`_____________________
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`_____________________
`
`HTC Corporation, and
`HTC America, Inc.,
`Petitioners
`
`v.
`
`INVT SPE, LLC
`Patent Owner
`_____________________
`
`Case: IPR2018-01581
`
`United States Patent No. 7,848,439
`_____________________
`
`DECLARATION OF DR. BRANIMIR VOJCIC
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`IPR2018-01581
`HTC v. INVT
`INVT Exhibit 2001 - Page 1
`
`
`
`IPR2018-01581
`Patent 7,848,439
`
`I, BRANIMIR VOJCIC, hereby declare as follows:
`
`1.
`
`I am competent to testify, and, if called upon during an Inter Partes
`
`Review (IPR) proceeding, would do so. If called upon as a witness, I could
`
`competently testify to the truth of each statement herein.
`
`2.
`
`I was asked to provide an opinion on the Petition asserted in IPR2018-
`
`01581regarding U.S. Patent No. 7,848,439 (’439 patent) (Ex. 1001), statements
`
`made in the Petition, and exhibits in support of the Petition, including the
`
`declaration of Dr. Zhi Ding. In particular, I was asked to provide an opinion on the
`
`Petition’s Ground 1, which asserts unpatentability based on a combination of the Li
`
`patent (Ex. 1003), the Vijayan patent (Ex. 1004), the Hashem patent (Ex. 1005),
`
`and the Cioffi patent (Ex. 1006).
`
`3. My opinion is based upon my knowledge and experience, and my
`
`review of the ’439 patent, the Petition, and exhibits in support of the Petition.
`
`I.
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`4.
`
`I am an expert in wireless technology and other areas of
`
`telecommunications, signal processing, and electrical engineering. I am presently a
`
`Professor Emeritus of Engineering and Applied Science at The George
`
`Washington University. I retired from the university in May 2015, where I was a
`
`member of the faculty since September 1, 1991. In addition, I have served as a
`
`consultant for a number of companies in the wireless communications industry in
`
`IPR2018-01581
`HTC v. INVT
`INVT Exhibit 2001 - Page 2
`
`
`
`IPR2018-01581
`Patent 7,848,439
`
`various technology areas. I have also served on numerous committees and as a
`
`reviewer and editor for several journals, conferences, and organizations.
`
`5.
`
`I am presently President of Xplore Wireless, LLC, a small
`
`telecommunication consulting company. I am also a co-founder, Director, CEO
`
`and CTO of LN2, a startup in the telecommunication space.
`
`6.
`
`I received my Diploma of Engineering, Master of Science, and Doctor
`
`of Science degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Belgrade in
`
`Yugoslavia in 1981, 1986, and 1989, respectively. The primary focus of my Doctor
`
`of Science studies was on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and spread
`
`spectrum communications technologies.
`
`7.
`
`In 1991, I joined The George Washington University as an Assistant
`
`Professor and was promoted to Associate Professor and Professor in 1997 and
`
`2000, respectively. From 2001 to 2004, I served as the Chairman of the Electrical
`
`and Computer Engineering Department at The George Washington University.
`
`During my tenure at The George Washington University, until May 2015, I taught
`
`many different courses on communications theory and networks, wireless
`
`communications, and I was a course director for a number of courses in
`
`communications. I have supervised students mostly in the areas of communications
`
`and coding theory, wireless communications/networks, including CDMA
`
`(including IS-95, CDMA2000, WCDMA/HSDPA/HSUPA), and OFDM/LTE and
`
`IPR2018-01581
`HTC v. INVT
`INVT Exhibit 2001 - Page 3
`
`
`
`IPR2018-01581
`Patent 7,848,439
`
`have been a thesis director for a number of Doctor of Science candidates, who now
`
`have successful careers in academia, industry, and government.
`
`8. My research in the areas I just mentioned has been supported by the
`
`communications industry and various Government agencies, such as the Advanced
`
`Research Project Agency (ARPA), National Science Foundation (NSF), and
`
`National Security Agency (NSA). Much of this research concerns communications
`
`theory, performance evaluation, modeling wireless networks, multi-user detection,
`
`adaptive antenna arrays, and ad-hoc networks.
