PROFESSIONAL
`
`I
`
`General
`Packet
`Radio Service
`
`Putting
`the pieces
`of GPRS together
`-
`using hundreds
`of diagrams
`
`Overlaying
`data on existing
`cellular
`networks
`
`Mobile
`user market
`drivers
`
`I
`
`GPRS interaction
`with IP, X.25, and Frame Relay
`
`GPRS and VPNs
`
`REGIS J. "BUD"· BATES
`
`HTC EXHIBIT 1017
`
`Page 1 of 399
`
`

`

`
`
`Page 2 of 399
`
`Page 2 of 399
`
`

`

`GPRS
`
`(General Packet
`Radio Service)
`
`Page 3 of 399
`
`Page 3 of 399
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`m M: MCGRAW—HILL
`TELECOMMUNICATIONS
`
`Bates Broadband Telecommunications Handbook
`Bates Optical Switching and Networking Handbook
`Bates Wireless Broadband Handbook
`Bates GPRS
`
`
`
`Page 4 of 399
`
`Page 4 of 399
`
`

`

`Regis J. (Bud) Bates
`
`San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
`
`McGraw-Hill
`New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon
`London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi
`
`Page 5 of 399
`
`Page 5 of 399
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`McGraw-Hill
`A DiVlSlafl o/Thzlvarmv-HiflW5
`
`:2
`
`Copyright (E 2002 by The McGraw-Hiil Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
`Printed in the United States of AmeriCa. Except as permitted under the United
`States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or
`distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval
`system, without the prior written permission ofthe publisher:
`1234567890 AGM/AGM 98765432]
`
`ISBNOO’Y—ISSISB-O
`
`The sponsoring editor for this book was Steve Chapman and the pmduction
`supervisor was Pamela Peltoni It was set in Century Schoolbook by MacAllister
`Publishing Services, LLC.
`Printed and bound by Quebecor/Martinsburg.
`
`Throughout this book, trademarked names are used. Rather than put a nademark
`symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use norms in an uliwrizd
`ihsifion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringe-
`ment of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been
`printed with initial caps.
`
`Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-Hill
`Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill") from sources believed to be reliable. However,
`neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantees the accuracy or completeness
`of any information published herein and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors
`shall be responsible for my errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of
`this information. This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-
`Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to ten-
`der engineering or other professional services L'such services are required, the
`
`assistance of an appmpriate professional should be sought
`
`
`
`0 This book is printed on recycled, acid-free paper containing a minimum of
`50 percent recycled de«inked fiber.
`
`Page 6 of 399
`
`Page 6 of 399
`
`

`

`- - ABOUT THE AUTHOR - - -
`
`Regis J. (Bud) Bates Jr., President
`TC International Consulting, Inc.
`Phoenix, Arizona
`1-800-322-2202
`
`
`
`Regis (Bud) Bates has more than 35 years of experience in telecommuni-
`cations and management information systems (M18). He oversees the
`operation of TC International Consulting, lnc.. a full service management
`consulting organization. He has been involved in the design of‘maior net—
`works including LANs and WANs. His clients span the range of Fortune
`100—500 companies. Many of his projects deal with multiple sites and
`countries using Frame Relay, ATM, and Optical architectures. He has also
`done a significant amount of work in the wireless communications area.
`Bud also develops and conducts various public and in-house seminars
`ranging from a managerial overview to very technical instruction on
`voice, data. LAN, WAN, and broadband communications. For the past. two
`years, he has devoted much of his development and traimng activities on
`the convergence of voice and data communications. lncluded in these
`developments, Bud has been training numerous CLECs on the integra-
`tion of voice and data. Ho has recommended and implemented several
`training programs (inhouse) using all the technologies that are converg—
`ing as a base model. Included in this list are several training programs
`that carry the organization’s internal certification. His many topics
`include both basic and advanced courseware on voice, data, LAN. WAN,
`ATM. SONET, Tl/T3, VolP, and Voice over Data Protocols (FR, ATM and
`so on).
`
`Page 7 of 399
`
`Page 7 of 399
`
`

`

`W.
`
`About the Author
`
`Bud has written numerous books on the technologies, many of which
`have been best sellers for McGraw-Hill. Moreover, his Voice and Data
`Communications Handbook has led McGraw-Hill’s sales for three con-
`secutive years, with a new revision released in August 2001. His recent
`publication Broadband Yelecommunications Handbook (December 1999)
`has been an equal seller. Some of his other titles include, Introduction to
`T! I T3 Networking; Disaster Recovery for W5: A Planning and Action
`Guide; filecommunications Disaster Recover; Wireless Networked Com-
`munications: Concepts, Systems, and Implementation; Optical Switching
`and Networking; Nortel Networks Layer 3 Switching; and Wireless Broad-
`band Handbook.
`
`Bud also works with venture capitalists for various analyses and stud-
`ies. One of his recommendations got the investors to increase the recom-
`mended funding from $100 million to more than $400 million. He has
`consistently been on the mark with his projections.
`
`Page 8 of 399
`
`Page 8 of 399
`
`

