`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Blackwell Science, Ltd
`
`Oxford, UKCHA
`Cephalalgia
`
`0333-1024Blackwell Science, 2004
`256460465
`
`Brief Report
`The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edn SD Silberstein et al.
`
`BRIEF REPORT
`
`The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd Edition
`Medication-overuse headache
`(ICHD-II)—revision of criteria for 8.2
`
`SD Silberstein, J Olesen, M-G Bousser, H-C Diener, D Dodick, M First, PJ Goadsby, H Göbel, MJA Lainez,
`JW Lance, RB Lipton, G Nappi, F Sakai, J Schoenen & TJ Steiner on behalf of the International Headache
`Society
`
`Silberstein SD, Olesen J, Bousser M-G, Diener H-C, Dodick D, First M, Goadsby
`PJ, Göbel H, Lainez MJA, Lance JW, Lipton RB, Nappi G, Sakai F, Schoenen J &
`Steiner TJ on behalf of the International Headache Society. The International
`Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd Edition (ICHD-II)—revision of criteria
`Medication-overuse headache
`. Cephalalgia 2005; 25:460–465. London. ISSN
`for 8.2
`0333-1024
`
`䊐
`
`Classification, headache disorders, medication-overuse headache
`
`Stephen D Silberstein MD, Professor of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University,
`Philadelphia, PA, USA. Received 30 June 2004, accepted 29 July 2004
`
`Introduction
`
`Medication-overuse head-
`The ICHD-II criteria for 8.2
`ache
` have been revised based on constructive criti-
`cism at
`the
`International Headache Research
`Seminar in Copenhagen in March 2004. The major
`changes are: (i) elimination of the headache charac-
`Medication-
`teristics; and (ii) a new subform (8.2.6
`overuse headache attributed to combination of acute
`medications
`) that takes into account patients overus-
`ing medications of different classes but not any sin-
`gle class.
`The revised section is below.
`
`General comment
`Definite or probable?
`In the particular case of 8.2
`Medication-overuse headache
`, a period of 2 months
`after cessation of overuse is stipulated in which
`improvement (resolution of headache, or reversion
`to its previous pattern) must occur if the diagnosis
`is to be definite. Prior to cessation, or pending
`improvement within 2 months after cessation, the
`Probable medication-overuse headache
`diagnosis 8.2.8
`should be applied. If such improvement does not
`then occur within 2 months, this diagnosis must be
`discarded.
`
`8.2 Medication-overuse headache (MOH)
`
`8. Headache attributed to a substance or
`its withdrawal
`
`Previously used terms
`
`8.2 Medication-overuse headache (MOH)
`8.2.1 Ergotamine-overuse headache
`8.2.2 Triptan-overuse headache
`8.2.3 Analgesic-overuse headache
`8.2.4 Opioid-overuse headache
`8.2.5 Combination analgesic-overuse headache
`8.2.6 Medication-overuse headache attributed
`to combination of acute medications
`8.2.7 Headache attributed to other medication
`overuse
`8.2.8 Probable medication-overuse headache
`
`Rebound headache, drug-induced headache, medi-
`cation-misuse headache.
`
`Diagnostic criteria
`
`1
` present on
`A Headache
`criteria C and D.
`
`≥
`
`15 days/month fulfilling
`
`1
`
`The headache associated with medication overuse is variable
`and often has a peculiar pattern with characteristics shifting,
`even within the same day, from migraine-like to those of
`tension-type headache.
`
`460
`
`© Blackwell Publishing Ltd
`
`Cephalalgia,
`
`2005,
`
`25
`
`, 460–465
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edn
`
`461
`
`2
`3 months of one or more
` for
`B Regular overuse
`>
`drugs that can be taken for acute and/or symp-
`3
`tomatic treatment of headache.
`C Headache has developed or markedly worsened
`during medication overuse.
`D Headache resolves or reverts to its previous pat-
`tern within 2 months after discontinuation of
`overused medication.
