Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1032, Cover 1
`
`

`

`ESEEEEEEEEEEEQ?
`
`Marine Biological laboratory Library
`Wands fiule, Mass.
`
`Presented by
`
`?rentice—Hall, Inc.
`1‘4 e";
`1’ (2 fix. C i 'ty
`
`EEEEEEEEEEEEEEBEEEE
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1032, Cover 2
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`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — EX. 1032, Cover 2
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`

`

`.0133m5.
`
`
`
`rDroaaoaHamsag:_=__:_r_:___:_..if;.,,__.,___.______E=3ii1.2:
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`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1032, Cover 3
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`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — EX. 1032, Cover 3
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`

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`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1032, Cover 4
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`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — EX. 1032, Cover 4
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`

`

`GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1032, Cover 5
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`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — EX. 1032, Cover 5
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`

`

`PREXT ICE-HALL (‘I [ICMTSTRY SERIES
`
`WENIELL )1. LATIMICH. Pull, Editor
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1032, Cover 6
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — EX. 1032, Cover 6
`
`

`

`GENERAL
`
`BIOCHED/HSTRY
`
`by
`
`WILLIAM H. PETERSON P11. 1.).
`!'-HU'.’I'-HIS Prufmsur of Hfm'hr'mr'SHy
`[Huh-tutti of
`If isrunsin. ”artisan
`
`FRANK M. STRONG, Pl]. D.
`mem‘sur of Bfm-hrmisfry
`f-rrrfn-ru'n' of
`liuix'rrrn.<iri. Madison
`
`PliliN'l'lCl‘l-HALL,
`
`INC.
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — EX. 1032, Cover 7
`
`NH“ YoRK
`
`1953
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1032, Cover 7
`
`

`

`Copyright, 1953, by I’I‘f‘Iliil'P-UEIH. Inn, 70 Fifth Ari-mm, 31%
`York. All rights N‘H‘I'VPIL No part of this book may 11? 11--
`prodiu-ml
`in any form,
`Imy mimL-ngruph or any olht'r moans,
`without pvrmissinu in writing, from Lhr- pulalishm'x.
`Library of
`a
`Cougar-.4; (‘atulog Card Ix'mulwr: 53—5022.
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1032, Cover 8
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — EX. 1032, Cover 8
`
`PRINTED IN 1m: UNITED S’iz-vrnéa or A mmum
`
`

`

`1’ It Ii 1." A C E
`
`This book considers the chemical activities nol only of animals but
`also those of plants and Inier:mruanisnls.
`it aims In he :1 complete.
`though brief,
`treatise on the whole field of biochemistry, stressing the
`most important features of the subject.
`The first part deals with the materials of the cell, and the second with
`the. functions of the cell.
`[‘ililplltlfiis, however, has been placed on the
`dynamic aspects of bioclieinistl'y us well as on its mutt-rial
`features,
`This purpose inevitably leads to a consideration of complex plu-nomena.
`To make such phenomena nmlerstamlable is no easy task, but the attempt
`has been made.
`
`The subject matter is by no in ’ans beyond the ('OIIJI‘Il‘t,‘lLt’Ilr-ilin of the
`reader with only a general chemistry hackgrouml. though best appre-
`ciated and tlndr‘l'stoot'l by the reader with a knowledge of organic chem-
`istry.
`In view of
`the increased coverage [chapters on Nucleic Aeids,
`Hormones, and Biological Energetics] and the particular emphasis which
`has been placed on metabolic reactions [chapters on Plant Metabolism,
`Animal Metabolism, and Metabolism of Microorganisms}_.
`the present
`work is well suited to more advanced readers. By careful selection of
`chapters, the book should also prove useful
`to those interested in agri-
`culture and home economics.
`
`The authors are indebted to their colleagues, Professors Casitla, John
`son, Lardy, Meyer, Plant, Potter, Stalnnann, and Williams for reading
`one or more chapters of the manuscript and making many valuable sug-
`gestions and criticisms of the book. They are doubly indebted to Pro-
`fessor Burris for his chapter on Plant Metabolism, and to Professor
`Plant for the two chapters on Digestion and Enzymes. The authors are
`grateful to Dr. Mary Shine Peterson for the preparation of Tables 3—1,
`4+2, 5—1, A—l,
`.-\—2, and A—3, and for critical routing of many of the
`chapters in the book.
`the authors in no sense imply
`In making these acknowledgments,
`that. errors of emission and commissit'an are to be charged to those named.
`We apply to ourselves alone Byron’s apostrophe to the ocean, “Upon
`the watery plain, the wrecks are all thy deed.”
`
`W.
`
`I l.
`
`l’e'rimsox
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1032, Preface v
`
`F. M. S'rnoxe
`
`Y
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — EX. 1032, Preface V
`
`