`

`--CONTENTS-—-_
`
`Chapter 1
`
`Introduction to 65M
`
`Objectives
`HLSIOI)’ of Cellular Mobile Radio and GSM
`Benchmarks in 63M
`GSM Metrics
`Cell Structure
`
`Typa of CelLs
`Macrocells
`Microcells
`Selective Cells or Sectonzed Cells
`fiereo Cells
`Umbrella Cells
`Analog to Digital Movement
`Teleservices
`Bearer Services
`
`Supplementary Services
`65M Archltecwre
`
`Mobile Equipmenl or Mobile Station
`Subscrlber ldentlty Module
`The Mobile Station Function
`The Base Transceiver Station (HTS)
`The Base Station Controller 1850
`Base Station Subsystem
`The Transcoder and Adaptation Unlt {TR/\Ul
`Locating the lRAU
`Mobile Swrtching Center
`The Registers Completing the N55
`The Cell
`Location Area
`MSC/VLR Service Area
`Public Land Moblle Network (Pl MN]
`09 Model» -How GSM Signaling Functions in the OSI Model
`Layer Functionality
`Mobile Station Protocols
`The Mobile Statlorl to HTS Protocols
`BSC Protocols
`MSC Protocols
`
`27
`
`29
`30
`30
`3|
`
`Page 9 of 399
`
`Page 9 of 399
`
`

`

`'
`‘
`
`!
`
`‘
`
`’
`‘
`
`_
`
`vi'i
`
`Contents
`
`Defining the Channeis
`Frequencies Aiioaiad
`Primary 65M
`Radio Assignment
`Frequency Pairing
`Extended GSM Radio Fiequencies
`Modulanon
`Ampiimde snm Keying (ASK)
`Frequency Shift Keying Ni
`Phase Shift Keying {P90
`Gaussian Mnimum Shift Keying [GMSKJ
`Access Methods
`FDMA
`TDiiM
`COM
`TDMA Frames
`Time Siot Use
`65M FDMNTDMA Combination
`
`Logical Channels
`The Physical Layer
`Speech Coding on the Radio link
`Channei Coding
`Convolutionai Coding
`
`Chapter 2
`
`GPRS introduction
`
`Objectives
`introduction to (he Werner and Wireless Wave
`
`i‘he New Wave of intemec User
`General Packet Radio Sen/ice |GPRS)
`The GPRS $0on
`What is GPRS?
`Market Timeline for Gi’RS
`Motivation for GPRS
`Evolution of Wreiess Data
`Wireless Data Technology Options
`GPRS Roaming
`The 65M Phase ii Overlay Network
`Circuit-Swimhed or Packet-Swuchea Traffic
`GPRS Radio Technoiogies
`Ceiis and Rowing Auras
`
`3i
`32
`32
`34
`34
`34
`35
`35
`36
`36
`37
`38
`39
`39
`40
`42
`42
`42
`
`43
`43
`44
`45
`45
`
`47
`
`49
`4e
`
`50
`52
`53
`54
`57
`57
`58
`59
`bl
`62
`63
`65
`66
`
`Page 10 of 399
`
`10
`
`Page 10 of 399
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`Attaching to the Serving GFRS Support Node
`Packet Data Protocol [PDPl Contexls
`Dan Transfer
`GSM and NA-TDMA Evolution
`GPRS Terminals
`
`Mobile Station Classes for Multisiot Capabilities
`Applications for GPRS
`Chat
`Textual and Visual information
`
`Still images
`Moving images
`Web Browsing
`Document Sharing/Collaborative Working
`Audio
`
`Job Dispatch
`Corporate Email
`Internet Email
`
`VEhicle Positioning
`Remote LAN Access
`File Transfer
`Home Automation
`
`Chapter 3
`
`System Architecture
`
`Obiecu'ves
`Network Architecture
`GPRS Subscriber Terminals
`GPRS 85$
`GPRS Network
`Databases [VLR and HLR]
`Data Routing
`Data Packet Routing
`GPRS Mobility Management
`Nelwom Architecwre—New Inten'aces
`The Different Backbone: Used
`Iritial Implementations
`TDMA—GPRS Physical Channel Capacity
`GPRS Logical Channels
`Packet Broadcast Control Channel [PBCCHJ
`Packet Common Control Channel (PCCCH)
`Packet Data Traflic Channel (PDTCH)
`
`67
`68
`69
`7!
`7i
`
`72
`74
`74
`74
`
`75
`75
`76
`76
`76
`
`77
`77
`78
`
`78
`78
`79
`79
`
`8 l
`
`82
`82
`83
`83
`84
`85
`86
`86
`88
`90
`91
`92
`93
`94
`94
`94
`9S
`
`Page 11 of 399
`
`1 1
`
`Page 11 of 399
`
`