`
`Comments
`MOH is an interaction between a therapeutic agent
`used excessively and a susceptible patient. The best
`example is overuse of symptomatic headache drugs
`causing headache in the headache-prone patient. By
`far the most common cause of migraine-like head-
`ache occurring on
`15 days per month and of a
`≥
`mixed picture of migraine-like and tension-type-like
`headaches on
`15 days per month is overuse of
`≥
`symptomatic antimigraine drugs and/or analgesics.
`Chronic tension-type headache is less often associ-
`ated with medication overuse but, especially
`amongst patients seen in headache centres, episodic
`tension-type headache has commonly become a
`chronic headache through overuse of analgesics.
`Patients with a pre-existing primary headache
`who develop a new type of headache or whose
`migraine or tension-type headache is made mark-
`edly worse during medication overuse should be
`given both the diagnosis of the pre-existing head-
`Medication-overuse
`ache and the diagnosis of 8.2
`headache
`.
`The diagnosis of MOH is clinically extremely
`important because patients rarely respond
`to
`preventative medications whilst overusing acute
`medications.
`
`8.2.1 Ergotamine-overuse headache
`
`Diagnostic criteria
`
`A Headache fulfilling criteria A, C and D for 8.2
`Medication-overuse headache
`.
`10 days/month on a reg-
`B Ergotamine intake on
`≥
`3 months.
`ular basis for
`>
`
`2
`
`Overuse is defined in terms of duration and treatment days
`per week. What is crucial is that treatment occurs both fre-
`quently and regularly, i.e. on 2 or more days each week.
`Bunching of treatment days with long periods without med-
`ication intake, practised by some patients, is much less likely
`to cause medication-overuse headache and does not fulfil cri-
`terion B.
`3
`MOH can occur in headache-prone patients when acute
`headache medications are taken for other indications.
`
`© Blackwell Publishing Ltd
`
`Cephalalgia,
`
`2005,
`
`25
`
`, 460–465
`
`Comment
`Bioavailability of ergots is so variable that a mini-
`mum dose cannot be defined.
`
`8.2.2 Triptan-overuse headache
`
`Diagnostic criteria
`
`A Headache fulfilling criteria A, C and D for 8.2
`Medication-overuse headache
`.
`B Triptan intake (any formulation) on
`10 days/
`≥
`3 months.
`month on a regular basis for
`>
`
`Comment
`Triptan overuse may increase migraine frequency to
`that of chronic migraine. Evidence suggests that this
`occurs sooner with triptan overuse than with ergot-
`amine overuse.
`
`8.2.3 Analgesic-overuse headache
`
`Diagnostic criteria
`
`A Headache fulfilling criteria A, C and D for 8.2
`Medication-overuse headache
`.
`4
`15 days/month
`B Intake of simple analgesics on
`≥
`on a regular basis for
`3 months.
`>
`
`8.2.4 Opioid-overuse headache
`
`Diagnostic criteria
`
`A Headache fulfilling criteria A, C and D for 8.2
`Medication-overuse headache
`.
` 10 days/month on a regular
`B Opioid intake on
`≥
`basis for
`3 months.
`>
`
`Comment
`Prospective studies indicate that patients overusing
`opioids have the highest relapse rate after with-
`drawal treatment.
`
`8.2.5 Combination analgesic-overuse headache
`
`Diagnostic criteria
`
`A Headache fulfilling criteria A, C and D for 8.2
`Medication-overuse headache
`.
`5
`B Intake of combination analgesic medications
`10 days/month on a
`regular basis
`≥
`3 months.
`
` on
`for
`
`>
`
`4
`
`Expert opinion rather than formal evidence suggests that use
`on
`15 days/month rather than
`10 days/month is needed
`≥
`≥
`to induce analgesic-overuse headache.
`5
`Combinations typically implicated are those containing sim-
`ple analgesics combined with opioids, butalbital and/or
`caffeine.