`
`9.
`
`I have authored or co-authored numerous journal and conference
`
`papers, contributed to various books, and served as a co-editor of a book on
`
`wireless communications, entitled “Multiaccess, Mobility and Teletraffic in
`
`Wireless Communications, Volume III,” Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell,
`
`Massachusetts, 1998. My CV includes a detailed listing of my publications. Ex.
`
`2002.
`
`10.
`
`I have also received awards for my work. In 1995, I received the
`
`prestigious National Science Foundation Faculty Early CAREER Development
`
`Award. The award is given annually by NSF to a select group of young professors
`
`nationwide to promote excellence in teaching and research.
`
`11.
`
`I have served as a consultant for numerous companies in the wireless
`
`communications industry in technology areas, in the areas of 2G/3G/4G mobile
`
`IPR2018-01581
`HTC v. INVT
`INVT Exhibit 2001 - Page 4
`
`
`
`IPR2018-01581
`Patent 7,848,439
`
`technologies, Wireless LANs, new generation broadcast systems, advanced mobile
`
`satellite systems and other aspects of modern communication systems. I have also
`
`taught academic courses as well as short courses for the industry and government
`
`on various aspects of communications in the areas of 2G, 2.5G, 3G, and 4G
`
`cellular standards.
`
`12.
`
`I am a Senior Member of the IEEE and was an Associate Editor for
`
`IEEE Communications Letters and Journal on Communications and Networks. I
`
`served as a member of technical program committees, as a session organizer for
`
`many technical conferences and workshops, and as a reviewer of technical papers
`
`for many journals and conferences. These also include conference submissions on
`
`“Adaptive modulation in ad-hoc DS/CDMA packet radio networks,” at Proc. IEEE
`
`GLOBECOM (Dec. 2003) and IEEE Trans. on Communications (Apr. 2006). Ex.
`
`2002 at 7 and 11.
`
`13.
`
`I am a co-inventor of U.S. Patent No. 6,523,147, entitled “Method and
`
`Apparatus for Forward Error Correction Coding for an AM In-Band On-Channel
`
`Digital Audio Broadcasting System,” US Patent No. 8,595,590 B1, entitled
`
`“Systems and Methods for Encoding and Decoding Check-Irregular Non-
`
`Systematic IRA Codes,” and applications, “Joint Source-Channel Decoding with
`
`Source Sequence Augmentation,” US 20140153654 A1, Jun 5, 2014, “Systems and
`
`Methods for Advanced Iterative Decoding and Channel Estimation of
`
`IPR2018-01581
`HTC v. INVT
`INVT Exhibit 2001 - Page 5
`
`
`
`IPR2018-01581
`Patent 7,848,439
`
`Concatenated Coding Systems,” US 20140153625 A1, Jun 5, 2014, “Advanced
`
`Decoding of High/Medium/Low Density Parity Check Codes,” PCT/US13/72883,
`
`and International Application Number PCT/CA01/01488, entitled “Multi-User
`
`Detector For Direct Sequence - Code Division Multiple Access (DS/CDMA)
`
`Channels.”
`
`14. A copy of my CV is attached as Exhibit 2002.
`
`II. THE ’439 PATENT
`
`15.
`
`I have reviewed, among other things, the ’439 patent (Ex. 1001), the
`
`prosecution file (Ex. 1002), the Petition, the Ding declaration (Ex. 1007), the Li
`
`patent (Ex. 1003), the Vijayan patent (Ex. 1004), the Hashem patent (Ex. 1005),
`
`and the Cioffi patent (Ex. 1006), and all other documents filed in this proceeding.
`
`16. The invention in the ’439 patent relates to communication
`
`apparatuses, systems, and methods for carrying out adaptive modulation and
`
`coding in adaptive transmission technology in subcarrier communication systems.
`
`Ex. 1001 at 1:7-12. In particular, the communication systems in the ’439 patent are
`
`wireless communication orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems or
`
`“OFDM” systems. Ex. 1001 at 1:12-14.