`

`.345
`
`iX
`
`Packet-Dedicated Control Channel fPDCCH)
`Mapping Logical Channels onto Physical Channels
`
`Chapter 4
`
`Function of GPRS Elements
`
`Objectives
`Impact on the Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
`The Packet Control Unit Support Node (PCUSN)
`Channel Codec Unit [CCU]
`Data Unk Layer—Layer 2
`MPD Data Unk Layer
`Impact on BSC: A New MP0
`A,“ OML BSC-PCU
`Am GSL BTSPCU [Through the 38C}
`A,“ RSL BSC—PCU
`Function of the PCUSN
`Serving GPRS Support Node [SGSNl chtions
`Gateway GPRS Support Node lGGSN)
`Home Location Register [HLRl
`The Visitor Location Register NLRl
`Other Network Elements
`
`SS7/lP Gateway Functions
`Domain Name System iDNS]
`Figuring Out Which Server Knows What
`Domain Name Space
`DNS and lnter-PLMN Network
`
`Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol iDHCP)
`How the Protocol Works (Basic)
`Charging Gateway Function
`The Operations and Maintenance Center (OMC)
`and the Network Management Center (NMC)
`OMC Communication GPRS Domain Managers
`PCUSN 0AM Server
`OMC-D Architecture
`
`Chapter 5
`
`Main GPRS Procedures
`
`Objectives
`Mobility Management [MM]
`GPRS Attach
`GPRS Attach Scenario
`
`Contents
`
`96
`96
`
`99
`
`[00
`Ml
`l02
`103
`iO’i
`”)4
`WE
`|06
`i06
`l06
`l07
`i08
`H0
`iii
`”2
`il3
`”4
`”6
`H9
`I20
`IZZ
`IZZ
`|23
`l24
`
`i26
`127
`l27
`iZB
`
`i3!
`
`iBZ
`i32
`i34
`135
`
`Page 12 of 399
`
`12
`
`Page 12 of 399
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`Mobile Stationlnin‘ated GPRS Detach
`Detach Type—GPRS—Only, lMSl-Only or Comblned
`Newvorklnltiated GFRS Detach
`
`Acclvatl‘ng a P0P Comext for Packet Routing and Transfer
`GPRS Context Activation—Scenario
`Mobilelnldated PDF’ Data Protocol Context Activation
`Nemont-lnitlated Packet Data Protocol Context Activation
`GPRS Data Transfer from the Mobile Station
`GPRS Data Transfer to the Mobile
`Mobilelntlated Packet Data Protocol Context DeactNat‘lon
`Network-initiated Packet Data Protocol Context Deactivaljon
`Securrry Functions
`Authentication
`
`Ciphenng
`Web Access
`
`Chapter 6
`
`Radio and MS-PCUSN Interfaces
`
`Objectives
`Radio Lint Control/Medium Access Control and
`Radio Frequency Layers
`Packet Logical Channels
`Packet Logical mannels—PDCH Allocation
`Packet Logical Channels —~ Mulliframe Structure
`Packet Broadcast Connor Channel (PBCCH)
`Syscem information Type I? (SI l3)
`SI
`l3 Message Conan-rs One of the Two lndications
`Network Control
`How the Mobile Knows the P004 Configuration
`Example of PBCCH l PCCCH Configuration
`Packet Traffic Channels
`One-Phase and Twol’hase Access
`
`Packet Uplink Assrgrmenr
`Access Request
`Access Answer
`Resource Request
`Resource Assignment
`Static Uplink (UL) Allocation
`Temporary Block Flow
`Dynamrc UplInK lULl Allocation
`
`I53
`
`I54
`
`I54
`I55
`|6I
`I62
`164
`365
`I65
`I66
`I67
`I69
`I70
`I72
`I73
`l74
`I74
`I75
`I75
`I76
`I77
`I79
`
`Page 13 of 399
`
`13
`
`Page 13 of 399
`
`