`
`
`
`462
`
`SD Silberstein et al.
`
`8.2.6 Medication-overuse headache attributed to
`combination of acute medications
`
`Diagnostic criteria
`
`A Headache fulfilling criteria A, C and D for 8.2
`Medication-overuse headache
`.
`B Intake of any combination of ergotamine, trip-
`tans, analgesics and/or opioids on
`10 days/
`≥
`month on a regular basis for
`3 months without
`>
`6
`overuse of any single class alone.
`
`8.2.7 Headache attributed to other medication overuse
`
`Diagnostic criteria
`
`A Headache fulfilling criteria A, C and D for 8.2
`Medication-overuse headache
`.
`7
` for
`3 months of a medication
`B Regular overuse
`>
`other than those described above.
`
`8.2.8 Probable medication-overuse headache
`
`Diagnostic criteria
`
`A Headache fulfilling criteria A and C for 8.2
`Medication-overuse headache
`.
`B Medication overuse fulfilling criterion B for any
`one of the subforms 8.2.1–8.2.7.
`C One or other of the following:
`
`1
`
`2
`
`Overused medication has not yet been with-
`drawn.
`Medication overuse has ceased within the last
`2 months but headache has not so far resolved
`or reverted to its previous pattern.
`
`Comments
`Probable medication-overuse
`Codable subforms of 8.2.8
`headache
`Probable ergotamine-overuse head-
` are 8.2.8.1
`ache
`Probable triptan-overuse headache
`, 8.2.8.2
`, 8.2.8.3
`Probable analgesic-overuse headache
`Probable
`, 8.2.8.4
`opioid-overuse headache
`Probable combination
`, 8.2.8.5
`analgesic-overuse headache
`Headache probably
`, 8.2.8.6
`attributed to overuse of acute medication combinations
`Headache probably attributed to other medi-
`and 8.2.8.7
`cation overuse
`.
`Prob-
`Many patients fulfilling the criteria for 8.2.8
`able medication-overuse headache
` also fulfil criteria for
`Probable chronic migraine
`Probable
`either 1.6.5
` or 2.4.3
`
`6
`
`The specific subform(s) 8.2.1–8.2.5 should be diagnosed if
`criterion B is fulfilled in respect of any one or more single
`class(es) of these medications.
`7
`The definition of overuse in terms of treatment days per week
`is likely to vary with the nature of the medication.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`chronic tension-type headache
`. They should be coded
`for both until causation is established after with-
`drawal of the overused medication. Patients with
`Probable chronic migraine
`1.6.5
` should additionally be
`coded for the antecedent migraine subtype (usually
`Migraine without aura
`1.1
`).
`
`Copyright
`
`2003/4.
`Society
`©International Headache
`Applications for copyright permissions should be
`submitted to Blackwell Publishing, 9600 Garsington
`Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK (Tel.: + 44 1865 776868;
`fax: + 44 1865 714591, website: http://www.
`blackwellpublishing.com).
`Any part of The International Classification of
`Headache Disorders, 2nd Edition, may be repro-
`duced freely for scientific or clinical uses by institu-
`tions, societies or individuals. Otherwise, copyright
`belongs exclusively to the International Headache
`Society. Reproduction in any manner for commercial
`uses requires the Society’s permission which will be
`granted on payment of a fee. Please contact the pub-
`lisher at the address above.
`Permission for translations must be applied for,
`and will be granted to National Headache Societies
`or Linguistic Groups of the International Headache
`Society. In the absence of a National Headache Soci-
`ety or Linguistic Group, a headache expert may be
`approved on behalf of the International Headache
`Society by the Chairman of the Headache Classifica-
`tion Subcommittee to be responsible for translation
`into a specific language. Sponsorships may be listed
`and advertisements accepted in translations.
`
`Bibliography
`
`Ala-Hurula V, Myllyla V, Hokkanen E. Ergotamine abuse:
`results of ergotamine discontinuation with special refer-
`ence to the plasma concentrations. Cephalalgia 1982;
`2:189–95.
