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`––––––––––
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`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
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`––––––––––
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`NETFLIX, INC.,
`Petitioner,
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`v.
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`REALTIME ADAPTIVE STREAMING LLC,
`Patent Owner.
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`––––––––––
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`Case No. IPR2018-01630
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`Patent 9,769,477
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`––––––––––
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`PETITION FOR INTER PARTES REVIEW
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`OF U.S. PATENT NO. 9,769,477
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`IPR2018-01630 Petition
`U.S. Patent No. 9,769,477
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`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1
`Grounds for Standing ....................................................................................... 2
`Identification of Challenge .............................................................................. 2
`Priority ................................................................................................... 2
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`Prior Art ................................................................................................. 2
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`Statutory Grounds.................................................................................. 4
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`Petition is Not Redundant ..................................................................... 4
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`’477 Patent ....................................................................................................... 5
`Claim Construction .......................................................................................... 6
`Level of Ordinary Skill ......................................................................... 7
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`Claim Terms .......................................................................................... 7
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`1. “asymmetric data compression encoder[s]” ..................................... 7
`2. “data blocks” .................................................................................... 8
`3. “video or image data profile” .........................................................10
` Prior Art .........................................................................................................11
` Overview of Imai (Ex. 1005) ..............................................................11
`Overview of Pauls (Ex. 1007) .............................................................13
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`Overview of Dawson (Ex. 1025).........................................................15
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` Overview of Lai (Ex. 1016) ................................................................17
` Challenged Claims .........................................................................................19
` Ground 1: Claims 15-19, 28, and 29 are Obvious in view of Imai
`and Pauls ..............................................................................................19
`1. Motivation to Combine Imai and Pauls .........................................19
`2. Dependent Claims 15, 16, and 28 ..................................................20
`3. Dependent Claim 17 .......................................................................46
`4. Dependent Claims 18, 19, and 29 ..................................................49
`Ground 2: Claims 7 and 23 of the ’477 Patent are Obvious in View
`of Imai, Pauls, and Dawson. ................................................................54
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`1. Motivation to Combine Imai, Pauls, and Dawson .........................54
`2. Dependent Claims 7 and 23 ...........................................................57
`Ground 3: Claims 8 and 24 of the ’477 Patent are Obvious in view
`of Imai, Pauls, and Lai ........................................................................61
`1. Motivation to Combine Imai, Pauls, and Lai .................................61
`2. Dependent Claims 8 and 24 ...........................................................65
` Conclusion .....................................................................................................70
` Mandatory Notices and Fees .........................................................................71
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`EXHIBIT LIST
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`Exhibit No.
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`Description
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`IPR2018-01630 Petition
`U.S. Patent No. 9,769,477
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`1001
`1002
`1003
`1004
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`1005
`1006
`1007
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`1008
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`1009
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`1010
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`1011
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`1012
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`1013
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`1014
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`1015
`1016
`1017
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`1018
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`1019
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`U.S. Patent No. 9,769,477 to Fallon et al. (“the ’477 Patent”)
`Prosecution File History for the ’477 Patent
`Declaration of Dr. James A. Storer
`Japanese Patent Application Publication No. H11331305 to Imai
`et al. (“Imai”)
`Certified English Translation of Imai
`U.S. Patent No. 6,507,611 to Imai et al. (“Imai ’611”)
`European Patent Application Publication No. EP0905939A2 to
`Pauls et al. (“Pauls”)
`Excerpt from William Pennebaker et al., JPEG Still Image Data
`Compression Standard (Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993)
`Andreas Spanias et al., Audio Signal Processing and Coding
`(John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007)
`Raymond Westwater et al., Real-Time Video Compression
`Techniques and Algorithms (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997)
`David Salomon, A Guide to Data Compression Methods
`(Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 2002)
`Le Gall, MPEG: A Video Compression Standard for Multimedia
`Applications (April 1991)
`Memorandum Opinion and Order, Realtime Data, LLC v.