`

`'"ffiifi
`
`xii
`
`Contents
`
`Temporary Block Flow {TBFI for Dynamic Allocation
`RLC/MAC Block Structure
`Temporary Blod< Flow—Uplink (UL) Data Transfer
`Downllnk (DLJ Resource Allocation
`Timing Advance Updating Procedure
`initial Timing Advance Estimation (During Access Phase]
`Continuous Update Procedure [During Transfer State)
`identifiers Limitations
`
`The Temporary Flow Identifier
`The Tlming Advance index
`The Uplink State Flag
`RLC/MAC Block
`
`Activity at the SSS
`Medium Access Control IiiMCl Layer
`Key Identifiers for the MAC Layer
`Channel Allocation and the MAC Layer
`The MAC Header
`'
`Radio Unit Control IRLCJ Layer
`MobileOrlginated Access Message Sequence
`The Radio Resource [RR] State Model
`BSS GPRS Protocol {BSSGPI Layer
`Channel Coding
`Interleaving Speech Channels
`Interleaving For the GSM Data TCH Channels
`Channel Coding in GPRS
`Coding Scheme-l (C54)
`Coding Scheme-2 [CS-2)
`Coding Scheme}! (CS-3)
`Coding Scheme4 (CS-4)
`Normal Burst
`Access Burst
`
`RLC Layer Segmentation
`Quality of Service (005)
`
`Chapter 1
`
`x25, internals. Intranets, and Extranets
`
`Objectives
`Modes of Switching
`Circuit Switching
`Packet Switching Defined
`The Packet Concept
`
`I79
`180
`182
`I83
`I84
`l86
`i86
`IS?
`
`i87
`l87
`l86
`l88
`
`i89
`139
`I90
`i92
`I92
`I94
`I94
`l96
`l97
`I98
`200
`200
`20l
`203
`203
`204
`204
`205
`206
`
`206
`207
`
`209
`
`ZIO
`2 i0
`2 l0
`21 l
`212
`
`:3
`i‘;_
`I
`
`I
`
`Page 14 of 399
`
`14
`
`Page 14 of 399
`
`

`

`gi}
`
`._...._._._d—.
`
`Overhead
`The Padcet Network
`The User Connection
`Benefits of Packets
`Other Benefits
`
`Advantages of Packet Switching
`Other Components of Packet Switching
`Other Forms of Packet
`The Internet
`
`Protocols and Technologies Enabled the Internet
`\M'iat Then Is the Internet?
`Intranes
`Exu'anet
`The Wond Wide Web
`Trammission Control Protocol/Intranet Protocol {ICP/ll’l
`Internet Protocols (lPsI
`TC?
`Address Resolution Protocols (MP5)
`IP Addressing
`IP Subnetworking and Masking
`Internet Routing
`ICMP
`lRDP
`
`Transport Layer
`Transmission Control Protocol (ICPI
`TC? Segment Format
`User Datagram Protocol (UDPI
`Upper-Layer Protocols
`The IP Header
`Implementing Extraners
`TCP Filtering
`
`Chapter 8 Mobile Station to SGSN Interface
`
`Objectives
`Logical Link Control (LLCJ Layer
`What LLC Does
`SLbnetwork-Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCPI
`GPRS Moblllty Management/Session Management
`lGMM/SMI
`Short Message Service [SMS]
`
`2I2
`2 I 4
`2 I 5
`2 I 9
`2 I 9
`
`22!
`222
`223
`225
`
`226
`226
`228
`229
`229
`230
`232
`234
`235
`237
`238
`239
`24I
`24!
`
`242
`242
`242
`243
`243
`244
`246
`246
`
`249
`
`250
`250
`25I
`25!
`
`252
`252
`
`Page 15 of 399
`
`15
`
`Page 15 of 399
`
`

