IPR2018-01555
`Patent 7,848,439
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`UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
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`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`_____________________
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`HTC Corporation, and
`HTC America, Inc.,
`Petitioners
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`v.
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`INVT SPE, LLC
`Patent Owner
`_____________________
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`Case: IPR2018-01555
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`United States Patent No. 7,848,439
`_____________________
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`DECLARATION OF DR. BRANIMIR VOJCIC
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`IPR2018-01555
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`Patent 7,848,439
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`UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`_____________________
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`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`_____________________
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`HTC Corporation, and
`HTC America, Inc.,
`Petitioners
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`v.
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`INVT SPE, LLC
`Patent Owner
`_____________________
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`Case: IPR2018-01555
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`United States Patent No. 7,848,439
`_____________________
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`DECLARATION OF DR. BRANIMIR VOJCIC
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`I, BRANIMIR VOJCIC, hereby declare as follows:
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`1.
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`I am competent to testify, and, if called upon during an Inter Partes
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`Review (IPR) proceeding, would do so. If called upon as a witness, I could
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`competently testify to the truth of each statement herein.
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`2.
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`I was asked to provide an opinion on the Petition asserted in IPR2018-
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`01555, regarding U.S. Patent No. 7,848,439 (’439 patent) (Ex. 1001), statements
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`made in the Petition, and exhibits in support of the Petition, including the
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`declaration of Dr. Zhi Ding. In particular, I was asked to provide an opinion on the
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`Petition’s Ground 1, which asserts unpatentability based on a combination of the Li
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`patent (Ex. 1003), the Vijayan patent (Ex. 1004), and the Hashem patent (Ex.
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`1005).
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`3. My opinion is based upon my knowledge and experience, and my
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`review of the ’439 patent, the Petition, and exhibits in support of the Petition.
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`I.
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`BACKGROUND
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`4.
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`I am an expert in wireless technology and other areas of
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`telecommunications, signal processing, and electrical engineering. I am presently a
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`Professor Emeritus of Engineering and Applied Science at The George
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`Washington University. I retired from the university in May 2015, where I was a
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`member of the faculty since September 1, 1991. In addition, I have served as a
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`consultant for a number of companies in the wireless communications industry in
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`various technology areas. I have also served on numerous committees and as a
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`reviewer and editor for several journals, conferences, and organizations.
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`5.
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`I am presently President of Xplore Wireless, LLC, a small
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`telecommunication consulting company. I am also a co-founder, Director, CEO
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`and CTO of LN2, a startup in the telecommunication space.
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`6.
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`I received my Diploma of Engineering, Master of Science, and Doctor
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`of Science degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Belgrade in
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`Yugoslavia in 1981, 1986, and 1989, respectively. The primary focus of my Doctor
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`of Science studies was on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and spread
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`spectrum communications technologies.
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`7.
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`In 1991, I joined The George Washington University as an Assistant
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`Professor and was promoted to Associate Professor and Professor in 1997 and
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`2000, respectively. From 2001 to 2004, I served as the Chairman of the Electrical
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`and Computer Engineering Department at The George Washington University.
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`During my tenure at The George Washington University, until May 2015, I taught
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`many different courses on communications theory and networks, wireless
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`communications, and I was a course director for a number of courses in
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`communications. I have supervised students mostly in the areas of communications
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`and coding theory, wireless communications/networks, including CDMA
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`(including IS-95, CDMA2000, WCDMA/HSDPA/HSUPA), and OFDM/LTE and
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`have been a thesis director for a number of Doctor of Science candidates, who now
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`have successful careers in academia, industry, and government.
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`8. My research in the areas I just mentioned has been supported by the
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`communications industry and various Government agencies, such as the Advanced
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`Research Project Agency (ARPA), National Science Foundation (NSF), and
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`National Security Agency (NSA). Much of this research concerns communications
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`theory, performance evaluation, modeling wireless networks, multi-user detection,
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`adaptive antenna arrays, and ad-hoc networks.
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`9.
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`I have authored or co-authored numerous journal and conference
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`papers, contributed to various books, and served as a co-editor of a book on
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`wireless communications, entitled “Multiaccess, Mobility and Teletraffic in
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`Wireless Communications, Volume III,” Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell,
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`Massachusetts, 1998. My CV includes a detailed listing of my publications. Ex.
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`2002.
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`10.
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`I have also received awards for my work. In 1995, I received the
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`prestigious National Science Foundation Faculty Early CAREER Development
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`Award. The award is given annually by NSF to a select group of young professors
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`nationwide to promote excellence in teaching and research.
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`11.
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`I have served as a consultant for numerous companies in the wireless
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`communications industry in technology areas, in the areas of 2G/3G/4G mobile
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`technologies, Wireless LANs, new generation broadcast systems, advanced mobile
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`satellite systems and other aspects of modern communication systems. I have also
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`taught academic courses as well as short courses for the industry and government
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`on various aspects of communications in the areas of 2G, 2.5G, 3G, and 4G
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`cellular standards.
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`12.