`

`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1032, Preface vi
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — EX. 1032, Preface Vi
`
`

`

`ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
`
`to
`Thr- :ultllorx gratefully acknowledge pr-nniscinns gramml
`reproduce illur-tralimln :lppmrim:
`in this book,
`:1:
`follows:
`
`.H—Ji, S—l,
`‘_’,
`.‘4
`I and II and Figurtw 7—2, 8—],
`C'nior [IL-Hos
`8—5,
`15—9, alui 15-10 ltfirrodiuwnl
`[run]
`[funypu’ Signs
`in
`(Trnfnn r0\is{wl rditnin,
`IRIlflishiml h}‘
`the _\lntflirnll Society
`of Agronomy and ’l‘lu- National
`I’vrtiiizor Association,
`\YaJnnguuL IL (X, ELHL
`
`|:_\'
`[rum (“Unit‘ul Anti-Mimi
`rt‘prmlm-ml
`Color plulv Ill
`.loIlil‘I‘ru Tiétlfl”, and (‘ummn :uul puhlifiht‘d by Paul B.
`Iloclner, Ima, New York, 15150.
`
`Color plato IV reproduced from Crystafflw Vitamin B”
`615.1%, pllhiir-lu‘d by Merck 5:.
`('70., Inc, R:Ih\\';l_\_-‘, N.
`.I.,
`1951.
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1032, Acknowledgments vii
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — EX. 1032, Acknowledgments Vii
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`

`

`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1032, Acknowledgments viii
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — EX. 1032, Acknowledgments Viii
`
`

`

`I;
`
`3-5—05
`
`8.
`
`E].
`
`10.
`
`11.
`
`12.
`
`TABLE 01“ CON’I‘ICN'I‘S
`
`TX'I‘RODI'C'I‘ION
`
`\‘t't-vntli
`
`( 1mm} [YDHATES
`
`1.1mm: (Pi-yrs AND Ih-zr..vmn HI‘HH‘I‘AXI‘RH)
`
`l’iiO'I‘Hle
`
`Kt't‘lJ-IOPRITI‘I-ZIK:4. Ntrcunr' Arms AND RELATED
`SI‘BH'I‘ANCEH
`
`.-\{‘ll)l‘l‘Y
`
`BIOCHEMICALLY IMPOIrr.-\x'1' MIXER-u. l'IIJ-mxxrrs
`
`VITAMINS
`
`ENZYME-*5
`
`“(IRMUNHS
`
`Dun-15110):
`
`A x [ 31 AI, M ETABOLISM
`
`METABOLISM OF MICROOROAXISAH
`
`PLANT Minx-woman
`
`BIOLOGICAL ENERGHTICS
`
`APPI-erx: COMPOSITION no ENERGY VALVE-301“ FOODS
`
`Ixnux
`
`
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1032, ToC ivPetitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1032, ToC ix
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — EX. 1032, ToC ix
`
`

`

`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1032, ToC x
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — EX. 1032, ToC X
`
`