`

`xiv
`
`Contents
`
`LLC Support
`LLC Service Accas Point identifiers (SAPS)
`LLC ldem'fiers
`LLC layer Structure
`Mapping the LLC Frame
`GPRS Cipherlng Envrmnment
`mnemitation
`Cipherhg
`GPRS Mobility Management (GMMl
`Temporary Logical Unit identifier [111."
`How the TLIJ ls Used
`How the YLIJ ls Transmitted
`
`Mobility Management (MM)
`GPRS Attach Procedure
`
`Cell Update in Packet idle Mode
`Cell Undue in the Packet transfer Mode
`Routing Area Updates (lntra—SGSNI
`RA Updates [Inter-$65M
`SNDCP Layer
`SNDCP identities
`SNDCP Service Functions
`
`SNDCP layer—NW5
`SNDCP Compreslon and Segmentation
`
`CHEM 9
`
`PCUSN—to-SGSN Interface (GD)
`
`Objectives
`nghtevel Characteristics of the 6., Interface
`Position of BSSGP Within the Protocol Stack
`on the C1,, Interface
`The Protocol Slack for G" Interface
`Frame Relay Networks
`The FRAD
`The Protocol Data Unlr (PDU)
`Fra'ne Relayhg
`Benefits of Frame Relay
`Sen/ice Comparison
`Why Frame Rday Was Developed
`The Signficance of Frame Relay
`The Basic Data Flow
`Data unit Connection Flow
`
`252
`253
`254
`25¢
`256
`257
`257
`257
`259
`260
`26 l
`262
`263
`253
`264
`265
`265
`266
`267
`268
`269
`270
`27 I
`
`275
`
`276
`276
`
`276
`277
`27B
`278
`279
`280
`28 l
`282
`282
`294
`286
`288
`
`Page 16 of 399
`
`16
`
`Page 16 of 399
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`"Y. .
`
`The FECN and BECN
`
`Frame Relay Speeds
`Provisioning W8 and SVCs
`SVC Ule and Nle
`The Netvvork-to-Network interface {NM}
`Frame Relay/ATM interworking
`Network Service Sublayers
`Identifiers Managed by the NS Layer
`Network Service Control Procedures
`BSSGP Identifiers
`PDU Transmission
`BSSGP \Artual Connection Identifier (MI)
`Flow Control Procedures
`Mode of Operation
`Control of the Downlink Throughput by the SGSN
`
`289
`
`290
`Z92
`292
`292
`293
`294
`2%
`297
`Z97
`298
`299
`300
`30l
`30]
`
`Chapter 1 0 SGSN-to-GGSN [6n] and GGSN-tO-PDN ((3,) interface
`
`303
`
`Objectives
`GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GT?)
`GTP Mssages
`GPRS Tunneling Protocol [GTP] Layer
`GTP identities
`Wrtuai Private Networks lVPNsl
`Authentication
`Security
`Roaming and Wireless VPNs
`What Makes GPRS VPN: Different?
`VPN—Service Provider Independent (SH)
`VPN—lPSec Enmoénd with PH
`VPN—Service Provider Dependent (SPD)
`LZTP-Based \Mreless VPN in a GPRS infrastructure
`
`lPSec Gateways and Compulsory Tunneling W-VPN
`Multiple VPN Gateway Ard'iitecture
`Using the VPN Tunnel
`PDP Context SGSN Role
`Create PDP Context GGSN Role
`
`What is a Directory?
`Transparent Access
`Transparent Mode
`NontransparentAccess
`
`304
`304
`306
`307
`308
`309
`3 I 2
`313
`315
`316
`3 l6
`318
`3 l9
`3 I9
`
`32!
`322
`323
`325
`326
`
`327
`328
`329
`330
`
`Page 17 of 399
`
`17
`
`Page 17 of 399
`
`

`

`xvi
`
`Contents
`
`Nontransparent Mode
`Wtuai Dial—Up (Emanced Nontransparentl
`
`Chapter 1 I
`
`Future Enhancement: and SeNices
`
`Obiectlves
`Mobile Evolution
`First Generation HG)
`Second Generation (26]
`Third Generation (36)
`HSCSD
`Two Time Slots
`Enhanazo Genefal Packet Radio Service lEGPRS)
`Enhanced Dara Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)
`What Is Special about EDGE?
`The Third Generation
`UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network {UTRANJ
`Wflrnode SeconGGenerazion/UMTS Terminals
`Open Interfaca
`UTRAN Architecture
`Node B
`
`Radio Nelwork Controliei (RNC)
`Rama Network Subsystem iRNS)
`Core Newark [CNl
`Protocol Nchilectura
`UMTS
`User Benefits of UMTS
`
`Seamless Global Roaming
`High-Speed Data Services
`Multimedia Servites
`New innovative Apoilcations
`Telematics
`
`increased integration Between Fixed and Mobile
`Telephony Services
`Increased Choice or Services
`UMTS Future Vision
`
`Spectrum for UMTS
`The CdmaIOOO Famiiy ofSiandards
`
`330
`33'
`
`333
`
`334
`334
`336
`337
`337
`337
`338
`339
`340
`342
`344
`344
`344
`345
`345
`346
`347
`347
`347
`348
`349
`3 51
`35 i
`352
`352
`352
`352
`
`353
`353
`353
`354
`355
`
`Page 18 of 399
`
`18
`
`Page 18 of 399
`
`