`Rackspace US, Inc. et al., No. 6:16-CV-00961, Dkt. 183
`(E.D. Tex. June 14, 2017)
`Memorandum Opinion and Order, Realtime Data, LLC v. Actian
`Corp. et al., No. 6:15-CV-00463, Dkt. 362 (E.D. Tex. July 28,
`2016)
`U.S. Patent No. 5,873,065 to Akagiri et al.
`U.S. Patent No. 6,407,680 to Lai et al. (“Lai”)
`Notice of Interested Parties, Realtime Adaptive Streaming, LLC
`v. Hulu LLC, No. 2:17-CV-07611, Dkt. 18 (C.D. Cal. October
`24, 2017)
`Mark Nelson, The Data Compression Book, M&T Books, 1991
`(“Nelson”)
`J. Golston, Comparing Media Codecs for Video Content,
`Embedded Systems Conference, San Francisco, 2004
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`Exhibit No.
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`Description
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`IPR2018-01630 Petition
`U.S. Patent No. 9,769,477
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`1020
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`1021
`1022
`1023
`1024
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`1025
`1026
`1027
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`International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication
`Standardization Sector Recommendation H.263 (February 1998)
`(H.263 Standard)
`U.S. Patent No. 6,195,024 to Fallon
`International PCT Application Publication WO 00/51243 to Park
`Declaration of Dr. Sylvia Hall-Ellis
`Report and Recommendation of U.S. Magistrate Judge, Realtime
`Data, LLC v. Packeteer, Inc., Case No. 6:08-CV-144, Dkt. 379
`(E.D. Tex. June 23, 2009)
`U.S. Patent No. 5,553,160 to Dawson
`Prosecution File History for Lai
`Intel Corp., 1994 Annual Report (1994)
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`INTRODUCTION
`Petitioner Netflix, Inc. requests inter partes review of Claims 7, 8, 15-19,
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`23, 24, 28, and 29 of U.S. Patent No. 9,769,477 (Ex. 1001). The challenged claims
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`of the ’477 Patent claim known compression concepts, specifically, selection of
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`compression encoders based upon parameters such as
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`throughput of a
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`communications channel, resolution and input data transmission rate, combined
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`with the use of asymmetric data compression encoders.
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`Prior art, including the Imai and Pauls references, taught selecting data
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`compression encoders (including asymmetric encoders) based on throughput no
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`later than 1999, well before the ’477 Patent was filed in 2001. Imai’s data
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`transmission system selects asymmetric compression algorithms based on a
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`determined
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`throughput of
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`the
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`transmission channel.
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` Pauls’ adaptive
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`communication data formatting system also accounts for the nature and speed of
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`the network in selecting from a variety of asymmetric video transcoders. Both
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`references teach selecting asymmetric compression algorithms for use. Moreover,
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`arithmetic encoders, like the one standardized as part of the H.263 standard taught
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`by Pauls, were already known in the art by 2001. The Dawson and Lai references
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`provide additional teachings regarding the well-known concepts of selecting an
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`encoder based on parameters of input data, such as resolution and data
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`transmission rate. The challenged claims are rendered obvious by the combination
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`of Imai and Pauls alone, or in further combination with either Dawson or Lai.
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` GROUNDS FOR STANDING
`Petitioner certifies that the ’477 Patent is eligible for inter partes review and
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`that it is not barred or estopped from requesting this inter partes review.
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`IDENTIFICATION OF CHALLENGE
`Priority
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`The ’477 Patent issued from Application No. 14/876,276, and claims priority
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`to Provisional Patent Application No. 60/268,394, which was filed February 13,
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`2001. Petitioner is not aware of any claim by the Patent Owner that the ’477
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`Patent is entitled to an earlier priority date.
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`Prior Art1
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`Exhibit 1004 – Japanese Patent Application Publication No. H11331305
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`(“Imai”) is prior art under at least pre-AIA §§102(a) and (b) because it published
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`November 30, 1999, which is over one year before the ’477 Patent’s earliest
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`priority date. See §VI.A. (Exhibit 1005 – certified English translation of Imai);
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`1 Because each claim of the ’477 Patent claims priority to an application filed
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`before March 16, 2013, pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. §102 applies. MPEP §2159.02.
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`(Exhibit 1006 – U.S. Patent No. 6,507,611 (“the Imai ’611 Patent”) is the U.S.
