Computer Reference
`
`Micresoftt Press
`
`Patent Owner Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe
`Ex. 2026, p. 1
`
`

`

`“Today’s culture is computerized, and
`computerized culture m e a n s continuous
`vocabulary updates. The Microsoft
`Press Computer Dictionary i s the
`perfect way to clear up a puzzling word
`o r phrase in computerculture.”
`Michael Heim, Ph.D.,
`
`Language (1987) and
`Virtual Realism (1997)
`
`Microsoft Press publishes quality end-
`user training, reference, and technical
`information books a n d i n t e r a c t i v e
`products that m a k e using M i c ro s o f t ’
`software easier, m o r e enjoyable, a n d
`m o r e productive-to help you s t a r t
`faster a n d go farther with Microsoft
`technology.
`
`V i s i t t h e M i c r o s o f t P r e s s Web s i t e
`mspress.microsoft.com
`
`a t
`
`MS_SRC-SRMT_0441674
`
`Patent Owner Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe
`Ex. 2026, p. 2
`
`

`

`CorD i c t i o n a r y
`
`Third Edition
`
`Micresoft Press
`
`MS_SRC-SRMT_0441675
`
`Patent Owner Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe
`Ex. 2026, p. 3
`
`

`

`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`Copyright © 1997 by Microsoft Corporation
`All rights reserved. Nop a r t of the contents of this book may be reproduced o r transmitted
`in any form or by any m e a n s without t h e written permission of the publisher.
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data pending.
`ISBN 1-57231-743-4
`
`Printed and bound i n
`
`the United States of America.
`
`1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
`
`QMQM 2 1 0 9 8 7
`Distributed to the book trade in Canada by Macmillan of Canada, a division of Canada
`Publishing Corporation.
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further
`information about international editions, contact your l o c a l Microsoft Corporation office. Or
`contact Microsoft Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit o u r Web site at
`mspress.microsoft.com.
`
`Macintosh, Power Macintosh, QuickTime, and TrueType fonts a r e registered trademarks of
`Apple Computer, I n c .
`Intel is a registered trademark of I n t e l Corporation. DirectInput, DirectX,
`Microsoft, Microsoft Press, MS-DOS, V i s u a l Basic, Visual C++, Win32, Win32s, Windows,
`Windows NT, and X E N I X a r e registered trademarks and ActiveMovie, ActiveX, and Visual
`J++ a r e trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Java is a trademark of Sun Microsystems,
`Inc.
`Other product and company n a m e s mentioned h e r e i n may bet h e trademarks of t h e i r respec-_
`tive o w n e r s .
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Kim Fryer
`Project Editors: Maureen Williams Zimmerman, Anne Taussig
`Technical Editors: Dail Magee J r. , Gary Nelson, Jean Ross, Jim Fuchs, John Conrow,
`Kurt Meyer, Robert Lyon, Roslyn Lutsch
`
`MS_SRC-SRMT_0441676
`
`Patent Owner Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe
`Ex. 2026, p. 4
`
`

`

`C o n t e n t s
`
`Introduction
`
`W
`
`Dictionary
`of Computer Terms
`i
`
`A S C I I Character Set
`B 2 0
`
`4
`
`I B M E x t e n d e d Character Set
`
`A p p e n d i x
`
`C
`
`Apple Macintosh Extended Character Set
`
`D a k
`
`E B C D I C Character Set
`
`A p p e n d i x E
`
`N u m e r i c Equivalents
`
`MS_SRC-SRMT_0441677
`
`Patent Owner Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe
`Ex. 2026, p. 5
`
`