`

`— _ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - -
`
`Well, here I am again, finalizing the latest book for McGrsw-Hill.'lhis one
`is different because it focuses on a single subjectl The idea for this book
`came earlier this year, but has blossomed quite a bit since then because
`of the progress being made in the industry
`This book deals with the issues surrounding the data and wireless
`industry as the two converge. I hope that this material is comfortable for
`you, the reader, because there is so little published about GPRS for the
`novice and business professional.
`To be fair about this production. I owe a lot of credit to many people.
`Some of the people interacted with me regularly, others only occasionally.
`First, I must thank Steve Chapman, who is McGraw-Hill’s executive edi-
`tor on this book and a super person. Steve knew that the deadlines were
`approaching, but kept his cool and kept alter me. Numerous other people
`aided in the editing and production of the book-far too many to name.
`They know who they are and can give themselves a pat on the back for
`their efforts. Also worth special mention is Molly Applegate who has
`worked with me on two other books. Keeping track of books li'om the same
`author has to be a challenge in itself, especially when many of the topics
`seem to run together. Molly’s usual tenacity got the final production
`together. Then there are the vendors and manufacturers we talk to daily
`regarding products, services, and opportunities. All add to the knowledge
`in this book.
`
`Two people in my office deserve the lion’s share of the credits for the
`ultimate graphical representation and production of this book. First is
`Gabriele, who is my wife and partner of more than three decades. She is
`the steady contributor to my production. Gabriele truly deserves to have
`her name on the cover of this book because she has been a partner in the
`production of the preceding 14 books and barely gets mention. Second is
`a young lady whose energy and enthusiasm l have mentioned before:
`Amber Hartmann (our specialty graphics person). Amber and Gabriele
`worked dauntlessly to keep the graphics accurate and readable while at
`the same time creating interesting renderings. All this, despite the tech-
`nical aspects of the drawings, had to be maintained. On more than one
`occasion, these two ladies were cursing the technical drawings because of
`their complexity. Yet, they both came through in record time.
`This team of people all pulled together to make GPRS a reality. They
`all deserve the credit more than 1.
`
`Page 19 of 399
`
`19
`
`Page 19 of 399
`
`

`

`XViii g
`
`Acknowledgments
`
`As usual, I want to especially thank you, the reader, for giving up your
`time to read this book. I receive many calls and e-mails from readers who
`just want to let me know that they enjoyed my opinion or the way I pre-
`sented an idea. I hope I can continue to win your support. My best wishes
`to you all!
`
`Page 20 of 399
`
`20
`
`Page 20 of 399
`
`

`

`Introduction
`
`to GSM
`
`Page 21 of 399
`
`21
`
`Page 21 of 399
`
`

`

`- - Objectives
`
`Chapter 1
`
`When you complete the reading in this chapter; you will be able to
`
`u Describe the main components of a GSM network.
`a Describe the mobile services.
`
`I Understand how a mobile performs an attach or detach procedure
`in GSM.
`
`I Discuss the modulation techniques used for GSM.
`3 Understand the access methods used.
`
`I Describe the overall cellular operation ol‘a radio network
`
`Welcome to an overview of the General hcket Radio Services (GPRS).
`GPRS is a radio service that was designed to run on Global Systems for
`Mobile (GSM), a worldwide standard for cellular communications. Data
`transmissions in the past were slow across the radio latex-{hoes due to many
`propagation and reception problems. 'Ib create a broadband communica—
`tions interface, GPRS was developed as a stepping-stone approach to other
`services like the Enhanced Data for a Global Environment (EDGE).
`Regardless of the names we place on these services. the real issues are how
`much (cost) and how fast (speed) we need to meet the demands for data
`transmission now and in the future.
`Before delving directly into the GPRS systems and services, it is prudent
`to have common ground on the use of the radio—based system. Therefore, a
`review (or introduction) of GSMis appropriate. Alter all, if GPRS is an over-
`lay to GSM, we should at least understand how and why GSM Works.
`
`History of Cellular
`Mobile Radio and GSM
`
`The idea of cell-based mobile radio systems appenmd at Bell laboratories
`in the early 19705. However, the commercial introduction of cellular sys-
`tems did not occur until the 19803. Because of the pent-up demand and
`newness, analog cellular telephone systems gnaw rapidly in Europe and
`North America. May, cellular system still represent one of the instant
`growing telecommunications services. Recent studies indicate that three of
`four new phones are mobile phones. Unfortunately, when cellular systems
`
`Page 22 of 399
`
`22
`
`Page 22 of 399
`
`

`

`Introduction to GSM
`
`l
`
`3 _
`
`were first being deployed, each country developed its own system. which
`was problematic because
`
`I The equipment only worked within the boundaries of each country
`I The market for mobile equipment manufacturers was limited by the
`operating system
`
`Three different services had emerged in the world at the time. They were
`
`I Advanced Mobile Phone Services (AMPS) in North America
`
`I Ibtal Access Communications System (TACS) in the United Kingdom
`
`I Nordic Mobile Thiephons (NMT) in Nordic countries
`
`To solve this problem, in 1982 the Conference of European Posts and
`Telecommunications (CEPT) formed the Groupe Special Mobile (GSM) to
`develop a pan-European mobile cellular radio system (the acronym later
`became Global System for Mobile communications). The goal of the GSM
`study group was to standardize systems to provide
`
`I Improved spectrum eflicienoy
`I International roaming
`I Low-cost mobile sets and base stations
`
`I High-quality speech
`
`I Cmnpafibflity with Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) and
`other telephone company services
`I Support for new services
`
`The existing cellular systems were developed on analog technology. How-
`ever. GSM was developed using digital technology.
`
`Benchmarks in GSM
`
`Table 1-1 shows many of the important events in the mllout of the GSM
`system; other events were introduced, but had less significant impact on the
`overall systems.
`Commercial service was introduced in mid-1991. By 1993, 36 GSM net-
`works Were already operating in 22 countries. Today, you can be instantly
`reached on your mobile phone in over 171 countries worldwide and on 400
`networks (operator-cl Over 650 million people were subscribers to GSM
`
`Page 23 of 399
`
`23
`
`Page 23 of 399
`
`