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`sibling of Imai).2
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`Exhibit 1007 – U.S. Patent No. 6,920,150 (“Pauls”) is prior art under at least
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`pre-AIA §102 (e). See §VI.B.
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`Exhibit 1025 – U.S. Patent No. 5,553,160 (“Dawson”) is prior art under at
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`least pre-AIA §102(a), (b), and (e). See §VI.C.
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`Exhibit 1016 – U.S. Patent No. 6,407,680 (“Lai”) is prior art under at least
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`pre-AIA §102(e) because it was filed December 22, 2000, which is before the ’477
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`Patent’s earlier priority date. See §VI.D.
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`Imai, Pauls, and Lai were neither cited to nor considered during prosecution
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`of the ’477 Patent. Ex. 1001; see generally, Ex. 1002. Dawson was only
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`referenced in an Information Disclosure Statement (“IDS”) submitted October 30,
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`2015 that listed 624 different U.S. Patent Documents, 962 different non-patent
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`literature documents, and 27 Foreign Patent Documents. Ex. 1002 at 175, 192.
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`2 The Imai ’611 Patent (Ex. 1006) claims priority to Imai and contains
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`substantively identical figures and disclosures.
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`Statutory Grounds
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`Petitioner requests inter partes review on the following grounds:
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`Ground
`No.
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`References
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`Statutory Basis
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`Claims
`Challenged
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`1
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`2
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`3
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`Imai (Ex. 1005)
`Pauls (Ex. 1007)
`Imai (Ex. 1005)
`Pauls (Ex. 1007)
`Dawson (Ex. 1025)
`Imai (Ex. 1005)
`Pauls (Ex. 1007)
`Lai (Ex. 1016)
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`Obviousness (§103)
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`15-19, 28, 29
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`Obviousness (§103)
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`7, 23
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`Obviousness (§103)
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`8, 24
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`Petition is Not Redundant
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`The factors identified in General Plastic Industrial Co., Ltd. v. Canon
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`Kabushiki Kaisha, IPR2016-01357, Paper 19 (P.T.A.B. Sept. 6, 2017), do not
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`provide a basis for denying institution of this petition. This is the first petition
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`challenging these claims of the ’477 Patent by this Petitioner, and no patent owner
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`preliminary response or institution decision has been filed in any proceeding
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`challenging the ’477 Patent. The only other petition3 challenging these claims,
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`which was filed by another party, does not request review under any grounds that
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`implicate Imai, which is the base reference for every ground asserted here. Finally,
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`3 Sony and Polycom filed a petition for inter partes review challenging Claims 1-
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`29 of the ’477 Patent on July 31, 2018. See IPR2018-01413.
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`Petitioner is unaware of any reason that the Board would be unable to timely issue
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`a final written decision on this petition.
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`’477 PATENT
`The ’477 Patent is directed to “compressing and decompressing data based
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`on the actual or expected throughput (bandwidth) of a system employing data
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`compression.” Ex. 1001 at 9:27–31. The ’477 Patent states that “dynamic
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`modification of compression system parameters so as to provide an optimal
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`balance between execution speed of the algorithm (compression rate) and the
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`resulting compression ratio, is highly desirable.” Id. at 1:64–67.
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`The ’477 Patent purports to solve “bottlenecks” in the throughput of a
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`system by switching between different compression algorithms applied to data. Id.
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`at 10:3–8. The ’477 Patent notes that asymmetric algorithms provide “a high
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`compression ratio (to effectively increase the storage capacity of the hard disk) and
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`fast data access (to effectively increase the retrieval rate from the hard disk).” Id.
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`at 13:39–45. On the other hand, symmetric routines “compris[e] a fast
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`compression routine.” Id. at 14:40–43. In one embodiment, a controller “tracks
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`and monitors the throughput . . . of the data compression system 12.” Id. at 10:54–
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`57. When the throughput of the system falls below a predetermined threshold, the
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`system generates control signals
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`to enable/disable different compression
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`algorithms. Id. at 10:55–58.
