sheynblat .............. 342,357.09
`5.999,126 A 12/1999 Ito .......................... 342,357.1
`6,009,334 A 12/1999 Grubeck etal
`... 455,456
`6,014, 102 A
`1/2000 Mitzlaffet al. .............. 342/457
`6,026,304. A
`2/2000 Hilsenrath et al. .......... 455,456
`6,028,551 A
`2/2000 Schoen et al. ...
`342.357
`6,029,161 A
`2/2000 Lang et al. ..................... 707/1
`6,031,490 A
`2/2000 Forssen et al. .............. 342/457
`6,034,635 A
`3/2000 Gilhousen ......
`342/457
`6,038,668 A
`3/2000 Chipman et al. ............ T13 201
`6,046,683 A
`4/2000 Pidwerbetsky et al. .. 340/825.54
`6,047,192 A
`4/2000 Maloney et al. ............. 455,456
`
`
`
`Cisco v. TracBeam / CSCO-1001
`Page 3 of 163
`
`

`

`US 7,525,484 B2
`Page 4
`
`6,061,064 A
`6,064,339 A
`6,064.942 A
`
`5/2000 Reichlen ..................... 345,418
`5/2000 Wax et al. ................... 342/417
`5/2000 Johnson et al. ............. 70/213
`
`tems; “Comments of Harris Government Communication
`Systems Division A Division of Harris Corporation', filed
`Sep. 25, 1996
`
`
`
`-
`-
`-
`• 1-a-s
`455,456
`8, 2000 Bergen
`6,097.958. A
`Before the Federal Communications Commission, in the
`- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 370,336
`8, 2000 B
`6.101.17s A
`Matter of Revision of the Commission's Rules to Ensure
`Cal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`J. W. J.
`C
`ibili
`ith Enh
`d 911 E
`Calli
`S
`8/2000 Jayaraman etal
`... 455,456
`6,101.390 A
`ompatibility with Enhance
`mergency Uall1ng Sys
`8/2000 Ishizuka et al. ............. 455/457
`6,101,391 A
`tems; “Reply Comments of KSI Inc. and MULIC Inc. filed
`8, 2000 Maloney et al. .
`... 455,456
`6,108,555 A
`Oct. 25, 1996.
`6,157,621. A 12/2000 Brown et al. .
`370/310
`Before the Federal Communications Commission, in the
`6,167,274 A 12/2000 Smith .........
`... 455,456
`Matter of Revision of the Commission's Rules to Ensure
`6,185,427 B1
`2/2001 Krasner et al. ..
`... 455,456
`Compatibility with Enhanced 911 Emergency Calling Sys
`6,236,365 B1
`5, 2001 LeBlanc et al. .
`... 342/.457
`tems: ex parte communication from Cambridge Positionin
`6,240,285 B1
`5/2001 Blum et al. ................. 455,404
`; exp d. received
`bv th
`ge Positioning
`6,243,587 B1
`6/2001 Dent et al. .................. 455,456
`Systems Ltd. received Apr. 14, 1997 by the Commission.
`6249.245 Bi
`62001 waterseal. 3423570s
`Before the Federal Communications Commission, in the
`6.249.252 B1
`6/2001 Dupray ....................... 342/450
`Matter of Revision of the Commission's Rules to Ensure
`6,301,463 B1
`10/2001 Dao et al.
`Compatibility with Enhanced 911 Emergency Calling Sys
`6,308,072 B1 10, 2001 Labedz et al. ............... 455,448
`tems; ex parte communication from GeoTek Communica
`6,321,092 B1
`1 1/2001 Fitch et al. ......
`... 455,456
`tions. Inc. received Apr. 14, 1997 by the Co ission
`6,324.404 B1
`1 1/2001 Dennison et al. ............ 455,456
`6,330,452 B1
`12/2001 Fattouche et al. ........... it. Before the Federal F.
`1991 by C mmission. h
`6,381,464 B1
`4/2002 Vannucci .................... 455,456
`efore the Federal Communications Commission, in the
`6,385,541 B1
`5/2002 Blumberg et al.
`Matter of Revision of the Commission's Rules to Ensure
`6,438,380 B1
`8, 2002 Bi et al.
`... 455,456
`Compatibility with Enhanced 911 Emergency Calling Sys
`6,549,130 B1
`4/2003 Joao ........................... 340,539
`tems; exparte communication from XYPOINT Corporation,
`6,834,195 B2 858 alberg et al.