`

`Chapter I
`
`. TN
`/_
`_ “
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`-
`
`The tiring world
`
`
`
`ii\‘l]1§_fi
`the name implies, means the chemistry of
`Biochemistry, as
`things. Obviously such a meaning includes the chemistr)r ol‘ plants and
`mieroormnisms. as well as animals. The first two groups are indispensa-
`ble to a living world, hat the third is not. Although a living world com-
`posed only of plants and micro:Iraanisnis Would he unituniliar to us,
`it.
`would he adequate to maintain a halanee between the synthetic. processes
`of the plant and the dcgi'atlative processes of mierc:organisnls. Put
`in
`other terms, the carhon and nitrogen cycles in nature could he lit-pt
`in
`balance without the help of animals. The, latter are superimlmsed upon
`the plants and microorganisms; and man, because of his dominant posi-
`tion in the living world, places himself at. its center.
`The brief phrase, “chemistry of living things,” covers a vast field of
`subject n'iatter.
`It includes, in the first place, the chemical make-up of all
`the individual suhstances of which living tissues are composed. These
`substances are extraordinarily numerous.
`A single cell of the simplest
`type contains scores, probably lnmdreds, ot' ditl‘erent chemical snhstances
`—no one knows how many in any particular organism. Furthermore.
`many of these substances. or compounds as the chemist prefers to call
`them, are extremely complex. Whole classes of biological compounds
`are so involved that. even today,
`the exact structural
`formula of no
`single member is known; prime examples are the. proteins and nucleic.
`acids. Quantitatively, the most
`important. single. constituent
`is water.
`Everything else. is classified as dry matter or solids, which consist mostly
`of organic compounds (substances containing carbon), although many
`inorganic suhstances are. present in small amounts.
`Secondly, the ”chemistry of living things” inelmles whatchr chemical
`changes the above substances undergo as the organism grows. reproduces,
`absorbs and uses food, exerctes waste products. and in general carries
`out
`the activities incidental
`to being and remaining alive. The sum
`total of all these chemical processes and the chemical compounds involved
`in them is the living organism. The individual at any moment
`is a
`dynamic balance hetween opposing processes of building up and break-
`ing down, of taking in and throwing oil", just as a lake is the resultant
`of the inflow and outflow of its waters.
`1
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1032, p. 1
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`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — EX. 1032, p. 1
`
`

`

`Iv:
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`Objectives anal methods of biochemistry
`
`The ultimate objectives of the scienee of biochemistry are a complete
`knowledge of the structure and properties of all chemical compounds
`present in living: things and a complete understanding of the chemical
`reactions they undergo both in health and disease.
`l‘sually, knowledge
`of materials must first be obtained before. much can be learned about
`
`their function. At the present time the chief types of organic substance
`in most biological materials are fairly well known. These major oom-
`poncnts are the carbohydratcs, fats and proteins. However,
`it has be»
`come increasingly clear during the last few decades that many compounds,
`co. vitamins and hormones, normally present
`in living cells in only
`very small amounts often play important physiological
`roles. All
`int-
`pressive number of these compounds is now known, but many more cer-
`tainly remain to be studied. The. development of our knowledge of
`metabolism is even more recent- autl incomplete.
`Some of the processes
`involving.r food utilization and energy production are emerging into focus,
`but as yet only the. barest. beginning has been made in finding out what
`chemical reactions occur during the normal functioning of living things.
`Biochemical research is being intensively pursued in hundreds of labora-
`tories throughout the world. The methods of study are drawn mainly
`from the older sciences such as chemistry, physics, mathematics, biology,
`physiology, etc., of which biochemistry is an outgrowth and descendant.
`Isolation. Methods. Efforts to ascertain the chemical nature of bio-
`
`logical materials ordinarily start with an extraction or purification process
`by which one constituent is isolated,
`.I'.c., separated in pure form from
`all
`the. others. The iSolation of a pure biological substance is often a
`difficult
`feat because most biological materials are complex iiiixtul‘cs
`
`containing hundreds of different. individual chcmical substances, many
`of which frequently are closely similar in composition or properties and,
`therefore, difficult
`to separate.
`In addition,
`the particular substance
`sought may be present
`in very low concentrations, perhaps only one.
`part in many million parts of the Source material. For example, Daisy
`and co-a-‘orkcrs extracted and processed the equivalent of four tons of
`sow ovaries to obtain about 10 mg. of the sex hormone, estradiol (1). 292).
`This small yield representch about half of the hormone originally present,
`since its normal concentration in the ovary of the sow is only.r one part
`in 150,000,000! This isolation of cstradiol represents an achievement
`on a par with the famous work of the Curios in obtaining radium from
`pitcbblendc and illustrates some of the diflienltics which confront
`the
`biochemical investigator studying the composition of living things.
`There are many kinds of procedure used in isolating biochemical sub-
`stances, and only a brief indication of their nature can be attempted
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1032, p. 2
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — EX. 1032, p. 2
`
`