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`The ’477 Patent describes different “popular compression techniques” that
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`were known in the prior art. Ex. 1001 at 5:11. Specifically, the ’477 Patent admits
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`that arithmetic compression was known and that arithmetic coding was a “popular
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`compression technique [that] possesses the highest degree of algorithmic
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`effectiveness.” Id. at 5:11–12. However, the ‘477 Patent does not teach how to
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`select algorithms based upon resolution or data transmission rate. Ex. 1003 at 80.
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`Petitioner is not aware of any objective evidence of non-obviousness for the
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`challenged claims of the ’477 Patent.
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` CLAIM CONSTRUCTION
`To the extent the Applicant has defined a claim term in the specification,
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`Petitioner has used that definition. For the purpose of deciding the grounds of
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`invalidity presented by this petition,4 the following terms should be construed:
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`“asymmetric data compression encoder[s],” “data blocks,” and “video or image
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`data profile.”
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`4 None of the claim construction issues that are necessary to resolve the invalidity
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`grounds presented by this petition differ based upon the application of broadest
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`reasonable
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`interpretation versus
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`the district court-type claim construction
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`standards. Ex. 1003 at 87.
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` Level of Ordinary Skill
`A person of ordinary skill in the art (“POSITA”) as of February 13, 2001
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`would have a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering, computer science, or a
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`similar field with at least two years of experience in data compression or a person
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`with a master’s degree in electrical engineering, computer science, or a similar
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`field with a specialization in data compression. Ex. 1003 at 65. A person with less
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`education but more relevant practical experience may also meet this standard. Id.
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` Claim Terms
`“asymmetric data compression encoder[s]”
`1.
`A POSITA would have understood that the term “asymmetric data
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`compression encoder(s)” means “an encoder(s) configured to utilize a compression
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`algorithm in which the execution time for the compression and decompression
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`routines differ significantly” in view of the specification. See Ex. 1003 at 88–89.
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`Although the ’477 Patent does not describe an “asymmetric data compression
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`encoder,” it provides an express definition for an “asymmetrical data compression
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`algorithm.” The ’477 Patent states “[a]n asymmetrical data compression algorithm
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`is referred to herein as one in which the execution time for the compression and
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`decompression routines differ significantly.” See, e.g., Ex. 1001 at 10:12–23.
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`Moreover, the specification gives examples of asymmetric and symmetric
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`algorithms, stating that “dictionary-based compression schemes such as Lempel-
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`Ziv” are asymmetric, while “table-based compression schemes such as Huffman”
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`are symmetric. Ex. 1001 at 10:19–20, 10:24–25.
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`Accordingly, the Board should find that “asymmetric data compression
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`encoder(s)” means “an encoder(s) configured to utilize a compression algorithm in
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`which the execution time for compression and decompression differ significantly.”
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`Ex. 1003 at 88–89.
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`“data blocks”
`2.
`A POSITA would have understood that “data block,” in the context of the
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`specification, means “a unit of data comprising more than one bit.” See Ex. 1003
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`at 90–93. First, “data block” is used consistently in the claims to refer to a unit of
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`data that is compressed by a compression algorithm. Ex. 1001 at 20:57–22:63, cls.
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`1, 9, 19, and 25. The specification further explains that “[d]ata compression is
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`widely used to reduce the amount of data required to process, transmit, or store a
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`given quantity of information,” which indicates that a data block must be a unit
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`large enough for there to be a chance to realize a reduction in size through
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`compression. Ex. 1001 at 2:52–54; Ex. 1003 at 90. The smallest unit of digital
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`data representation is a bit, and the information contained in a single bit cannot be
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`represented through compression with fewer bits. Ex. 1003 at 90. Therefore, a
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`data block must be more than one bit in length so that it can be compressed as
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`claimed. Id.
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`The ’477 patent specification also supports this construction. It describes
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`“block structured disk compression” as operating on blocks of data that are either
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`“fixed” or “variable in size.” Ex. 1001 at 7:19–21. The specification states that
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`data blocks can represent files, and that “[a] single file usually is comprised of
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`multiple blocks, however, a file may be so small as to fit within a single block.”