`
`17. Wireless communication systems are used in cellular networks that
`
`service modern day cellular phones. Cellular networks received their name because
`
`their coverage areas are divided into regions called “cells.” Typically, cellular
`
`IPR2018-01581
`HTC v. INVT
`INVT Exhibit 2001 - Page 6
`
`
`
`IPR2018-01581
`Patent 7,848,439
`
`towers within each cellular network each have one or more base stations, which
`
`communicate with cellular phones within the cell, and each base station may be
`
`assigned a unique frequency band from neighboring base stations to avoid
`
`unnecessary interference, among other things. In general terms, a cellular call is
`
`established when a cellular phone transmits RF signals to the base station on its
`
`particular frequency band, wherein those signals are then routed to a second,
`
`receiving cellular phone. In exemplary OFDM systems, a base station’s allocated
`
`frequency band can be divided into multiple orthogonal subcarriers used to
`
`communicate with one or more cellular devices.
`
`18. Base stations must be able to communicate with numerous cellular
`
`phones at the same time while accounting for a whole host of changing conditions,
`
`including constantly moving callers, unfavorable weather conditions, and other
`
`factors that can interfere with the call signal. OFDM systems can employ “adaptive
`
`modulation/coding technology” which “is capable of effectively improving a
`
`throughput and an error rate (BER) of a system.” Ex. 1001 at 1:37-40. “The basic
`
`concept of AMC technology is adaptively changing one or more types of
`
`transmission power, symbol transmission rate, coordinate size, coding rate and
`
`coding mechanism.” Ex. 1001 at 1:43-46. This means, “when channel conditions
`
`are good, transmitting a large amount of information to increase spectrum
`
`utilization rate, and, when channel conditions are poor, transmitting a small
`
`IPR2018-01581
`HTC v. INVT
`INVT Exhibit 2001 - Page 7
`
`
`
`IPR2018-01581
`Patent 7,848,439
`
`amount of information to ensure a certain receiving BER request.” Ex. 1001 at
`
`1:46-52.
`
`19. The ’439 patent identifies two types of adaptive modulation and
`
`coding (AMC) that existed at the time: “AMC based on subcarriers and AMC
`
`based on subbands.” Ex. 1001 at 2:3-4. AMC based on subcarriers refers to
`
`“carrying out transmission using a modulation method and a coding method that
`
`are different per OFDM subcarrier taking each subcarrier as a minimum unit of
`
`adaptivity.” Ex. 1001 at 2:4-8. It was well-known in the art that such techniques
`
`were very difficult to implement in an actual system. The second method of
`
`conducting AMC based on subbands was more typically used. “Subbands” as
`
`defined in the ’439 patent refers to subcarrier groups comprised of subcarriers in
`
`neighboring positions on the frequency domain. Ex. 1001 at 2:19-21.
`
`20. AMC based on subbands had several drawbacks. To address this, the
`
`communication apparatus disclosed in the ’439 patent used subband groups
`
`“comprised of a plurality of subbands . . . .” Ex. 1001 at 14:2-4. The ’439 patent
`
`disclosed that these subband groups were created based on “a fixed rule to as to
`
`give several subband groups, and then selecting modulation and coding parameters
`
`for use during joint coding with respect to each subband group.” Ex. 1001 at 5:40-
`
`44.
`
`21. Having both the cellular device and the base station know beforehand
`
`IPR2018-01581
`HTC v. INVT
`INVT Exhibit 2001 - Page 8
`
`
`
`IPR2018-01581
`Patent 7,848,439
`
`which subbands (and, by implication, subcarriers) are used to transmit reference
`
`signals, decreases the amount of information that must be sent between the two
`
`devices. This has the potential advantages of reducing power consumption and
`
`increasing battery life within the cellular device and improving the network
`
`capacity on the base station side for the wireless provider.
`
`III. PERSONS SKILLED IN THE ART
`
`22.
`
`I believe that a person skilled in the art of the technology described in
`
`the ’439 patent would at least have both a bachelor’s degree in Electrical
`
`Engineering (or an equivalent field) and three (3) years’ experience in wireless
`
`communications or an MSc degree in Electrical Engineering (or an equivalent
`
`field) and one (1) year of experience in wireless communications.