`

`IN'I‘mmt'oriox
`
`3
`
`here. Frequently large classes of substances can be separated from
`each other because of their different degrees of solubility.
`For example.
`a mixture of
`fat and sugar can easily be separated by shaking.r with
`ether and water.
`(these two solvents. lll'lng ilnloiscihle. on standing form
`layers. one of which contains the sun'al' and the other the fat.
`'I‘wo types
`of materials both dissolved in the same solvent may be separated by
`causing one to precipitate. For example. a boiling water extract of a
`fresh fruit. or vegetable will contain. among other thing's, hoth sugars
`and proteins. This mixture can be separated by adding: a soluble salt
`of a heavy metal sneh as lead acetate and filtering, since the proteins
`are thereby rendered insoluble. Again, some substances are held on
`the surface of adsorbents, co, activated chart-oat, while others are not;
`certain substances can be volatilized tdistilled)
`tcaving others behind.
`By progressively applying such frru'tioiiotion. procedures, a particular sub--
`stance can be gradually separated from the compounds which are origi-
`nally mixed with it
`in the tiving material, and thus brought nearer
`to a state of purity.
`One' on individual chemical substance has been isolated.
`
`it can he
`
`analyzed by standard chemical methods, broken down into simpler frag-
`ments, which are also analyzed, and in general examined to see just how
`it
`is constituted chemically.
`If the compound is not of too great. coin-
`plexity, 3.9., has a molecular weight of a few hundred or less, its structure
`is usually established within a few years. The results of this Work are
`expressed as a structural- formula, which shows just. what the substance
`is and how it may he expected to react with other substances. Sinet
`most. compounds isolated from living things are organic (carbon) com-
`pounds, such studies fall into the realm of organic chemistry.
`Nutrition. A large part of biochemical research for the past. fifty
`years has been concerned with the nutrition of animals, plants, and micro-
`organisms.
`'l‘hc objectives of this worl; have been to find out. just what
`chemical Substances are needed in the food of living organisms to nourish
`them properly and to determine what- purpose each nutrient serves.
`in
`the earlier days of the twentieth century, attention was focused mainly
`on the encrgy»yiclding and body-building materials which constitute the
`bulk of the food, namely the carbohydrates, fats and proteins. More
`recently, substances required in smaller amounts such as the. mineral
`elements, vitamins, and other growth factors have been intensively studied.
`These remarks apply particularly to animals and microorganisms, as
`plants need only mineral elements besides carbon dioxide. and water for
`nourishment.
`
`The experimental methods of investigating these questions are similar
`in principle regardless of the. type of organism being studied. and may
`be illustrated for the ease of animals. The general approach has been
`to feed animals a diet prepared from purified ingredients and to observe
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1032, p. 3
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — EX. 1032, p. 3
`
`