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`Id. at 7:21–23. Also, the specification goes on to discuss the pros and cons of
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`smaller and larger data block sizes. Id. at 7:25–39.
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`The ’477 Patent incorporates by reference U.S. Patent No. 6,195,024 which
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`uses the term “data block” in a consistent manner:
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`It is to be understood that the system processes the input
`data streams in data blocks that may range in size from
`individual bits through complete files or collections of
`multiple files. Additionally, the data block size may be
`fixed or variable. The counter module [] counts the size
`of each input data block (i.e., the data block size is
`counted in bits, bytes, words, any convenient data
`multiple or metric.
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`Ex. 1021 at 7:9–15. In district court proceedings, the Patent Owner5 has twice
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`stipulated to a similar construction of this term. Ex. 1013 at 34; Ex. 1014 at 40
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`5 The entity in those proceeding is Realtime Data, LLC rather than Realtime
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`Adaptive Streaming LLC, the Patent Owner here. Ex. 1017.
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`(both evidencing Patent Owner’s agreement that “data block” means “a single unit
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`of data, which may range in size from individual bits through complete files or
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`collection of multiple files”). Thus, the Patent Owner’s use of the term in litigation
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`supports Petitioner’s construction.
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`“video or image data profile”
`3.
`A POSITA would have understood that “video or image data profile” means
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`“information used to determine which compression algorithm should be used for a
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`video or image data type.” Ex. 1003 at 94. The ’477 Patent states that “[t]he
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`controller 11 utilizes information comprising a plurality of data profiles 15 to
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`determine which compression algorithms should be used by the data compression
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`system 12.” Ex. 1001 at 11:24-27. Consistent with this passage, the ’477 Patent
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`describes that, in a preferred embodiment, “data profiles” can comprise
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`“information regarding predetermined access profiles of different data sets, which
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`enables the controller [] to select a suitable compression algorithm based on the
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`data type.” Ex. 1001 at 11:49-52. In one example, a data profile “may comprise a
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`map that associates different data types (based on, e.g., a file extension) with
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`preferred [] compression algorithms 13.” Id. at 11:53–12:1. While the
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`specification does not mention a “video or image data profile,” a POSITA would
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`have understood this phrase to mean a data profile that includes information about
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`one or more video or image data types, and therefore, in the context of the claims,
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`that the phrase would mean “information used to determine which compression
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`algorithm should be used for a video or image data type.” Ex. 1003 at 94.
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` PRIOR ART
` Overview of Imai (Ex. 1005)
`Imai is a published Japanese Patent Application. Ex. 1005. Imai is directed
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`to encoding digital data for transmission over a network using real-time
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`decompression and reproduction at a client by selecting an appropriate encoder,
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`from a plurality, based on various factors including the detected throughput of a
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`network. Ex. 1005 at [0001], [0005], [0067]–[0068], [0100]–[0101], Solution
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`means. After receiving a request for digital data from a client, Imai’s “frame
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`cutting circuit” cuts the requested digital data into “units of frame” having a length
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`that is suitable for coding or for transmission on a network. Ex. 1005 at [0130],
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`[0066]. Imai’s “units of frame” are units of data bits or digital data blocks on
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`which Imai’s compression and transmission system operates. Ex. 1003 at 97.
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`Switch 52 supplies each individual digital data “frame” output from the frame
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`cutting circuit to a selected one of a plurality of available encoders 531 to 53N.
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`Ex. 1005 at [0066]. Selection instructing unit 55 selects an appropriate “one from
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`a plurality of coding methods corresponding to the encoders 531 to 53N . . . and
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`then instructs the encoding selecting circuit 56 to select the decided coding
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`method.” Ex. 1005 at [0070]. Imai’s encoders are configured to utilize
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`asymmetric compression algorithms including the MPEG audio layers 1, 2, and 3.
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`Ex. 1005 at [0067]; see Ex. 1010 at 7 (stating that MPEG layer 3 is an asymmetric
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`compression algorithm); Ex. 1003 at 98.