`
`23.
`
`In light of the above, I am a person skilled in the art of the technology
`
`described in the ’439 patent. I am also a person skilled in the art of the technology
`
`of the ’439 patent under the perspective of such a hypothetical person advanced by
`
`Dr. Ding. Ex. 1007 ¶¶ 59-61.
`
`IV. LEGAL PRINCIPLES
`
`24.
`
`I have been informed that expert opinion testimony is generally
`
`permitted where the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge
`
`will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue.
`
`The expert witness must be qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience,
`
`IPR2018-01581
`HTC v. INVT
`INVT Exhibit 2001 - Page 9
`
`
`
`IPR2018-01581
`Patent 7,848,439
`
`training, or education to testify in the form of an opinion.
`
`25.
`
`I understand that there is no requirement of a perfect match between
`
`the expert’s experience and the relevant field. A person may not need to be a
`
`person of ordinary skill in the art in order to testify as an expert, but rather must be
`
`“qualified in the pertinent art.” For example, the absence of an advanced degree in
`
`a particular field may not preclude an expert from providing testimony that is
`
`helpful to the Board, so long as the expert’s experience provides sufficient
`
`qualification in the pertinent art.
`
`26.
`
`I also understand that expert testimony may have many uses. For
`
`example, it may be used to explain the relevant technology to the panel. It may also
`
`be used to establish the level of skill in the art and describe the person of ordinary
`
`skill in the art. Experts may testify about the teachings of the prior art and how
`
`they relate to the patentability of the challenged claims. Expert testimony may also
`
`be offered on the issue of whether there would have been a reason to combine the
`
`teachings of references in a certain way, or if there may have been a reasonable
`
`expectation of success in doing so.
`
`27.
`
`I have been informed that the question of whether a patent claim is
`
`obvious is an objective test, and that it follows the following analysis: first, a
`
`determination of the differences between the prior art and the claims at issue is
`
`made; and the level of ordinary skill in the art is determined. Against this
`
`IPR2018-01581
`HTC v. INVT
`INVT Exhibit 2001 - Page 10
`
`
`
`IPR2018-01581
`Patent 7,848,439
`
`backdrop, the obviousness or nonobviousness of the claim is determined. I have
`
`also been advised that, as part of this obviousness analysis, it can be important to
`
`identify a reason why a person of ordinary skill would have been a reason to
`
`combine the teachings of references in a certain way, or if there may have been a
`
`reasonable expectation of success in doing so. I further have been advised that it is
`
`critical that the obviousness analysis not be made in hindsight, but rather from the
`
`perspective of a person of ordinary skill in the art at the time of the invention.
`
`28. These legal standards help me understand the issues on which I have
`
`been asked to opine. I am not an attorney, however, and legal standards are not
`
`necessary, nor did they play a role, in the development of my opinions in this
`
`matter. My role, as I understand it, is to help the Board and the parties understand
`
`the technology and the issues addressed herein.
`
`V.
`
`INACCURACIES IN THE PETITION AND DING DECLARATION
`
`29. The Petition’s only ground is based on a combination of the Li patent
`
`(Ex. 1003), the Vijayan patent (Ex. 1004), the Hashem patent (Ex. 1005), and the
`
`Cioffi patent (Ex. 1006). The Petition and the accompanying Ding declaration
`
`make a number of inaccurate statements with respect to its claims regarding
`
`obviousness and motivation to combine. I have included a discussion of several
`
`inaccuracies I have identified to date below.
`
`30.
`
`In particular, I note that Dr. Ding offers a number of erroneous
`
`IPR2018-01581
`HTC v. INVT
`INVT Exhibit 2001 - Page 11
`
`
`
`IPR2018-01581
`Patent 7,848,439
`
`opinions based on claims that are not even at issue in the Petition. For example, Dr.