`

`a c c o u n t policy
`
`A c t i v e F r a m e w o r k
`
`used punched cards and wires arranged in plug-
`board panels. 2. A computeri n which a n a c c o u n t -
`the
`ing software package s t a r t s up w h e n ev e r
`machine is turned on,
`the computer thus becom-
`ing a dedicated machine with accounting a s
`its
`sole function.
`1. O n local
`a c c o u n t policy \a-kount”
`a r e a networks and multi-user operating systems, a
`set of rules governing whether a
`is
`n e w
`u s e r
`allowed a c c e s s
`the system and whether
`t o
`a n
`existing user’s rights a r e expanded t o include addi-
`A n account policy also
`tional system r e s o u r c e s .
`generally states the rules with which t h e u s e r must
`comply while using the system in order to m a i n -
`tain a c c e s s privileges. 2.
`I n Windows NT, a set of
`rules controlling the u s e of passwords by the u s e r
`of a domain o r of a n individual
`a c c o u n t s
`c o m -
`puter. See also domain (definition 2).
`1 . See Association o f C and C + +
`ACCU
`Users.
`a c c u mu l a t o r
`register
`n .
`used for logic o r arithmetic, usually to c o u n t
`items
`o r accumulate a s u m .
`The degree to which
`accuracy
`the result of a calculation o r m e a s u r e m e n t
`approx-
`imates the t r u e value. Compare precision (defini-
`t i o n 1).
`Acronym for Andy, Charles,
`ACIS
`Tan’s System. A n object-oriented geometric mod-
`eling toolkit designed for
`“geometry
`u s e
`as
`a
`engine” within 3-D modeling applications. ACIS
`provides a n
`for
`open architecture framework
`wire-frame, surface, and solid modeling from a
`c o m m o n , unified data structure. AC I S
`is gener-
`ally considered the de facto standard for solids
`modeling. ACTS is developed by Spatial Technol-
`ogy, Inc.
`for acknowledgment. A m e s -
`\ a k \
`72. Short
`AC K
`sage sent by the receiving unit to the sending s t a -
`t i o n o r computer indicating either that the unit
`is
`ready to r e c e i v e t r a n s m i s s i o n o r that a
`transmis-
`sion w a s received without e r r o r.
`ACL
`See a c c e s s
`control l i s t .
`n . See A s s o c i a t i o n for Computing
`AC M
`Machinery.
`acoustic coupler
`2 . A c o m -
`munications device with a built-in insulated cradle
`i n t o which a telephone handset i s
`fitted to estab-
`
`N A K .
`
`1. S e e s t a t e -
`
`stat mant\
`
`lish a connection between sending and receiving
`computers. See also modem.
`A c r o b a t
`n , A commercial program
`converts a fully formatted docu-
`from Adobet h a t
`m e n t created o n a Windows, Macintosh, MS-DOS,
`o r U N I X platform into a Portable Document For-
`(PDF) file that c a n be viewed o n several dif-
`m a t
`ferent platforms. Acrobat enables u s e r s
`to send
`typefaces,
`documents
`contain distinctive
`that
`color, graphics, and photographs electronically to
`recipients, regardless of the application used t o
`c r e a t e the originals. Recipients need the Acrobat
`reader, which is available free, to view the f i l e s .
`A word derived from the
`a c r o n y m
`first
`letters o r groups of
`letters in a multiword
`descriptive n o u n
`o r other expression, often s e r v -
`ing a s a mnemonic, such a s R A M (random a c c e s s
`(automatically
`memory)
`and AUTOEXEC.BAT
`executed batch file).
`n. See Association Control Service
`ACSE
`Element.
`a c t i o n s t a t e m e n t
`m e n t .
`a c t i va t i o n record
`2 . A
`represents the state of s o m e
`data s t r u c t u r e
`that
`c o n s t r u c t Guch as a procedure,
`function, block,
`expression, o r module) of a running program. A n
`activation record is useful for the r u n - t i m e m a n -
`agement of both data and sequencing. See also
`data structure.
`active \ak‘tiv\ adj. Pertaining to the device, pro-
`gram, file, o r portion of the s c r e e n
`thati s currently
`operational o r subject
`t o command operations.
`Usually the c u r s o r o r a highlighted s e c t i o n shows
`the active element o n the display s c r e e n ,
`7 . The highlighted cell o n
`active cell
`a spreadsheet display that
`focus of
`is the c u r r e n t
`operation. See the illustration. Also called c u r r e n t
`cell, selected cell. See also range.
`. Material o n
`active c o n t e n t
`\ak t i v kon‘tent\
`a
`Web page t h a t changes o n the s c r e e n with time o r
`imple-
`u s e r action. Active content i s
`in responset o
`mented through ActiveX controls. See also A c t i v e X
`controls.
`7 . The file affected by a c u r -
`active file \ak t i v
`r e n t command-typically a data file.
`Active F r a m e w o r k fo r D a t a Warehousing
`tiv fram*work fer
`
`MS_SRC-SRMT_0441697
`
`Patent Owner Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe
`Ex. 2026, p. 6
`
`