`Ala-Hurula V, Myllyla V, Hokkanen E, Tokola O. Tolfenamic
`acid and ergotamine abuse. Headache 1981; 21:240–2.
`Allgulander C. History and current status of sedative-
`hypnotic drug use and abuse. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1986;
`73:465–78.
`Andersson PG. Ergotamine headache. Headache 1975; 15:118–
`21.
`Baar HA. Treatment for headache: a four-step standardized
`withdrawal program for analgesic abusers. Pain Clin 1990;
`3:173–7 (Abstract).
`Bennett WM, DeBroe ME. Analgesic nephropathy: a prevent-
`able renal disease. N Engl J Med 1989; 320:1269–71.
`Bowdler I, Killian J, Gänsslen–Blumberg S. The association
`between analgesic abuse and headache—coincidental or
`causal. Headache 1988; 28:494.
`
`© Blackwell Publishing Ltd
`
`Cephalalgia,
`
`2005,
`
`25
`
`, 460–465
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edn
`
`463
`
`Braithwaite RA. The toxicity of tricyclic and newer antide-
`pressants. In: DeWolff FA, editor. Handbook of clinical
`neurology. New York: Elsevier Science, 1995:311–20.
`Brust JC. Opiate addiction and toxicity, Chapter 16. In: DeW-
`olff FA, editor. Handbook of clinical neurology, Vol. 65.
`New York: Elsevier Science, 1995:356–61.
`Catarci T, Fiacco F, Argentino C. Ergotamine-induced head-
`ache can be sustained by sumatriptan daily intake. Ceph-
`alalgia 1994; 14:374–5.
`Centonze V, Polite BM, diBari M, Caporaletti P, Albano O.
`Vascular injuries in ergotamine abuse: a case report. Funct
`Neurol 1993; 8:265–70.
`Dalquen P, Fasel J, Mihatsch MJ, Rist M, Rutishauser G. Phen-
`acetinabusus IV. Sind zytologische Harnuntersuchungen
`in der Tumorvorsorge bei Phenacetinabusern erfolgver-
`sprechend und anwendbar. Schweizerische Med Wochen-
`schr 1980; 110:302–6.
`DeBroe ME, Elseviers MM. Analgesic nephropathy—still a
`problem? Nephron 1993; 64:505–13.
`deMarinis M, Janiri L, Agnoli A. Headache in the use and
`withdrawal of opiates and other associated substances of
`abuse. Headache 1991; 31:159–63.
`Diamond S, Dalessio DJ. Drug abuse in headache. In: Dia-
`mond S, Dalessio DJ editors. The practicing physician’s
`approach to headache. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins,
`1982:114–21.
`Dichgans J, Diener. Clinical manifestations of excessive use of
`analgesic medication. In: Diener HC, Wilkinson M editors.
`Drug-induced headache. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988:8–
`15.
`Dichgans J, Diener HD, Gerber WD et al. Analgetika-induz-
`ierter dauerkopfschmerz. Dtsch Med Wschr 1984; 109:369–
`73.
`Diener HC. A personal view of the classification and defini-
`tion of drug dependence headache. Cephalalgia 1993;
`13:68–71.
`Diener HC, Dahlof CG. Headache associated with chronic use
`of substances. In: Olesen J, Tfelt-Hansen P, Welch KMA
`editors. The headaches. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams
`& Wilkins, 1999:871–8.
`Diener HC, Dichgans J, Scholz E, Geiselhart S, Gerber WD,
`Bille A. Analgesic-induced chronic headache: long-term
`results of withdrawal therapy. J Neurol 1989; 236:9–14.
`Diener HC, Haab J, Peters C, Ried S, Dichgans J, Pilgrim A.
`Subcutaneous sumatriptan in the treatment of headache
`during withdrawal from drug-induced headache. Head-
`ache 1991; 31:205–9.