`

`Table 1-1
`
`Major Events in
`GSM
`
`Chapter 1
`
`Your
`
`Ennis
`
`1982
`
`1985
`
`1985
`
`1987
`
`1989
`
`1990
`
`1991
`
`1991
`
`1993
`
`CEP‘I‘ establishes a GSM group in order in develop the standards for a pan-
`Eumpean cellular mobile syntun.
`
`A list of reoomendnfiom to be 32112de by the group is amped.
`
`Field tests are performed to test the difl‘erent radio technique: proposed for
`the air interface.
`
`firm: Dimion MultipleAmt (TDMA) is chosen as accels method (with m
`quency Division Multiple Acorn fFDMAl)‘ The initial Memorandum of Under-
`standing (M01!) is Iigned by teleoom mutilation operators representing 12
`countries.
`
`GSM lyatam is valiflaned.
`
`The responsibility of the GSM specification is passed to the European
`fileoomnnmioaliom Standards Institute CETSI).
`
`Phase 1 of the GSM specifications is delivered.
`
`Commercial launch ofthe GSM service occurs
`
`The addition ol‘the comm-in that nigned the GSM Mmonndum of Under-
`standing takes place. Coverage uploads to larger cities and airports.
`
`Coverage of main roads GEM semi-:3: start: oumde Europe.
`
`1995
`Phase 11 ofthe GSM spooifioationa occurs. Coverage in extended to rural areas.
`
`
`mobile telecommunications.‘ GSM truly stands for Global System for
`Mobile telecommunications. Roaming is the ability to use your GSM phone
`number in another GSM network. You can room to another region or coun-
`try and use the services of any network operator in that region that has a
`roaming agreement with the GSM network operator in your home
`region/country. Aroaming agreement is a business agreement between two
`network operators to transfer items such as call charges and subscription
`information back and forth as their subscribers room into each other’s
`31838.
`
`=AsofMay2001
`
`Page 24 of 399
`
`24
`
`Page 24 of 399
`
`

`

`Introduction to GSM
`
`GSM Metrics
`
`11m
`
`29'!
`
`The GSM standard is the most widely ampbed standard and is imple-
`mented globally, owning a market share of 69 percent of the world's digital
`cellular subscribers. TDMA, with a market share close to 10 percent, is
`available mainly in North America and South America. GSM. which uses a
`TDMA access, and North American TDMA are two of the world’s leading
`digital network standards. Unfortunately, it is currently technically impos-
`sible for users of either standard to make or receive calls in areas where
`only the other standard is available. Once interoperability is in place, users
`of GSM and TDMA handsets will be able to roam on the other network type
`—suhject to the agreements between mobile operators. This will make
`roaming possible across much of the world because GSM and TDMA net—
`works cover large sections of the global population and together account for
`79 percent of all mobile subscribers, as shown in Figure 1—1.
`
`Cell Structure
`
`In a cellular system, the coverage area of an operator is divided into cells. A
`cell is the area that. one transmitter or a small collection of transnfitters can
`cover. The size of a cell is determined by the transmitter’s power. The mn-
`cept of cellular systems is the use of low-power transmitters in order to
`enable the efficient; reuse of the frequencies. The maximum size of a cell is
`approximately 35 km (radius), providing a roundvtrip communications path
`
`- - - _ Asof May. 2001
`Figure 1-?
`Market penetrations
`of GSM and TDMA.
`
`
`
`Page 25 of 399
`
`25
`
`Page 25 of 399
`
`