`

`eks-
`
`dition is true. See also Boolean expression, condi-
`tional statement.
`conditional branch \kon-dish’s-nal_
`n .
`I n a program, a branch instruction that o c c u r s when
`condition code i s true or false, The t e r m
`a
`is normally used in relation to low-level languages.
`See also branch instruction, condition code.
`conditional compilation
`pa-la’shan\ n . Selective compilation o r translation
`of s o u r c e codeo f
`a program based o n cer tain c o n -
`ditions orflags; for example, sections of a program
`specified by the programmer might be compiled
`only if a DEBUG flag has been defined at compi-
`lation time. See also comment o u t .
`conditional expression
`See Boolean expression,
`conditional jump
`2. I n a
`program, a jump instruction that o c c u r s when a
`patticular condition code is true o r false. The t e r m
`is normally usedi n
`relation t o low-level languages.
`See also condition code, jump instruction.
`conditional
`statement
`moant\ 1 . A programming-language statement t h a t
`selects a n execution path based o n whether s o m e
`condition is true or f a l s e (for example, the IF state-
`ment).
`See also
`statement, conditional,
`c a s e
`IF statement, s t a t e m e n t ,
`conditional transfer
`trans‘far\
`A transfer of the flow of execution to a given loca-
`tion in a program based o n whether or n o t
`a par-
`ticular condition is true. The t e r m is usually used
`in relation to high-level languages. See also condi-
`tional statement.
`condition code \kan-dish’on
`7 , One of a
`s e t of bits that a r e s e t o n C1, o r
`true) o r off (0, o r
`false) a s
`the result of previous machine instruc-
`tions. The t e r m is used primarily in assembly o r
`machine language situations. Condition codes a r e
`hardware-specific but usually include carry, o v e r -
`flow,
`result, and negative result codes. See
`z e r o
`also conditional branch.
`conditioning \kon-dish
`n . The u s e of
`special equipment to improve the ability of a c o m -
`munications line to transmit data. Conditioning
`controls o r compensates for signal attenuation,
`noise, and distortion. It c a n be used only o n leased
`lines, where the path from sending to receiving
`computer is known in advance.
`
`c o n d u c t o r
`A substance that
`conducts electricity well. Metals a r e good conduc-
`tors, with silver and gold being a m o n g t h e best.
`The most commonly used conductor i s
`copper.
`Compare insulator, semiconductor.
`C o n fe r e n c e
`Data
`Systems
`o n
`si-stamz
`
`Languages
`
`o n
`
`kon‘frons,
`CONFIG.SYS
`n . A special
`file that controls certain aspects of operating-
`text
`system behavior in MS-DOS and
`Commands
`in the CONFIG.SYS f i l e
`enable o r disable system.
`features, set limits o n
`(for example, the
`r e s o u r c e s
`maximum number of open files), and extend the
`operating system by loading device drivers that
`control hardware specific to a n
`individual c o m -
`puter system.
`configuration
`1.
`In refer-
`to a single microcomputer, the s u m of a sys~-
`e n c e
`tem’s internal and external components, including
`memory, disk drives, keyboard, video, and gener-
`ally less critical
`add-on hardware,
`such as
`mouse, modem, o r
`printer. Software (the operat-
`ing system and various device drivers),
`the user’s
`choices established through configuration files
`such as
`the AUTOEXEC.BAT and COMNFIG.SYS
`files o n IBM PCs and compatibles, and sometimes
`hardware (switches and
`a r e needed to
`“configure the configuration” to work correctly,
`Although system configuration c a n be changed, a s
`by adding m o r e memory o r disk capacity,
`the
`basic structure of
`the system-its architecture-
`remains the s a m e . See also
`CON-
`FIG.SYS. 2,
`In relation to networks,
`the entire
`interconnected s e t of hardware, o r
`the way in
`which a network is laid o u t - t h e m a n n e r
`in which
`elements a r e connected.
`configuration file
`gyar-a’shon
`n . A
`file
`that
`contains machine-readable operating
`specifications for a piece of hardware o r software
`that contains information on another f i l e
`o r o n
`a specific user, such as the uset’s logon I D.
`c o n n e c t charge
`The a m o u n t
`of money a u s e r m u s t pay for connecting to a c o m -
`mercial communications system o r service. Some
`services calculate the c o n n e c t charge a s a flat rate
`per billing period. Others charge a varying rate
`based o n
`the type of s e r v i c e o r
`the a m o u n t of
`
`See
`
`a
`
`o r
`
`MS_SRC-SRMT_0441796
`
`Patent Owner Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe
`Ex. 2026, p. 7
`
`