`

`4
`
`mrnonccrion
`
`they grew normally and remained healthy. Fatally growth
`whet-her
`declined, but by supplementing the purified diet with some natural food
`material, such as yeast. whole milk, or liver extract. growth was restored.
`Hitch experiments: showed that the supplement most have contained some
`essential food factor lacking from the purified experimental
`l'basall diet.
`The next step was to isolate this substance, determine its chemical struc-
`ture, and add it as a pure compound to the basal diet for further feeding
`trials.
`\\'henevcr this was done. it usually was found that extra supple-
`ments were again needed, or in other words, that- the supplement first
`used must. have heen eontriluiting more than one essential food factor.
`15y such methods it has now been shown that a long list of chemical
`substances is required to fulfill
`the dietary needs of animals.
`In the
`case of rats and chickens most, if not all, of the essential food factors
`have been discovered, since rapid growth and apparently normal develop-
`ment can be obtained on diets composed exclusively of pure chemicals.
`However, when such a “synthetic diet” is
`fed to other animals such
`as guinea pigs, they respond so poorly that other still-unknown food
`substances are obviously needed.
`In fact
`the use. of many different
`species of animals for nutritional studies has been a fruitful source of
`information, for, although many requirements are similar, many differ-
`ences have. also been found. Not only animals, but plants and micro-
`organisms have been extensively studied as to their nutritional require-
`ments, and the latter especially, because of their small size and rapid
`growth, have served as admirable test subjects.
`Study of .lfttoboh'c. Reactions. The study of the chemical reactions
`that take. place.
`in living organisms is regarded by many biochemists as
`the most significant- and fundamental aspect of the science. As pointed
`out above, relatively little progress along this line was made until recently,
`but. since emphasis is now shifting strongly in this direction, the rate of
`discovery of new information has sharply increased, and extensive addi-
`tions to our knowledge may be expected in the relatively near future.
`In studying metabolic reactions one approach has been to investigate
`the composition of the food consumed and the waste. eliminated by an
`organism in order to attempt to deduce what;- Inust have happened inside
`the organism to convert. the one into the other. This method has yielded
`some information, but obviously suffers from severe limitations.
`A more fruitful approach has been to transfer the reactions being
`studied from the organism to the. test tube.
`In several instances it has
`been possible to duplicate cellular reactions in the absence of the cells
`themselves. For example, many of the intermediates, such as succinie
`acid,
`involved in carbohydrate metabolism are oxidized by molecular
`oxygen to carbon dioxide and water when added to suitable tissue
`preparations. Finely ground suspensions of liver tissue in an aqueous
`buffer are suitable for this purpose. Similarly, cell-free yeast prepara~
`tions can ferment glucose to carbon dioxide and alcohol. Once such a
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1032, p. 4
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — EX. .1032, p. 4
`
`

`

`INTIIO‘DI'C'I‘ION
`
`5
`
`is able to rcpt-mince typical metabolic reactions in ritro‘
`system that.
`is discovered, the way will be open for experiim-ntal study. The chemical
`compounds involved in each step of the Ill'lll’l'r-r- can be isolated in pure
`form. and the effect of removing them from the system or replacing
`them at various concentrations can be olisen'ed,
`’l‘lac catalysts lenzynies
`
`and eoenzyniesl which make the whole process possible can similarly he
`studied one at a time, and,
`in general, each step can be subjected to
`detailed examination.
`It
`is in this way that much of our knowledge
`of metabolism has been acquired.
`A still newer technique, which promises to be of major significance in
`unraveling the chemistry of metabolism, is based on the Use of isotopes.
`The widespread use of this method was made possible by the atomic
`energy develolunent. Eventually,
`this may well prove to have been
`one of the most constructive and valuable results of that program.
`Iso-
`topes of the. common elements—C. H, 0, N, S, P, and others—are used
`as metabolic “tracers” by incorporating cine or more of them into some
`substance normally involved in metabolism. The “labeled" metabolite
`is then administered to the test organism. After a suitable interval the
`distribution of the isotope in the mrious tissues or tissue components
`of the organism is determined. Thus if a rat is fed glycine containing
`K” in the amino group, and the purine compounds in the animal's tissues
`are later found to contain N” in comparable amounts, it may be con-
`cluded that glycine is concerned in the biosynthesis of purines, and
`specifically that one of the nitrogen atoms in the purine ring came from
`the amino group of glycine. Other examples of
`the use of
`isotopes
`will he encountered throughout. the text.
`Information about metabolic processes can also be obtained by block-
`ing some particular process and then searching for a way to remove the
`block. The desired effect can he obtained, for example, with antimctab-
`elites, substances so similar to certain normal metalmlites that
`they
`get in the way of the latter but yet are unable to carry out their func-
`tions. Again, it is often possible to produce mutants of lower organisms
`(3.9., the mold, .-\'e-urosporn], which lack the power to carry out certain
`metabolic reactions.
`In such cases it has frequently been observed that
`the effect
`(e.g., growth failure} of
`the block may be removed by ad-
`ministering somc apparently unrelated chemical. This indicates that.
`the counteracting agent may he the substance normally formed by the
`blocked reaction. As an illustration, suppose an organism needs substance
`A to serve as a catalyst for the transformation of B into C:
`
`B i- C
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1032, p. 5
`
`An antimctabolite of A would probably inhibit the. growth of this organ-
`ism, but. this inhibition would he counteracted by (‘.
`
`‘In t‘itra means. literally. in glass and implies oeeurrim: oulsitle any living thing.
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — EX. 1032, p. 5
`
`