`f
`Inc. received Jul. 28, 1997 by the Commission.
`6,952,181 B2 10/2005 Karr et al. ................... 342/457
`Before the Federal Co unications Co ission, in the
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`Matter of Revision of the Commission's Rules to Ensure
`O 546758 A2
`6, 1993
`Compatibility with NE ES Calling Sys
`EP
`O 689 369 A1 12/1995
`tems; exparte COmmunicat1On rom Nationa Strategies, Inc.,
`EP
`O 870 203 B1
`12, 1996
`regarding enhanced 911 system trial by TruePosition, Inc.
`EP
`O 923 817
`5, 2002
`and New Jersey Office of Emergency Telecommunications
`EP
`O 811 296 B1
`9, 2002
`Services, received Aug. 8, 1997 by the Commission.
`EP
`1605 207
`g 1975
`Before the Federal Communications Commission, in the
`GB
`2 155 720 A
`3, 1984
`Matter of Revision of the Commission's Rules to Ensure
`GB
`WO93/04453
`3, 1993
`- -
`- -
`-
`WO
`WO94/O1978
`1, 1994
`Compatibility with Enhanced 911 Emergency Calling Sys
`WO
`WO94,27161
`4f1994
`tems; ex parte communication from SnapTrack, Inc.,
`WO
`WO94f1 1853
`5, 1994
`received Jun. 27, 1997 by the Commission.
`WO
`WO94, 15412
`T 1994
`from http:/www.uswcorp.com/laby.htm. Release concern
`WO
`95,03598
`2, 1995
`ing RadioCameraTM, printed Sep. 14, 1998.
`WO
`95/O7251
`12/1995
`Wvlie et al., “The Non-Line of Sight Problem in Mobile
`WO
`WO96/14588
`5, 1996
`Eiji Estimation
`9.
`WO
`WO96,20542
`T 1996
`& G
`...
`-- 4- - - - - ??
`WO
`WO97/O1228
`1, 1997
`Evans, 1998, “New Satellites for Personal Communications,
`WO
`WO97/22888
`6, 1997
`Scientific American, 278(4):70-77.
`WO
`WO97/24010
`7/1997
`Hills, 1998, Terrestrial Wireless Networks, Scientific Ameri
`WO
`WO97,2675O
`7/1997
`can, 278(4):86-91.
`WO
`WO97,38540
`10, 1997
`Pelton, 1998, “Telecommunications for the 21 Century.”
`WO
`WO97/41654
`11, 1997
`Scientific American, 278(4):80-85.
`WO
`WO97/SOOO2
`12/1997
`Stutzmann et al., 1998, “Moving Beyond Wireless Voice Sys
`WO
`WO98/OO982
`1, 1998
`tems. Scientific American, 278(4): 92-93.
`WO
`WO98, 10307
`3, 1998
`& gi
`99
`WO
`Driscoll, “Wireless Caller Locations Systems”, 1998, GSP
`WO 98.14018
`4f1998
`ld Ad
`ld
`WO
`World A. vanstar Communications, Inc., www.gpSworld.
`WO98,14018
`4f1998
`WO
`WO PCT/USO1/17957
`6, 2001
`com/1198/1 198driscol.html, pp. 1-8.
`WO
`WOO1/44998 A2
`6, 2001
`Junius et al., “New Methods for Processing GSM Radio Mea
`WO
`WOO1/95.642
`12/2001
`Surement Data: Applications for Locating, Handover, and
`WO
`WO O2/O65250 A2
`8, 2002
`Network Management, 1994, Communication Network,
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`Aachen University of Technology, pp. 338-342.
`Low, “Comparison of Urban Propagation Models with CW
`Maloney et al.: U.S. Appl. No. 60/017,899 Entitled
`Measurements”, 1992, IEEE Deutsche Bundespost Telekom,
`“Enhanced Time-Difference Localization System'; May 17,
`pp. 936-942.
`“Location Systems and Technologies”, 1994, Wireless Emer
`1996.
`gency Services JEM Report, Annex App. 42-46 and Appen
`Dupray et al.: U.S. Appl. No. 09/820,584 Entitled “Location
`dix App. 1-2.
`Of A Mobile Station Using A Plurality Of Commercial Wire
`Fechner et al., A Hybrid Neural Network Architecture for
`less Infrastructures' filed Mar. 28, 2001.
`Automatic Object Recognition, 1994, IEEE, pp. 187-194.