`
`Ding offers opinions relating to the terms “pattern storage section” which he
`
`claims is present in “claims 1 and 8.” Ex. 1007 ¶ 66. The term “pattern storage
`
`section” does not appear in claim 8. Dr. Ding also offers a construction for
`
`“modulation parameters with a highest classification,” but that term only appears
`
`in claim 5, which is not at issue here. Dr. Ding also mistakenly offers a number of
`
`his opinions on claim limitations from claims 1 through 7, which are not at issue in
`
`this proceeding. See Ex. 1007 ¶¶ 98-245 (discussing claims 1-7).
`
`31. To the extent Dr. Ding offers opinions regarding issues and claims
`
`that are not implicated by this proceeding, I expressly incorporate by reference my
`
`expert declaration from the IPR proceeding IPR2018-01555 and the responses and
`
`opinions therein.
`
`A.
`
`Inaccuracies with Respect to Vijayan
`
`32. The Petition and Ding declaration also argue that Vijayan teaches
`
`“subband groups comprised of a plurality of subbands.” Ex. 1007 ¶ 121. This is
`
`incorrect in view of how the terms “subband” and “subband group” are defined in
`
`the ’439 patent.
`
`33. Although the Petition suggests that Vijayan presents rectangular
`
`shapes with certain regions marked “subband groups” on the vertical axis, those
`
`are not actually “subband groups” at all, but rather subcarrier groups. The ’439
`
`IPR2018-01581
`HTC v. INVT
`INVT Exhibit 2001 - Page 12
`
`
`
`IPR2018-01581
`Patent 7,848,439
`
`patent defines “subbands” as groups of “subcarriers in neighboring positions on the
`
`frequency domain.” Ex. 1001 at 2:20-22. I note that publications within the field
`
`sometimes use the term “subband” to refer to what are actually “subcarriers” (as
`
`defined in the ’439 patent). U.S. Patent No. 7,885,228 to Walton et al. (“Walton”),
`
`relied upon in the IPR proceeding IPR2018-01477, is one such publication, where
`
`a subband is referred to a frequency-bin, frequency subchannel or subcarrier. Apple
`
`et al. v. INVT SPE LLC, IPR2018-01477, Ex. 1008 at 2:1-7. Vijayan is another
`
`such publication. Although Vijayan uses the word “subband,” that term in Vijayan
`
`actually refers to “subcarriers” instead of “groups of subcarriers.” For example,
`
`Vijayan expressly states: “These subbands are also referred to as tones, carriers,
`
`subcarriers, bins, and frequency channels.” Ex. 1004 at 1:29-30. I understand that
`
`the Petition agrees that Vijayan’s use of the term “subband” actually refers to
`
`subcarriers: “Vijayan uses the word ‘subband,’ which is equivalent to a subcarrier
`
`in the ’439 Patent.” Petition at 20.
`
`34. Moreover, Vijayan relates to the allocation of data resources to
`
`physical layer channels (PLCs), where a PLC is defined as “a data channel, a
`
`traffic channel, or some other terminology.” Ex. 1004 at 4:16-19. These PLCs/data
`
`channels are not the same as the ’439 patent’s subband groups, which consist of
`
`multiple subbands and each subband consists of multiple carriers. Dr. Ding and the
`
`Petition rely upon an incorrect understanding of Vijayan for a number of
`
`IPR2018-01581
`HTC v. INVT
`INVT Exhibit 2001 - Page 13
`
`
`
`IPR2018-01581
`Patent 7,848,439
`
`limitations, including for the “subband groups” and for the “modulation parameters
`
`and coding parameters per subband group.” In particular, Dr. Ding admits that Li is
`
`only teaching modulation and coding parameters per subband/cluster. Ex. 1007
`
`¶ 126. To cure that deficiency, Dr. Ding relies on Vijayan for “modulation and
`
`coding parameters per subband group” by claiming that Vijayan discloses “that a
`
`PLC, equivalent to the subband group of the ’439 Patent, is comprised of multiple
`
`subbands” and “an OFDM system in which each PLC is a subband group
`
`comprised of a plurality of the subbands.” Ex. 1007 ¶ 122. Dr. Ding refers
`
`specifically to rectangles contiguous over frequencies and time in Vijayan. Ex.