`

`6
`
`'
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`Relation of biochemistry to biology
`
`Biologists have traditionally studied living organisms on the basis of
`the cell, as the smallest intact living unit. The cell occupies much the
`same relative position in biology as the molecule does.
`in chemistry.
`The smaller components of living cells have come under scrutiny, as the
`biologist, equipped with ever more. powerful microscopes, has probed
`deeper and deeper into the mysteries of living matter. The main parts
`of a typical cell are the cell troll. nucleus, and cytoplasm. The living
`material making up the nucleus and cytoplasm is termed protoplasm;
`it is a grayish, translucent, jelly-like material, which under the micro-
`scope can be. seen to consist of a meshwork filled with fluid. The nucleus
`contains chromosomes, and these in turn, under very high magnification,
`reveal structural
`irregularities which may have functional significance.
`Thus the biologist studies and interprets life mostly in terms of
`its
`smallest visible fragments.
`q-
`From the chemical viewpoint, protoplasm is an aqueous, colloidal
`solution containing protein as the chief solid ingredient, but with appre-
`ciable amounts of fatty substances, nucleic acids, and other compounds
`present. The metabolic reactions occurring in the cell
`take place in
`this solution, and are studied and interpreted by the biochemist in terms
`of meteorites of the reacting substances. Most molecules are far too small
`to be seen in any microscope, and their actual existence can only be sur-
`mised from indirect evidence. However, the giant molecules of proteins
`and nucleic acids are large enough so that they can actually be “seen,“
`that is, photographed, with the help of the electron microscope, an instru-
`ment that makes possible 50,000~]00,000 fold magnification.
`It seems most probable that the merging of biochemistry and biology
`will continue in the future to an even greater extent, as the functional
`activities of living things come more to be studied and explained in
`chemical terms. However, it will not sullice to regard metabolism merely
`as a group of chemical processes occurring at random in the same solu-
`tion. Each living cell
`is a miniature “chemical factory” where food
`molecules pass in an orderly fashion through a long series of interrelated
`chemical reactions. A highly organized physical structure, with each
`catalyst {enzyme} in a definite position in relation to the others, must-
`exist to accomplish this end. The study of such levels of organization
`can probably be more properly classified as biology rather than as bio-
`chemistry, although it must be obvious that the borderline is indefinite.
`
`Study of biochemistry
`
`The first task of the beginning student must be to learn something
`of the materials of the cell in order to provide a basis for subsequent.
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1032, p. 6
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — EX. 1032, p. 6
`
`