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`Imai’s “selection instructing unit” analyzes various factors to decide which
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`compression algorithm to select and apply to each individual data frame. For
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`example, Imai teaches assessing client processing ability by analyzing the client’s
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`processing of “dummy data packets” to determine client resources that are
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`“employed for [] other process[es]” and resources that are available. Ex. 1005 at
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`[0099]–[0100]. Imai’s selection instructing unit also determines characteristics of
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`the uncompressed data and selects a compression algorithm accordingly. Ex. 1005
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`at [0102]. The selection instructing unit accounts for these variations in selecting a
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`suitable coding method. Ex. 1005 at [0102]. Imai additionally describes a detailed
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`process for deriving a transmission rate of a network communication channel by
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`timing the transmission and receipt of data packets between the client and server.
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`Ex. 1005 at [0149]–[0150].
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`While some of Imai’s embodiments are directed to audio coding, Imai
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`explains that its “invention is also applicable to other signals such as video signals,
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`other types of time series signals . . . .” Ex. 1005 at [0172]. Thus, Imai’s teachings
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`are not limited to audio, but apply more generally to selecting and applying various
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`encoders based on specific data parameters, regardless of the target data set for
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`each underlying algorithm (e.g., audio or voice). Ex. 1003 at 101. It would have
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`been well-known to a POSITA at the relevant time that audio, video, and image
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`compression techniques were related, and it would have been common for a
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`POSITA to consult and utilize teachings from these related data types, even
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`without Imai’s explicit suggestion to do so. Id.
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` Overview of Pauls (Ex. 1007)
`Pauls is a European Patent Application Publication that published in 1999
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`and was assigned to Lucent Technologies. Pauls is directed to “improving data
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`transfer performance over communications networks connecting data networks and
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`users using adaptive communications formatting.” Ex. 1007 at Abstract. Pauls
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`explains that adaptive communications formatting involves “encoding (or
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`compressing)” data to “reduce the amount of data being transmitted” using
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`“transcoding techniques.” Ex. 1007 at [0003]. Like Imai, Pauls teaches selecting
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`one from a plurality of encoders based on various data parameters, such as the
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`throughput of a communication channel. Pauls has extensive teachings on
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`selecting between different asymmetric video encoders. Ex. 1007 at [0009]–
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`[0010], [0012], FIG. 3.
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`Pauls teaches that the particular transcoders applied are selected based upon
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`factors such as the “nature of the communications network,” the type of data being
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`transmitted, and the preferences of the user. See Ex. 1007 at [0003]. For the
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`nature of the communications network, Pauls teaches a relevant factor is “the
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`available bandwidth” and the “bit rate” of the network. Id. at [0013].
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`Pauls teaches that a system may have more than one video/image transcoder.
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`See Ex. 1007 at FIG. 3. Pauls explains that different transcoders are more effective
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`than others for particular data types. Id. at [0017]. For example, Pauls teaches that
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`the input video may be in an MPEG or MPEG2 format, and that H.263 may be an
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`effective transcoding technique. Id. at [0017], [0024], FIG. 5. Furthermore, H.263
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`had the option of forming the compressed video data using an arithmetic
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`compression algorithm. Ex. 1020 at 69–76; Ex. 1003 at 104.
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`In one embodiment, Pauls teaches that “[t]he communication network 16
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`connects the user 14 to the access server 20 . . . [and u]pon connecting to the
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`access server 20, the user 14 can retrieve data from the host 22.” Ex. 1007 at
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`[0006]. Pauls teaches “[t]he data (or file) is retrieved via a bitstream from the host
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`22 to the access server 20 to the user 14.” Id. at [0008]. Pauls teaches that “[a]t
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`the access server 20, the data is formatted using a mixture of transcoding
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`techniques and error control schemes to facilitate data transmission within
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`acceptable quality levels.” Id. at [0008].
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` Overview of Dawson (Ex. 1025)
`Dawson is a U.S. Patent that issued to Intel in 1996. Dawson teaches
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`“dynamically select[ing] an image compression process for an image” to be
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`transmitted or stored. Ex. 1025 at [Abstract]. Dawson teaches selecting between a
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`lossless compression algorithm, such as LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch), or a lossy
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`compression algorithm, such as JPEG, to compress image data based on the
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`estimated “entropy of the image.” Id. at 10:23-27, 12:17-22. Dawson first
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`determines whether the input image size, or resolution, is less than a predetermined
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`value. Id. at 9:57-59. Dawson determines the “size” of the image by “multiplying
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`the screen resolution of the image by the color resolution of the image. The screen
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`resolution of the image refers to the number of pixels which comprise the image.”