`
`1007 ¶ 122; Ex. 1004 at 10:7-13. However, as I explained above, Dr. Ding’s
`
`characterization of Vijayan is incorrect because the PLC of Vijayan is not
`
`equivalent to a “subband group” of the ’439 patent, and Vijayan does not cure this
`
`deficiency in Li. Moreover, subbands in a group could exhibit different channel
`
`behaviors and performance (as disclosed in the ’439 patent), and it would then be
`
`necessary to determine modulation and coding parameters for the entire subband
`
`group accounting for these differences. Ex. 1001 at 11:19-65. Dr. Ding does not
`
`explain how to address the problem of selecting a joint modulating and coding
`
`scheme in such a situation.
`
`B.
`
`Inaccuracies with Respect to Cioffi
`
`35. The Petition and Ding declaration argue that “[t]he subchannels taught
`
`IPR2018-01581
`HTC v. INVT
`INVT Exhibit 2001 - Page 14
`
`
`
`IPR2018-01581
`Patent 7,848,439
`
`in Cioffi thus are subbands—subcarrier groups comprised of subcarriers in
`
`neighboring positions on the frequency domain.” See Ex. 1007 ¶ 254. This is
`
`incorrect in view of how the terms “subband” and “subband group” are defined in
`
`the ’439 patent.
`
`36. As stated previously, the ’439 patent defines “subbands” as groups of
`
`“subcarriers in neighboring positions on the frequency domain.” Ex. 1001 at 2:20-
`
`22. Given this definition, Cioffi’s subchannels are subcarriers, not subbands, as
`
`Cioffi uses carriers and subchannels as synonyms. See Ex. 1006 at 1:21-25, 1:27-
`
`30, 5:65-66. Therefore, Cioffi’s subchannels are not the same as the ’439 patent’s
`
`subbands (each of which consisting of multiple carriers), and Cioffi does not
`
`disclose subband groups at all.
`
`37. Further, the Petition and Ding declaration cite to a short passage in
`
`Cioffi for the alleged “weighting” limitation. That passage reads:
`
`For example, the numbers of bits allocated to the
`different subchannels may be determined also to take into
`account factors other than the SNR monitored at the
`receiver, for example subchannels at low frequencies
`may be assigned relatively fewer bits to reduce the
`effects of interference with POTS signals, and the
`allocation of numbers of bits to subchannels may also be
`weighted in accordance with other factors such as
`sources of interference.
`
`Cioffi does not provide additional details with respect to how to conduct the
`
`“weight[ing] in accordance with other factors such as sources of interference.”
`
`IPR2018-01581
`HTC v. INVT
`INVT Exhibit 2001 - Page 15
`
`
`
`IPR2018-01581
`Patent 7,848,439
`
`VI. A PERSON OF ORDINARY SKILL WOULD NOT COMBINE THE
`CIOFFI PATENT WITH THE OTHER REFERENCES IN THE
`PROPOSED COMBINATION.
`
`38. The Petition and Ding declaration conclude that a person of ordinary
`
`skill in the art would have been motivated to combine the teachings of Cioffi with
`
`Li and Vijayan. Ex. 1007 ¶¶ 96-97. I note that neither document explains why a
`
`person of ordinary skill in the art would be motivated to combine Cioffi with
`
`Hashem. More importantly, I disagree with their conclusion, because a person of
`
`ordinary skill in the art would not have been motivated to combine Cioffi with
`
`Hashem, Li, or Vijayan, for at least the reasons below.
`
`39. As an initial matter, Cioffi is solely directed towards wired
`
`communications through an “asymmetric digital subscriber line” or “ASDL, where
`
`communications occurs through a “plain old telephone service” or “POTS”
`
`landline. Ex. 1006 at Abstract, 1:42-50, 5:7-11, 5:22-26, 5:53-59, 10:53-60. This is
`
`distinct from the technology field of the other references, which pertain to wireless
`
`cellular OFDM communication networks. In wireline ADSL communications, the
`
`main problems are impulsive noise, frequency selective interference, and cross-talk
`
`between different subscribers1. On the other hand, the dominant degrader of
`
`
`1 J. Cook at all, “The Noise and Crosstalk Environment for ADSL and
`VDSL Systems,” IEEE Communications Magazine (May 1999).