`Diener HC, Pfaffenrath V, Soyka D, Gerber WD. Therapie des
`medikamenten-induzierten dauerkopfschmerzes. Münch
`Med Wschr 1992; 134:159–62.
`Diener HC, Tfelt-Hansen P. Headache associated with chronic
`use of substances. In: Olesen J, Tfelt-Hansen P, Welch
`KMA editors. The headaches. New York: Raven Press Ltd,
`1993:721–7.
`Dige-Petersen H, Lassen NA, Noer J, Toennesen KH, Olesen
`J. Subclinical ergotism. Lancet 1977; i:65–6.
`Drucker P, Tepper S. Daily sumatriptan for detoxification
`from rebound. Headache 1998; 38:687–90.
`Dubach UC, Rosner B, Pfister E. Epidemiologic study of abuse
`of analgesics containing phenacetin. Renal morbidity and
`mortality 1968–1979. N Engl J Med 1983; 308:357–62.
`
`© Blackwell Publishing Ltd
`
`Cephalalgia,
`
`2005,
`
`25
`
`, 460–465
`
`Elkind AH. Drug abuse in headache patients. Clin J Pain 1989;
`5:111–20.
`Elkind AH. Drug abuse and headache. Med Clin N Am 1991;
`75:717–32.
`Evers S, Gralow I, Bauer B, Suhr B, Buchheister A, Husstedt
`IW et al. Sumatriptan and ergotamine overuse and drug-
`induced headache: a clinicoepidemiologic study. Clin
`Neuropharmacol 1999; 22:201–6.
`Fanciullaci M, Alessandri M, Pietrini U, Briccolani-Bandini E,
`Beatrice S. Long-term ergotamine abuse: effect on adren-
`ergically induced mydriasis. Clin Pharm Ther 1992;
`51:302–7.
`Fincham JE. Over-the-counter drug use and misuse by the
`ambulatory elderly: a review of the literature. J Ger Drug
`Ther 1987; 1:3–21.
`Fincham RW, Perdue Z, Dunn VD. Bilateral focal cortical atro-
`phy and chronic ergotamine abuse. Neurology 1985; 35:
`720–2.
`Fisher CM. Analgesic rebound headache refuted. Headache
`1988; 28:666.
`Friedman AP, Brazil P, vonStorch TJ. Ergotamine tolerance in
`patients with migraine. JAMA 1955; 157:881–4.
`Gaist D, Hallas J, Sindrup SH, Gram LF. Is overuse of
`sumatriptan a problem? A population-based study. Eur J
`Clin Pharmacol 1996; 50:161–5.
`Gaist D, Tsiropoulus I, Sindrup SH, Hallas J, Rasmussen BK,
`Kragstrup J. Inappropriate use of sumatriptan: population
`based register and interview study. Br J Med 1998;
`316:1352–3.
`Granella F, Farina S, Malferrari G, Manzoni GC. Drug abuse
`in chronic headache: a clinicoepidemiologic study. Ceph-
`alalgia 1987; 7:15–9.
`Gutzwiller F, Zemp E. Der Analgetikakonsum in der
`Bevölkerung und socioökonomische Aspekte des Analge-
`tikaabusus. In: Mihatsch MJ editor. Das Analgetikasyn-
`drom. Stuttgart: Thieme, 1986:197–205.
`Hering R, Steiner TJ. Abrupt outpatient withdrawal from
`medication in analgesic-abusing migraineurs. Lancet 1991;
`337:1442–3.
`Hokkanen E, Waltimo O, Kallanranta T. Toxic effects of ergot-
`amine used for migraine. Headache 1978; 18:95–8.
`Horowski R, Ziegler A. Possible pharmacological mecha-
`nisms of chronic abuse of analgesics and other anti-
`migraine drugs. In: Diener HC, Wilkinson M editors.
`Drug-induced headache. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988:95–
`104.
`Horton BT, Peters GA. Clinical manifestations of excessive
`use of ergotamine preparations and management of with-
`drawal effect: report of 52 cases. Headache 1963; 3:214–26.