`Before the Federal Communications Commisssion, in the
`Kosko, "Fuzzy Systems as Universal Approximators', 1994,
`Matter of Revision of the Commission's Rules to Ensure
`Compatibility with Enhanced 911 Emergency Calling Sys
`IEEE, pp. 1329-1333.
`
`Cisco v. TracBeam / CSCO-1001
`Page 4 of 163
`
`

`

`US 7,525,484 B2
`Page 5
`
`Mardiraju et al., “Neural Networks for Robust Image Feature
`Classification: A Comparative Study', 1994, IEEE, pp. 423
`430.
`Sousa et al., “Delay Spread Measurements for the Digital
`Cellular Channel in Toronto', 1994, IEEE, pp. 837-847.
`GoldbSmith et al., “A Measurement-Based Model for Predict
`ing Coverage Areas of Urban Microcells”, 1993, IEEE, pp.
`1013-1023.
`Ichitsubo et al., “A Statistical Model for Microcellular
`Multipath Propagation Environment'. Prior to Dec. 22, 1997,
`Wireless Systems Laboratories, pp. 1-6.
`Wittlenben et al., “A Low Cost Noncoherent Receiver with
`Adaptive Antenna Combining for High Speed Wireless
`Lans', Prior to Dec. 22, 1997, ASCOM Systec AG, pp. 1-4.
`Gaspard et al., “Position Assignment in Digital Cellular
`Mobile Radio Networks (e.g. GSM) derived from Measure
`ments at the Protocol Interface', Prior to Dec. 22, 1997, pp.
`1-5.
`Dutta et al., “Modified Adaptive Multiuser Detector for DS
`CDMA in Multipath Fading, Prior to Dec. 22, 1997, pp. 1-7.
`Gallant, “Neural Network Learning and Expert Systems’.
`1994, The MIT Press, pp. 132-137.
`Striglis et al., “A Multistage RAKE Receiver for Improved
`Capacity of CDMA Systems”, 1994, IEEE Vehicular Tech
`nology Conference, pp. 1-5.
`Chan et al., “Multipath Propagation Effects on a CDMA
`Cellular System”, 1994, IEEE, pp. 848-855.
`Wolfe et al., “Field Strength Prediction in Indoor Environ
`ments with Neural Networks”. Prior to Dec. 22, 1997, pp. 1-5.
`“The Measearch Engine Years: Fit the First', 1992, http://
`www.conman.org/people/spc/refs/search.hpl.html, pp. 1-3.
`Lawrence et al., “Northern Light Search Engine Leads the
`Pack- Others Fall Behind', May 1, 1998. Online Newsletter,
`19(5)pp. 1-2.
`Johnson, “Smart Technology Busting Out All Over Web”,
`Jun. 15, 1998, Electronic Engineering Times, 1012 pp. 1-6.
`Notess, “Internet Search Engine Update’, Jul. 1, 1998,
`Online, Vol. V22:nr., pp. 1-3.
`Meadow, “Text Information Retrieval Systems”, 1992, Aca
`demic Press, pp. 204-209.
`Iwayama et al., “Cluster-Based Text Catagorization: A Com
`parison of Category Search Strategies”, 1995, ACM-SIGIR,
`pp. 273-279.
`Botafogo, “Cluster Analysis for Hypertext Systems”. Jun.
`1993, ACM-SIRIG, pp. 116-124.
`Wang Baldonado et al., “SenseMaker: An Information-Ex
`ploration Interface Supporting the Contextual Evolution of a
`User’s Interests”, 1997, ACM-CHI, pp. 11-18.
`Baldazo, “Navigating with a Web Compass: Quarterdeck
`Harnessess Leading-edge "Metasearch Technology to Cre
`ate a Smart Agent that Searches the Web and organizes the
`Results”, Mar. 1996, BYTE, pp. 97-98.
`Weiss et al., “HyPursuit: A Hierarcical Network Search
`Engine that Exploits Content-Link Hypertext Clustering,
`1996, Hypertext, pp. 180-193.
`Christ, U.S. Appl. No. 60/038,037 Entitled “Method and
`Apparatus for Tracking and Locating Personnel filed Feb. 7,
`1997.
`Maloney; U.S. Appl. No. 60/035,691 Entitled “Robust, Effi
`cient, Localization System filed Jan. 16, 1997.
`Maloney; U.S. Appl. No. 60/017.269 Entitled “Efficient, Dis
`tributed, Time Difference Localization System filed May 13,
`1996.