`

`lN'I‘IiOlilTC'I'IUN
`
`|
`
`t-lr'Im-ntnr)‘ knowledge i3
`:nl
`lt-ust
`A1
`stutly of metabolic ])I‘l'|('('z15('ri.
`Iltlt‘tll'll. not only nl" tllv [INEJUI' L't-Ilnlnr t-qu[Iu:n-11I.-' Hx'au‘l', ml’hnhyllrutcs.
`fats.
`:mrl prutvinsl,
`lull ulm nl'
`ll1<~ IHllil'l'fllS.
`\‘immlns.
`lam-“mums,
`:lml
`(-nzynu-s, “‘llil'll, ulllmugll pl'iasttnt
`it: slnullt-r amounts,
`:il'l' {‘llllllil)’
`\‘il:ll
`to the living organism.
`it‘lntin'ly lilllL‘ limo can lav {luvotmL at first. In rlisvmsinn of detailed
`m'itlt'm'u J‘Iil' unions I'm-w and how this l'virlvnu- Wm: ulililinml, sinu-
`nmjm' emphasis must Irv grin-n to the facts tllrlnrgclvvs.
`1n uLlu'r \\'U]'<l.-‘,
`tllt- rmull’s rather than {[10 mrlhmlx ul'
`lJint-llt-mit-ul
`Ina-ware}!
`form tlu-
`
`It is fur this l't'umn that
`Chief snlnjt-vt mutlm' ul‘ tlu’ beginning {'oul'sv.
`the lllL'tlllJllE have been lll'iclly onllim-tl in this introductory (‘lmplulx Art
`in all ulrmrntnr)’ :tnler'. tllt- student
`is I'lrilifll
`lo acct-pt grout.
`Illilfifitis
`of ilifornmtinn llllll't' or low on faith, with the clvur luult‘l'rrmmling, how»
`(‘\'L‘l‘,
`that.- curll fact is firmly supported by ('xporinmntall L‘VillCI'llI'C which
`he can rm‘ivw and assess for himself,
`if 110 so LlL‘Sil't'S.
`{dormers and
`Suggested readings are listr-d at. the vml of tau-h chuptvl' for this [nu-pasta
`
`REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS
`
`('m'rr'rrll:
`
`in Bl'nr-hr‘miml
`
`[.fixx'r‘urr'lr,
`
`lnlm'srir‘nrc l’nl'ilisln-rs.
`
`Comm. 0. E. (nlitm'),
`hm, Xow York. 1945.
`Hunrmvilz,
`l".,1’:'r:g‘;rr'.~‘.\‘ in Bim'lw‘rm'xlm.
`1950.
`tlu-
`Ir-‘nluliml nl
`IC_ A" --'['lu‘
`:mli Muir):
`.-\..
`'l‘iluyt‘r, H.
`I). “2.
`i\[:lr'(‘01‘(1llt'a:lnl0,
`I’rim-ipal [inn-ogvnil- Hnlmlanuv of Liquor Fullirnli." J. Hiul. {'lu m" HS. 43.") ([936).
`Xr-mllmm. J. lll'lll Iinlrlwin. IL, Napkin»: mu! Binde- JIM-shy, “A. H lnrl‘ and Sons.
`l.l:|_‘
`('mnlnl'itlgr'. 1919.
`
`lnlvrsrir-nrv l‘uhlixln‘rs.
`
`Inna. Xl-w York.
`
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1032, p. 7
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — EX. 1032, p. 7
`
`

`

`Chapter 2
`
`W A T E R
`
`Occurrence and importance
`
`Water is the most abundant substance in living matter. The great
`physiologist, Claude Bernard, said, "All
`living matter lives in vatt‘r.”
`In his Outline of History. Wells put.
`it. this way. "We talk of breathing
`air, but what all
`living beings really do is to breathe oxygen dissolved
`in water.”
`
`Table 2—1 gives the water content of some typical animal, plant, and
`microbial materials. The human body is about [35 per cent water, a corn
`plant about. 75 per cent, and a bacterial cell about 80 per cent. The
`amount of water varies not only with the type of material but also with
`its period of development. Two examples, for which we. have. adequate
`data, will show the variation with age. The pig embryo at 15 days of
`development consists of 9? per cent water and 3 per cent solids, and
`at. birth the young pig is made up of about 89 per cent water and 11
`per cent solids. The water content continues to decrease as the pig
`grows, being about [37 per cent at 100 lbs. weight and 43 per cent for
`a very fat animal weighing 300 lbs. The same relationship between
`water content and age holds for other farm animals and also for man.
`The water content of the corn plant remains practically constant, about
`88 per cent, during the actively growing period from the seedling to the
`tassel state, decreases rapidly to around 7'0 per cent at the time the
`kernels begin to glaze, and falls to about 52 per cent when the plant is
`mature and ready to harvest.
`A high water content is characteristic of youth and activity and a
`lowered figure is associated with old age and inactivity. The relation
`between water content. and activity of tissues is further demonstrated by
`comparison of different tissues in the same individual. The metabolically
`active tissues of the body, (2.9., brain and liver, contain much more water
`than the relatively inactive portions such as bones and fatty tissues.
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1032, p. 8
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — EX. 1032, p. 8
`
`