`Isler H. Migraine treatment as a cause of chronic migraine. In:
`Rose FC editor. Advances in migraine research and ther-
`apy. New York: Raven Press, 1982:159–64.
`Jaffe JH. Drug addiction and drug abuse. In: Gilman AG, Rall
`TW, Nies AS, Taylor P editors. The pharmacological basis
`of therapeutics. New York: Pergamon Press, 1985:522–73.
`Katsarava Z, Fritsche G, Muessig M, Diener HC, Limmroth V.
`Clinical features of withdrawal headache following over-
`use of triptans and other headache drugs. Neurology 2001;
`57:1694–8.
`Kaube H, May A, Diener HC, Pfaffenrath V. Sumatriptan
`misuse in daily chronic headache. Br Med J 1994; 308:1573.
`
`
`
`464
`
`SD Silberstein et al.
`
`Kielholz P, Ladewig D. Probleme des medikamentenmi beta-
`brauches. Schweiz Arztezeitung 1981; 62:2866–9.
`Klapper JA. Rebound headache: definition, symptomatol-
`ogy, treatment, and prevention. Headache Q 1992; 3:398–
`402.
`Kouyanou K, Pither CE, Rabe-Hesketh S, Wessely S. A
`comparative study of iatrogenesis, medication abuse, and
`psychiatric morbidity in chronic pain patients with
`and without medically explained symptoms. Pain 1998;
`76:417–26.
`Kudrow L. Paradoxical effects of frequent analgesic use. Adv
`Neurol 1982; 33:335–41.
`Lader M. Hypnotics and sedatives. In: DeWolff FA editor.
`Handbook of clinical neurology. New York: Elsevier Sci-
`ence, 1995:329–55.
`Lance F, Parkes C, Wilkinson M. Does analgesic abuse cause
`headache de novo? Headache 1988; 28:61–2.
`Lance JW. A concept of migraine and the search for the ideal
`headache drug. Headache 1990; 30:17–23.
`Limmroth V, Kazarawa S, Fritsche G, Diener HC. Headache
`after frequent use of new 5-HT agonists zolmitriptan and
`naratriptan. Lancet 1999; 353:378.
`Limmroth V, Katsarava Z, Fritsche G, Przywara S, Diener HC.
`Features of medication overuse headache following over-
`use of different acute headache drugs. Neurology 2002;
`59:1011–4.
`Lucas RN, Falkowski W. Ergotamine and methysergide abuse
`in patients with migraine. Br J Psychiatry 1973; 122:199–
`203.
`Ludolph AC, Husstedt IW, Schlake HP, Grotemeyer KH,
`Brune GG. Chronic ergotamine abuse: evidence of func-
`tional impairment of long ascending spinal tracts. Eur
`Neurol 1988; 28:311–6.
`MacGregor EA, Vorah C, Wilkinson M. Analgesic use: a study
`of treatments used by patients for migraine prior to attend-
`ing the City of London migraine clinic. Headache 1990;
`30:634–8.
`Manzoni GC, Micieli G, Granella F, Sandrini G, Zanferrari C,
`Nappi G. Therapeutic approach to drug abuse in headache
`patients. In: Diener HC, Wilkinson M editors. Drug-
`induced headache. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988:143–9.
`Marks V. Reactive (rebound) hypoglycemia). In: Marks V,
`Rose CF editors. Hypoglycemia. Oxford: Blackwell,
`1981:179–217.
`Mathew NT. Amelioration of ergotamine withdrawal symp-
`toms with naproxen. Headache 1987; 27:130–3.
`Mathew NT, Kurman R, Perez F. Drug induced refractory
`headache—clinical features and management. Headache
`1990; 30:634–8.
`Michultka DM, Blanchard EB, Appelbaum KA, Jaccard J,
`Dentinger MP. The refractory headache patient—2. High
`medication consumption (analgesic rebound) headache.