`

`Chapter 1
`
`from the mobile to the cell site and back. if the transmitters are very pow-
`
`erful, the frequencies cannot be reused for hundreds of kilometers, as they
`are limited to the coverage area of the transmitter. In the past when a
`mobile communications system was installed, the coverage blocked the
`reuse beyond the 25-mile coverage area, and created a corridor of interfer-
`ence of an additional 75 miles. This is shown in Figure 1-2.
`The frequency band allocated to a cellular mobile radio system is dis-
`tributed over a group of cells and this distribution is repeated in all of an
`operator’s coverage area. The entire number of radio channels available can
`then be used in each group of cells that form the operator’s coverage area.
`Frequencies used in a cell will be reused several cells away The distance
`between the cells using the same frequency must be sufiicient to avoid
`interference. The frequency reuse will increase the capacity in the number
`of users considerably. The patterns can be a form-cell pattern or other
`choices. The typical clusters contain 4, 7, 12, or 21 cells.
`In order to work properly. a cellular system must verifir the following two
`main conditions:
`
`I The pawar level of a transmitter within a single cell must be limited in
`order to reduce the interference with the transmitters of neighboring
`
`Coulo as! service
`from either "mummy,
`causlng 'rnIerferenoe,
`
`
`
`
`- - -
`Figure 1-2
`The older way of
`nandung moons
`communications.
`
`Page 26 of 399
`
`26
`
`Page 26 of 399
`
`

`

`Introduction to GSM
`
`‘ 7 A
`
`cells. The interference will not produce any damage to the system if a
`distance of about 2.6 to 3 times the diameter of a cell is reserved
`between transmitters. The receiver filters must also conform.
`
`I Neighboring cells cannot share the same channels. In order to reduce
`the interference, the frequencies must be reused only within a certain
`pattern. The pattern may also be a seven—cell pattern, which is shown
`in Figure L3.
`
`In order to exchange the information needed to maintain the communi—
`cation links within the cellular network. several radio channels are
`reserved for the signaling information. Sometimes we use a 12-cell pattern
`with a repeating sequence. The 12-0911 pattern is really a grouping of three
`four-cell clusters, as shown in Figure 1-4. The larger the cell pattern. the
`more the coverage areas tend to work. In general, the larger cell patterns
`
`— - - -
`Figure 1-3
`The seven-cell
`pattern.
`(Source: ETSI)
`
`(Source: ETSI)
`
`- - - -
`Figure 1-4
`The lZ-cell paaem
`
`Page 27 of 399
`
`27
`
`Page 27 of 399
`
`

`

`m
`
`7’-
`
`Chapter 1
`
`are used in various reuse patterns to get the most out of the scarce radio
`resources as possible. The 21-cell pattern is by far the largest repeating pat-
`tern in use today. The cells are grouped into clusters. The number ofcells in
`a cluster determines whether the cluster can be repeated continuously
`within the coverage area.
`The number of cells in each cluster is very important. The smaller the
`number of cells per cluster, the greater the number of channels per cell.
`Therefore, the capacity of each cell will be increased. However, a balance
`must be found in order to avoid the interference that could occur between
`neighboring clusters. This interference is produced by the small size of the
`clusters (the size ofthe cluster is defined by the number of cells per cluster).
`The total number of channels per cell depends on the number of available
`channels and the type of cluster used.
`
`Types of Cells
`
`The density of population in a country is so varied that different types of
`cells are used;
`
`Macrocells
`
`Microcells
`Selective or sectorized cells
`
`Umbrella cells
`Nanocslls
`Picocells
`
`Macrocells
`
`Macrocells are large cells for remote and sparsely populated areas. These
`cellscanbesslargeas3t035lonfiomthecenrertotheedgeoftheoel]
`(radius). The larger cells place more frequencies in the core, but because the
`area is rural, the macrocell typically has limited frequencies (channels) and
`higher-power transmitters. This is a limitation that prevents other sites
`from being closely adjacent to this cell. Figure 1—5 shows the macrocell.
`
`Page 28 of 399
`
`28
`
`Page 28 of 399
`
`

`

`Introduction to GSM
`
`figure 1-5
`The macrocell.
`,,——_—
`
`
`
`Microcells
`
`TheSe cells are used for densely populated areas. By splitting the existing
`areas into smaller cells, the number of channels available and the capacity
`of the cells are increased. The power level ofthe transmitters used in these
`cells is then deuaased, reducing the possibility of interference between
`neighboring cells. Some of the microoells may be as small as .1 to 1 km
`depending on the need. Ofien times the cell splitting will use the reduced
`power and the greater coverage to satisfy hot spots or dead spots in the
`network.
`
`Another need may Well he a below-memofiop cell that satisfies a very
`close-knit group of people or varied users. The pioocell will be in a building.
`and is typically a smaller version of a microcell. The (finances covered with
`a picooell are approadmately .01 to 1 km. These are used in office buildings
`for close in calling, part of a Private Branch Exchange (PBX) or a wireless
`Local Area Network (LAN) application today, A small group of users will
`share this cell because of the close proximity to each other and larger cells
`around. Nanocells also fall into the below/vthe-roofiop domain where the dis-
`tances for this type of cell are from .01 to .001 km. These are just smaller
`and smaller segments that are built within a building, as an example Fig-
`ure 1-6 shows a combination of a microcell and ploo