VITA mxs
`
`23‘)
`
`been recommended as a more suitable name for nieotinic acid in com-
`
`lnereial produets.
`i-‘air
`Good food sources of this vitamin are liver. lean meat. and yeast.
`sources are certain whole cereals,
`legumes. and wheat germ. Milled
`cereals. fats. and molasses are low in nieotinie :n-id. Several procedures
`have been suggested for assaying foodstuffs for their nieotinie acid content.
`Of these the most wider used are the dog, assay based on the cure of
`black-tongue, a chemical method based on the derelopnient of a yellow
`color when an extract of the sample is treated with cyanogen bromide
`and aniline, and a bacterial method similar to the procedure described
`for riboflavin.
`
`Requirements
`
`in the
`I-Istiinates of the amount of nieotinic acid [or its equivalent
`form of nicotinamide. or other related substances such as DP}: and
`
`'l‘I’Nl needed daily by "various persons are summarized in Table 9—3.
`Notice how much larger amounts are required than in the case. of other
`B vitamins. Quantities of
`l‘ej'aresentative foods which will probably
`supply 10 to 20 me. of nieotinic acid are:
`1 oz. dried yeast, 3 oz. pork
`liver, 1/53 lb. lean beef or pork, 41A: lb. spinach, or 51,4; lb. tomatoes.
`
`PANTOTHE. 'IC ACID
`
`Physiological function
`
`The. existence of pantothcnic acid was first. suggested by Williams and
`{fl
`a sociates in 1933, as a result of their work on the stimulation of yeast
`growth by extracts of various biologieal materials. The active substance
`present has been found to be identical with the dietary factor that pre-
`vents chick dermatitis, a disease that was for a time thought
`to be
`analogous to pellagra in man.
`_
`in this vitamin,
`When young chicks are placed on a ration deficient
`erusty scabs form at the corners of
`the mouth and gradually enlarge
`until
`the skin around the. nostrils and underneath the lower mandible
`
`is affected. Growth ceases and feathering is retarded. Death may result
`within two or three weeks after these symptoms become apparent. Ad-
`ministration of pure. calcium pantothenatc causes resumption of growth
`and disappearance of the dermatitis.
`Rats. dogs, and swine have also been found to require this vitamin.
`The black portions of the fur of rats and foxes kept on diets low in
`pantotlicnic acid have been observed to turn gray. They have been found
`to regain their normal color when the vitamin was administered (Fig.
`945. p. 255i.
`I’antothcnic acid has also been shown to be essential
`in the nutrition of a number of loner organisms, especially yeasts and
`lactic acid bacteria. There is fairly definite evidence also that panto-
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1032, p. 243
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — EX. 1032, p. 243
`
`

`

`34“
`
`VITA MINS
`
`thenie acid is involved in human nutrition, although clinical experience
`in this direction is still rather meager.
`Pantothcnic acid functions as part of a eoenzyme (coenzyme A or Co A]
`in a system which brings about the condensation of acetic and oxaiacetic
`acids to form citric acid. one of the steps of the citric acid cycle {1). 330].
`In fact Co A is probably needed for all metabolic reactions of the “two
`earl'ion fragment” {acetic acid or some closely related substance} pro-
`duced during the. oxidation of fats and carbohydrates in the body.
`Since
`this fragnn-nt
`is also used for the biological production of fats. steroids,
`aeetyi choline, and probably many other products, the indispensable nature
`of pantothenic acid for living organisms is easily understandable.
`
`Chemical nature
`
`i’antothenic acid is a peptide-like compound composed of ,G-alanine
`united thrc‘rugzh an amide linkage to an hydroxy acid. The complete
`structural formula is:
`.
`
`i’
`‘3“
`(Eng—(Ii—(IJH— C—NII—CH: *CIL—COOII
`HO H30 OH
`Pautothcnie acid. CanoiN
`
`in 1940, and the synthesis
`The details of this formula were worked out
`of [he \‘ilamin was also accomplished in the same year. The substance
`
`.._.‘_‘ _._.__7’,_
`
`.II /’J'
`'J"
`I
`[I ,
`I
`Jr- 3
`If
`j.
`
`'I
`
`’
`
`.i‘
`
`E!
`
`'
`1‘" ‘
`
`/
`
`‘1!"
`
`-
`!'II
`
`.
`
`l,
`:
`
`I
`.
`i'; I
`L
`
`£4} _
`
`. _ ..
`
`3"
`_
`
`.
`l
`
`.1
`
`'_
`
`...
`
`‘
`
`_
`
`_
`
`.
`
`i
`
`....
`
`.
`
`.-.!
`
`,
`
`‘1 “Cliff-
`"
`I. f
`.
`_
`./ 2
`i
`'
`
`I
`
`.__-_ -—T
`«3".
`
`' f _
`.
`
`a:
`
`-.I a}.
`,k
`\
`
`’
`\
`-
`/
`T
`’l/J/IJL
`'
`'
`4'
`
`‘3
`
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1032, p. 244
`
`:.‘. .—:.;-.:w....;_.u...m4wnv_-.u_._.-w .... . ...
`
`
`.
`Courtesy of Merck & Co" Inc.
`
`Fig. 9—11. Pantotbenic acid.
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — EX. 1032, p. 244
`
`