`Behav Res Ther 1989; 27:411–20.
`Micieli G, Manzoni GC, Granella F, Martignoni E, Malferrari
`G, Nappi G. Clinical and epidemiological observations on
`drug abuse in headache patients. In: Diener HC, Wilkinson
`M editors. Drug-induced headache. Berlin: Springer-
`Verlag, 1988:20–8.
`Nicolodi M, DelBianco PL, Sicuteri F. The way to serotonergic
`use and abuse in migraine. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1997;
`17:79–84.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Page H. Rebound headache from ergotamine withdrawal.
`JAMA 1981; 246:719.
`Peters G, Horton BT. Headache: with special reference to the
`excessive use of ergotamine preparations and withdrawal
`effects. Proc Mayo Clin 1951; 26:153–61.
`Pini LA, Trenti T. Case report: does chronic use of sumatriptan
`induce dependence? Headache 1994; 34:600–1.
`Pradalier A, Dry S, Baron JF. Cephalée induite par l’abuse de
`tartrate d’ergotamine chez les migrainieux. Concours Méd
`1984; 106:106–10.
`Rahman A, Segasothy M, Samad SA, Zulfiqar A, Rani M.
`Analgesic use and chronic renal disease in patients with
`headache. Headache 1993; 33:442–5.
`Rapoport A, Stang P, Gutterman DL, Cady R, Markley H,
`Weeks R et al. Analgesic rebound headache in clinical
`practice: data from a physician survey. Headache 1996;
`36:14–9.
`Rapoport AM. Analgesic rebound headache. Headache 1988;
`28:662–5.
`Rapoport AM, Weeks RE. Characteristics and treatment of
`analgesic rebound headache. In: Diener HC, Wilkinson M
`editors. Drug-induced headache. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,
`1988:162–7.
`Roswell AR, Neylan C, Wilkinson M. Ergotamine induced
`headache in migrainous patients. Headache 1973; 13:65–
`7.
`Sandler DP, Smith JC, Weinberg CR, Buckalew VM, Dennis
`VW, Blythe WB, Burgess WP. Analgesic use and chronic
`renal disease. N Engl J Med 1989; 320:1238–43.
`Saper JR. Drug abuse among headache patients. In: Saper JR
`editor. Headache disorders. Boston: PSG Publishers,
`1983:263–78.
`Saper JR. Drug overuse among patients with headache. Neu-
`rol Clin 1983; 1:465–77.
`Saper JR. Daily chronic headaches. Neurol Clin N Am 1990;
`8:891–902.
`Saper JR, Jones JM. Ergotamine tartrate dependency: features
`and possible mechanisms. Clin Neuropharmacol 1986;
`9:244–56.
`Schnider P, Aull S, Baumgartner C et al. Long-term outcome
`of patients with headache and drug abuse after inpatient
`withdrawal: five-year followup. Cephalalgia 1996; 16:481–
`5.
`Schnider P, Aull S, Feucht M. Use and abuse of
`analgesics in tension-type headache. Cephalalgia 1994;
`14:162–7.
`Schnider P, Maly J, Grunberger J, Aull S, Zeiler K, Wessely P.
`Improvement of decreased critical flicker frequency in
`headache patients with drug abuse after successful with-
`drawal. Headache 1995; 35:269–72.
`Schoenen J, Lenarduzzi P, Sianard-Gainko J. Chronic head-
`aches associated with analgesics and/or ergotamine
`abuse: a clinical survey of 434 consecutive outpatients. In:
`Rose FD editor. New advances in headache research. Lon-
`don: Smith-Gordon, 1989: 29–43.
`Seller EM, Busto UE, Kaplan HL, Somer G, Baylon GJ. Com-
`parative abuse liability of codeine and naratriptan. Clin
`Pharmacol Ther 1998; 63:121.
`Shakir RA. Vitamin toxicity. In: DeWolff FA editor. Handbook
`of clinical neurology, Vol. 65. New York: Elsevier Science,
`1995:567–76.