`
`
`IPR2018-01581
`HTC v. INVT
`INVT Exhibit 2001 - Page 16
`
`
`
`IPR2018-01581
`Patent 7,848,439
`
`performance in wireless OFDM systems is time and frequency varying multipath
`
`fading. Because these different problems require different solutions, a person of
`
`ordinary skill in the art would not be motivated to consider ADSL references to
`
`solve the problems addressed by the ’439 invention, but rather would look at
`
`wireless OFDM references.
`
`VII. A PERSON OF ORDINARY SKILL WOULD NOT COMBINE THE
`LI PATENT WITH THE VIJAYAN PATENT.
`
`40. The Petition and the Ding declaration also conclude that a person of
`
`ordinary skill in the art would have been motivated to combine the teachings in the
`
`Li and Vijayan. Ex. 1007 ¶¶ 84-90. I disagree with this conclusion, because a
`
`person of ordinary skill would not have been motivated to combine Li with
`
`Vijayan, for at least the reasons below.
`
`41. As discussed above, the Ding declaration and the Petition rely on
`
`Figure 6 in Li for subband groups. See Ex. 1007 ¶¶ 112, 177-78, 202. The relevant
`
`disclosure in Li states that the clusters in Figure 6 “are spaced far apart over the
`
`entire bandwidth.” Ex. 1003 at 11:52-53 and Fig. 6.
`
`42. The clusters within a group do not occupy adjacent frequencies, or
`
`else they would not facilitate the desired frequency diversity within a group, i.e.,
`
`the probability that at least some clusters would provide high signal-to-noise ratio
`
`(SNR). Ex. 1003 at 11:54-61.
`
`IPR2018-01581
`HTC v. INVT
`INVT Exhibit 2001 - Page 17
`
`
`
`IPR2018-01581
`Patent 7,848,439
`
`
`43. The Ding declaration, at paragraph 122, relies on rectangles
`
`contiguous over time and frequency to reduce the amount of overhead signaling
`
`and make the slot assignments for PLCs more compact, specifically citing to
`
`Vijayan at 9:64-66 and 10:7-13. These compact rectangular shapes are described
`
`by Figures 7A through 7C as shown below:
`
`
`
`Ex. 1004 at Figs. 7A, 7B, and 7C.
`
`44. Vijayan teaches that these compact, rectangular shapes are comprised
`
`of contiguous subcarriers, thereby reducing the amount of overhead signaling
`
`necessary to define such rectangles by requiring only four parameters, such as the
`
`starting and ending positions in frequency and time, respectively. Ex. 1004 at 10:7-
`
`20. Li’s arrangement with clusters that are widely spaced over the entire frequency
`
`band would be incompatible with Vijayan’s stated objective reducing overhead
`
`signaling for these shapes, as Li’s arrangement would require a manifold increase
`
`of overhead signaling compared to that of Vijayan, because Li feedbacks SINR
`
`information for all clusters. Ex. 1003 at 12:10-11.
`
`IPR2018-01581
`HTC v. INVT
`INVT Exhibit 2001 - Page 18
`
`
`
`IPR2018-01581
`Patent 7,848,439
`
`
`45. Moreover, the contiguous spacing of subbands (subcarriers) in the
`
`rectangles of Vijayan, contradicts Li’s express motivation of spacing subbands
`
`further apart to achieve frequency diversity. Ex. 1003 at 11:54-61. Combining Li
`
`and Vijayan, as suggested by Ding, would be undesirable to a person of ordinary
`
`skill in the art, who would recognize that the two configurations would be
`
`incompatible.
`
`
`
`I declare under penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States of America
`
`that the foregoing is true and correct.
`
`
`
`January 16, 2019
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`IPR2018-01581
`HTC v. INVT
`INVT Exhibit 2001 - Page 19
`
`