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`Id. at 9:60-63. Dawson teaches using the image resolution, color resolution, and a
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`compression ratio of a sample of the image in deciding whether to compress with
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`lossless or lossy compression. Id. at 9:55-10:22, FIG. 4.
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` Overview of Lai (Ex. 1016)
`Lai is a U.S. Patent that was filed in 2000. Lai teaches a “media transcoding
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`system” for “on-demand transcoding of media content” that “expedites the
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`publishing process for media content providers by allowing them to publish media
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`content without first employing off-line encoding services” and thereby decreases
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`publishing costs and delay for content providers. Ex. 1016 at 2:65, 3:35-36, 4:36-
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`45. Lai teaches a media transcoding engine 106 that acts as an “intermediate”
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`between the content provider and the content viewer by “selecting one of a
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`plurality of transcoders for transcoding from a plurality of source types to a
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`plurality of destination types based on the source type and the destination type.”
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`Id. at 7:39-41, 3:3-6. Specifically, the media transcoding engine receives requests
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`for media content from the viewer and obtains the requested content from the
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`content provider. Id. at 7:39-41. “The media transcoding engine 106 then
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`transcodes the media received from the content provider 104 from a source type to
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`a destination type that can be accommodated by the viewer client 102 and delivers
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`the transcoded media content to the viewer.” Id. at 7:39-49. The “source type” and
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`“destination type” are defined according to “publishing variables” that “may be the
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`file format of the media content, the bit-rate of the media content, the compression
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`algorithm according to which the media content is stored, the communication
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`protocol according to which the media content is transferred, or the physical
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`medium on which the media content is stored.” Id. at 4:1-11. Lai teaches that its
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`transcoding engine may
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`further
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`identify an “optimal” destination
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`type
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`configuration for a client that “may be updated periodically in case of network
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`condition changes between the viewer client 102 and the network 108 (e.g., change
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`of Internet Service Provider, or change of connection speed).” Id. at 9:38-43.
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` CHALLENGED CLAIMS
` Ground 1: Claims 15-19, 28, and 29 are Obvious in view of Imai
`and Pauls
`The combination of Imai and Pauls renders obvious Claims 15-19, 28, and
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`29. Ex. 1003 at 112.
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`1. Motivation to Combine Imai and Pauls
`A POSITA would have many motivations to combine Imai and Pauls. Ex.
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`1003 at 114–123. Both references are used for the same purpose: encoding data at
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`a server for transmission to a client over a distributed network such as the Internet.
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`They both teach encoding data using encoding methods that achieve data
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`compression using asymmetric techniques. See §§VI.A, VI.B, VII.A.2, 1[a]. Also,
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`both references choose an encoding method based upon the type of data being
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`transmitted. §§VII.A.2, 1[d]-[e]. Further, both teach choosing the encoding
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`method based upon a throughout of the communications channel connecting the
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`client. §§VII.A.2, 1[d]-[e]. Imai and Pauls discuss implementing their inventions
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`on known computer systems. Ex. 1003 at 116; Ex. 1005 at [0052]–[0057]; Ex.
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`1007 at [0005].
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`While Imai discusses audio signals and data at length, Imai notes that its
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`teachings are “also applicable to other signals such as video signals, other types of
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`time series signals, and signals being not in time series.” Ex. 1005 at [0172]. As
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`Imai applies its teachings to video encoding, a POSITA would logically look
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`towards other prior art references involving data encoding and video encoding
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`techniques to create a video encoding and transmission system. One such prior art
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`reference is Pauls, which includes extensive teachings specific to video. See, e.g.,
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`Ex. 1007 at [0017]–[0019].
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`A POSITA would thus have been motivated to combine the systems of Imai
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`and Pauls to utilize the numerous video and image data compression encoders of
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`Pauls to enable video compression in Imai’s system. Ex.