`
`© Blackwell Publishing Ltd
`
`Cephalalgia,
`
`2005,
`
`25
`
`, 460–465
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edn
`
`465
`
`Silberstein SD, Lipton. Chronic daily headache. In: Goadsby
`PJ, Silberstein SD editors. Headache. Newton: Butter-
`worth-Heinemann, 1997:201–25.
`Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, Solomon S, Mathew NT. Classifi-
`cation of daily and near daily headaches: proposed revi-
`sions to the IHS classification. Headache 1994; 34:1–7.
`Silberstein SD, Silberstein JR. Chronic daily headache: prog-
`nosis following inpatient treatment with repetitive IV
`DHE. Headache 1992; 32:439–45.
`Stewart JH. Analgesic abuse and renal failure in Australia.
`Kidney Int 1978; 13:72–8.
`Sullivan JT, Sellers EM. Treatment of the barbiturate absti-
`nence syndrome. Med J Aust 1986; 145:456–8.
`Taschner KL, Wiesbeck GA. Psychiatric aspects of drug
`addiction of the barbiturate-alcohol type. In: Diener HC,
`Wilkinson M editors. Drug-induced headache. Berlin:
`Springer-Verlag, 1988:80–4.
`Tfelt-Hansen P. Ergotamine headache. In: Pfaffenrath V, Lun-
`dberg P, Sjaastad O editors. Updating in headache. Berlin:
`Springer, 1985:169–72.
`Tfelt-Hansen P. The effect of ergotamine on the arterial sys-
`tem in man. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 1986; 59:1–29.
`Tfelt-Hansen P, Krabbe AA. Ergotamine. Do patients benefit
`from withdrawal? Cephalalgia 1981; 1:29–32.
`Tfelt-Hansen P, Olesen J. Arterial response to ergotamine tar-
`trate in abusing and non-abusing migraine patients. Acta
`Physiol Scand 1981; 48:69–72.
`Tfelt-Hansen P, Paalzow L. Intramuscular ergotamine:
`
`plasma levels and dynamic activity. Clin Pharmacol Ther
`1985; 37:29–35.
`Tfelt-Hansen PPR, Saxena, Ferrari. Ergot alkaloids. In:
`DeWolff FA editor. Handbook of clinical neurology. New
`York: Elsevier Science, 1995:61–7.
`Timmings PL, Richens. Neurotoxicology of antiepileptic
`drugs. In: DeWolff FA editor. Handbook of clinical neurol-
`ogy. New York: Elsevier Science, 1995:495–513.
`Vasconcellos E, Pina-Garza JE, Millan EJ, Warner JS. Analgesic
`rebound headache in children and adolescents. J Child
`Neurol 1998; 13:443–7.
`Verhoeff NPLG, Visser WH, Ferrari MD, Saxena PR, van
`Royen EA. Dopamine D2 receptor imaging with 123-I-
`iodobenzamide SPECT in migraine patients abusing ergot-
`amine: does ergotamine cross the blood brain barrier.
`Cephalalgia 1993; 13:325–9.
`VonKorff M, Galer BS, Stang P. Chronic use of symptomatic
`headache medications. Pain 1995; 62:179–86.
`Walker J, Parisi S, Olive D. Analgesic rebound headache:
`experience in a community hospital. Southern Med J 1993;
`86:1202–5.
`Warner JS. Rebound headaches: a review. Headache Q 1999;
`10:207–19.
`Zed PJ, Loewen PS, Robinson G. Medication-induced head-
`ache: overview and systematic review of therapeutic
`approaches. Ann Pharmacother 1999; 33:61–72.
`Ziegler DK. Opiate and opioid use in patients with refractory
`headache. Cephalalgia 2000; 14:5–10.
`
`© Blackwell Publishing Ltd
`
`Cephalalgia,
`
`2005,
`
`25
`
`, 460–465
`
`