`

`wen-1n
`
`1'3th Z—I
`
`“liter coment of some.
`
`impufltlnl biological
`
`iiulterials
`
`Material
`......
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`
`Human body .
`Brain, gray matter
`Liver
`.\ltt.-e|t-
`Blood
`..
`Milli
`Saliva ..
`.
`.
`Bout-....
`Adipose tissue (mainly fat)
`Larvae of i-Iolhes moth
`Fig elnlil'yti. 15 days old
`.
`l’igat liirlh
`Pig at maturity, depending: on fatness
`Com plant. seedlings:
`to kneel period
`Corn plant, kernels glazed
`Corn plant. maturity
`Bacteria.
`..
`Yeasts
`... .
`Molds
`.
`
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`
`9
`
`H'm‘: r
`
`[percent-l
`{35
`8-!
`7t}
`73
`SU
`ST
`99.5
`10-41}
`[0—30
`58
`‘7
`89
`48-50
`sane
`68—72
`50—50
`73—90
`68—33
`75435
`
`It. is all tut) common a fallacy to limit the meaning of “foods" to the
`energy-yielding materials—earhohytlrates, fats, and proteins—with the
`inclusion perhaps of mineral elements.
`If the term food he considered
`to inelude all substances that are essential
`for the growth and repair
`of lllltly tissue. as most certainly it should, then water likewise is truly
`a food. This error in thinking has arisen from the fact.
`that
`in the
`past most biologist-s have treated water as if it were an inert. material
`and have looked upon the solids of plant. and animal tissues as the. im-
`portant part of the ('Jrganisln. Gortnel‘ has pointed out how mistaken
`is this View; he illustrates his argument by citing the composition of
`the tadpole, 95 per cent water and 5 per cent. solids.
`“It would he
`ridiculous to speak of this organism as being composed of only 5 per
`cent of vital materials. The water is as much a part of the tadpole as
`are the fats. proteins, ete., which serve to form the gel structure, and the.
`hioehemical and biophysical reaetions which take place within the cells
`and tissues of the tadpole are determined prohahly more by the water
`which is present. than by any or all of the other constituents.”
`
`Free and bound water
`
`The term ”hound water” has come. into use. to designate water that has
`been adsorbed by the colloids of the living cell, in contrast to “free water,"
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1032, p. 9
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — EX. 1032, p. 9
`
`

`

`l “
`
`warns
`
`which is not an integral part of the plant: or animal tissue with which
`it
`is associated, The major part of hound water is held probably by
`proteins. but other classes of Compounds are. known to retain relatively
`large amounts of water.
`Thus adipose tissue contains considerable
`water, certain of the compound lipides, such as lecithin, emulsify readily in
`water, and the p:dysaecharidcs of plant tissues are decidedly hydrophilic.
`it- is not certain just how bound water is held by colloidal material.
`tine explanation applied to proteins is that. sharing of electrons between
`the protein nioleeul‘ and the waler molecule sets up a binding force that.
`holds the water to the protein. Such a force is called a. hydrogen bond
`or bridge and consists of an clectropositive hydrogen atom standing
`between two electronegativc atoms, e.g.. N and 0, thus —N : H : 0—.
`The hydrogen shares its electron with both the N and 0.
`Proteins contain many groups such as —NlI-_:, —COOH that can form
`a hydrogen bond with water. A protein molecule may contain several
`thousand binding groups. For example, gelatin, a rather small protein
`having a molecular weight of about. 35,000,
`is calculated to have 960
`molecules of water bound to each molecule of gelatin when a gel
`is
`formed. There is much ditlerenee of opinion as to the quantit-5r of water
`held by proteins in solution, but 0.3 g. of water per gram of protein is
`a commonly suggested figure.
`Bound water, especially that bound by the protoplasm of the cell,
`appears to be one of the several important factors involved in frost and
`drought
`resistance. Plants that are exposed to low temperatures in
`winter increase the proportion of bound water and the concentration of
`Hater-soluble protein in the. cell sap,
`thus developing what
`is called
`winter hardiness. Plants, such as cactus, that live under arid or semi-
`arid conditions hold their water largely in the bound state.
`Insects also
`increase the pureentage of bound water under conditions of cold or
`drought.
`the intimate association of
`Yeast cells furnish another