`

`a
`
`\log
`
`educational
`MIT in 1968. Logo is considered a n
`firms have sought
`language, although s o m e
`to
`make it m o r e widely accepted in the programming
`community. See also LISP, turtle, turtle graphics.
`1 . The process of terminating a s e s -
`logoff
`sion with a computer accessed through a c o m m u -
`nications line. Also called logout.
`a session with a
`\log
`vb. To
`log o f f
`computer accessed through a communications
`line-usually a computer that is b o t h distant and
`open to m a n y u s e rs . Also called log o u t . Compare
`log o n .
`The process of identifying o n e -
`logon
`to a computer after connecting to it o v e r
`self
`communications l i n e . Also called login.
`\log on’\ vb. To identify oneself to a c o m -
`log o n
`puter after connecting to it o v e r a communications
`line. During the procedure, the computer usually
`and password. Also
`requests the user's
`n a m e
`off.
`called log in. Compare
`n . See logoff.
`logout
`vb. See log off.
`log o u t
`Acronym for laughing o u t
`loud. A n
`LOL
`interjection used in e-mail, online forums, and chat
`services to express appreciation of a joke o r other
`humorous o c c u r r e n c e .
`A feature of
`fil‘namz\
`long f i l e n a m e s
`most c u r r e n t PC operating systems, notably W i n -
`that allows a
`dows 95, Windows NT, and
`file, rather
`to assign a plain-text n a m e
`t o
`a
`u s e r
`just a few charac-
`than limiting possible n a m e s t o
`200 characters long,
`c a n be o v e r
`ters. N a m e s
`include upper and lowercase letters, and have
`spaces between characters. Compare8 . 3 .
`long-haul
`adj: Of, pertaining to,
`o r being a type of m o d e m that is able t o transmit
`long distances. Compare short-haul.
`o v e r
`longitudinal redundancy check
`nal
`See L R C .
`n . A general t e r m
`and
`l o o k and f e e l
`referring to the appearance and functionality of
`hardware o r software. The phrase is often used
`comparatively, as i n “Windows N T has the s a m e
`look and feel a s Windows 95.”
`into
`A function, often built
`lookup
`in which a previously c o n -
`spreadsheet programs,
`lookup table is
`structed table of values called a
`a desired -item of
`information. A
`searched for
`
`lossless compression
`
`lookup table consists of r o w s and columns o f d a t a .
`A lookup function examines the table either hori-
`zontally o r vertically and then retrieves the data
`the argument specified a s part
`that corresponds t o
`of the lookup function.
`7 . 1 . A set of statements in a program
`fixed number of
`executed repeatedly, either
`a
`times o r until s o m e condition is true o r false. See
`infinite loop,
`iterative
`also DO loop, F O R loop,
`statement. 2. A pair of wires that r u n s between a
`telephonec e n t r a l office and c u s t o m e r premises.
`vb. To execute a group of statements
`loop*
`repeatedly.
`chek\ 7 . See echo check.
`loop check
`loop configuration \|G0p’
`7 .
`A communications link in which multiple stations
`a r e joined to a communications line that r u n s
`in a
`closed loop. Generally, data sent by ones t a t i o n is
`received and retransmitted in turn by each station
`o n the loop. The process c o n t i n u e s until the data
`final destination. See the illustration.
`reaches i t s
`See also ring network.
`
`Loop configuration.
`
`I n programming, a logical
`loophole
`7 .
`for all possible situations. See
`failure t o a c c o u n t
`also bug (definition 1), logic e r r o r.
`1 . A condition
`loop invariant
`that remains true while a loop iterates.
`7 . See iterative
`loop s t r u c t u r e
`statement.
`lo-res
`Amplifica-
`loss balancing
`t i o n of a signal o r value t o compensate for loss
`during a transmission o r translation of a value.
`lossless compression
`The process of compressing a file such that, after
`being compressed and decompressed, i t matches
`
`adj. See low resolution.
`
`MS_SRC-SRMT_0441973
`
`Patent Owner Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe
`Ex. 2026, p. 8
`
`