`
`U.S. Appl. No. 08/355,901 Entitled “Micr-Miniature Emer
`gency Geo-Location Beacon System for Personal Security”.
`filed Dec. 13, 1994.
`Communication from U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Re:
`U.S. Appl. No. 08/355,901.
`Ergon Proprietary; “Performance Analyses Brief: Micromin
`iature Emergency Locator Systems (MELS)''': May 1996.
`Communication from U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Re:
`U.S. Appl. No. 08/355,901 Response from Examiner regard
`ing communication filed on Dec. 26, 1995 Dated Jul. 23,
`1996.
`Communication from U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Re:
`U.S. Appl. No. 08/355,901 Examiner Interview Summary
`Record Dated: Aug. 13, 1996.
`Loran: 1992; “Users Handbook 1992 Edition: U.S. Coast
`Guard, Radionavigation Division; 28 pgs.
`Newton: 1981: “The Near-Term Potential of Doppler Loca
`tion: John Hopkins APL Technical Digest: pp. 16-31.
`“ARGOS: Basic Description of the Argos System'; ARGOS:
`7 pgs.
`Communication from U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Re:
`U.S. Appl. No. 08/355,901 Office Action Summary Dated:
`Mar. 14, 1997.
`Communication from U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Re:
`U.S. Appl. No. 08/355,901 Office Action Summary Dated:
`Mar. 17, 1998.
`Communication from U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Re:
`U.S. Appl. No. 08/355,901 Office Action Summary Dated:
`Jun. 24, 1998.
`Communication from U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Re:
`U.S. Appl. No. 08/355,901 Advisory Action Dated: Aug. 11,
`1998.
`Communication from U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Re:
`U.S. Appl. No. 08/355,901 Advisory Action Dated: Sep. 9,
`1998.
`Communication from U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Re:
`U.S. Appl. No. 08/355,901 Advisory Action Dated: Oct. 9,
`1998.
`Communication from U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Re:
`U.S. Appl. No. 08/355,901 Advisory Action Dated: Nov. 4,
`1998.
`Rizzo et al.: “Integration of Location Services in the Open
`Distributed Office'; Technical Report 14-94, Computing
`Laboratory, University of Kent, Cantebury, United Kingdom;
`Aug. 1994; pp. 1-14.
`Caffery, J. and Stiltiber, G. L., “Vehicle Location and Track
`ing for IVHS in CDMA Microcells.” International Sympo
`sium on Personal, Indoor; and Mobile Radio Communica
`tions, pp. 1227-1231, Sep.1994.
`Caffery et al.: “Radio Location in Urban CDMA Microcells':
`International Symposium on Personal, Indoor; and Mobil
`Radio Communications, Sep. 1995; 5 pgs.
`Beck et al., “Simulation Results on the Downlink of a
`Qualcomm-like DS-CDMA-System Over Multipath fading
`channels'; Sep.1994 pp. 1-7.
`Pop et al.: “Site Engineering for Indoor Wireless Spread
`Spectrum Communications'; Jun. 2001; 3. pgs.
`Caffery et al.: “Overview of Radiolocation in CDMA Cellular
`Systems'; IEEE Communications Magazine; Apr. 1998; pp.
`38-45.
`Salcic:AGPCS An Automatic GSM-based Positioning
`and Communication System” Proceedings of GeoComputa
`tion 1997& SIRC 1997; Aug. 1997; pp. 15-22.
`
`Cisco v. TracBeam / CSCO-1001
`Page 5 of 163
`
`

`

`US 7,525,484 B2
`Page 6
`
`Ramanathan et al.: “A Survey of Routing Techniques for
`Mobile Communications Networks': Mobile Networks and
`Applications; Oct. 1996; Vol. 1(2): pp. 1-31.
`U.S. Appl. No. 08/191,984, filed Feb. 4, 1994, Loomis.
`Smith, et al., “Passive Location of Mobile Cellular Telephone
`Terminals.” pp. 221-225, IEEE, 1991.
`Schopp, Michael, “User Modelling and Performance Evalu
`ation of Distributed Location Management for Personal
`Communications Services.” Proceedings of the 15" Interna
`tional Teletraffic Congress (ITC) 15, Washington, D.C., 1997,
`S. 23-34.
`Kennemann, Oirik, “Continuous Location of Moving GSM
`Mobile Stations by Pattern Recognition Techniques.” Fifth
`IEEE International Symposium on Personal,