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`I am a Senior Member of the IEEE and was an Associate Editor for
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`IEEE Communications Letters and Journal on Communications and Networks. I
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`served as a member of technical program committees, as a session organizer for
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`many technical conferences and workshops, and as a reviewer of technical papers
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`for many journals and conferences. These also include conference submissions on
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`“Adaptive modulation in ad-hoc DS/CDMA packet radio networks,” at Proc. IEEE
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`GLOBECOM (Dec. 2003) and IEEE Trans. on Communications (Apr. 2006). Ex.
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`2002 at 7 and 11.
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`13.
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`I am a co-inventor of U.S. Patent No. 6,523,147, entitled “Method and
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`Apparatus for Forward Error Correction Coding for an AM In-Band On-Channel
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`Digital Audio Broadcasting System,” US Patent No. 8,595,590 B1, entitled
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`“Systems and Methods for Encoding and Decoding Check-Irregular Non-
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`Systematic IRA Codes,” and applications, “Joint Source-Channel Decoding with
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`Source Sequence Augmentation,” US 20140153654 A1, Jun 5, 2014, “Systems and
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`Methods for Advanced Iterative Decoding and Channel Estimation of
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`Concatenated Coding Systems,” US 20140153625 A1, Jun 5, 2014, “Advanced
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`Decoding of High/Medium/Low Density Parity Check Codes,” PCT/US13/72883,
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`and International Application Number PCT/CA01/01488, entitled “Multi-User
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`Detector For Direct Sequence - Code Division Multiple Access (DS/CDMA)
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`Channels.”
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`14. A copy of my CV is attached as Exhibit 2002.
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`II. THE ’439 PATENT
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`15.
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`I have reviewed, among other things, the ’439 patent (Ex. 1001), the
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`prosecution file (Ex. 1002), the Petition, the Ding declaration (Ex. 1007), the Li
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`patent (Ex. 1003), the Vijayan patent (Ex. 1004), the Hashem patent (Ex. 1005),
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`and the Cioffi patent (Ex. 1006), the Olofsson patent (Ex. 1009), and all other
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`documents filed in this proceeding.
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`16. The invention in the ’439 patent relates to communication
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`apparatuses, systems, and methods for carrying out adaptive modulation and
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`coding in adaptive transmission technology in subcarrier communication systems.
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`Ex. 1001 at 1:7-12. In particular, the communication systems in the ’439 patent are
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`wireless communication orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems or
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`“OFDM” systems. Ex. 1001 at 1:12-14.
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`17. Wireless communication systems are used in cellular networks that
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`service modern day cellular phones. Cellular networks received their name because
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`their coverage areas are divided into regions called “cells.” Typically, cellular
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`towers within each cellular network each have one or more base stations, which
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`communicate with cellular phones within the cell, and each base station may be
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`assigned a unique frequency band from neighboring base stations to avoid
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`unnecessary interference, among other things. In general terms, a cellular call is
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`established when a cellular phone transmits RF signals to the base station on its
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`particular frequency band, wherein those signals are then routed to a second,
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`receiving cellular phone. In exemplary OFDM systems, a base station’s allocated
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`frequency band can be divided into multiple orthogonal subcarriers used to
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`communicate with one or more cellular devices.
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`18. Base stations must be able to communicate with numerous cellular
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`phones at the same time while accounting for a whole host of changing conditions,
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`including constantly moving callers, unfavorable weather conditions, and other
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`factors that can interfere with the call signal. OFDM systems can employ “adaptive
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`modulation/coding technology” which “is capable of effectively improving a
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`throughput and an error rate (BER) of a system.” Ex. 1001 at 1:37-40. “The basic
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`concept of AMC technology is adaptively changing one or more types of
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`transmission power, symbol transmission rate, coordinate size, coding rate and
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`coding mechanism.” Ex. 1001 at 1:43-46. This means, “when channel conditions
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`are good, transmitting a large amount of information to increase spectrum
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`utilization rate, and, when channel conditions are poor, transmitting a small
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`amount of information to ensure a certain receiving BER request.” Ex. 1001 at
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`1:46-52.
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`19. The ’439 patent identifies two types of adaptive modulation and
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`coding (AMC) that existed at the time: “AMC based on subcarriers and AMC
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`based on subbands.” Ex. 1001 at 2:3-4. AMC based on subcarriers refers to
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`“carrying out transmission using a modulation method and a coding method that
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`are different per OFDM subcarrier taking each subcarrier as a minimum unit of
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`adaptivity.” Ex. 1001 at 2:4-8. It was well-known in the art that such techniques
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`were very difficult to implement in an actual system. The second method of
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`conducting AMC based on subbands was more typically used. “Subbands” as
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`defined in the ’439 patent refers to subcarrier groups comprised of subcarriers in
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`neighboring positions on the frequency domain. Ex. 1001 at 2:19-21.
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`20. AMC based on subbands had several drawbacks. To address this, the
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`communication apparatus disclosed in claim 1 of the ’439 patent used “a pattern
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`storage section that stores in advance patterns for selecting subbands constituting
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`the subband groups” where each subband group is “comprised of the subbands
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`selected based on the patterns stored in the pattern storage section.” Ex. 1001 at
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`13:21-27. The ’439 patent disclosed that these subband grouping patterns were “a
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`fixed rule to as to give several subband groups, and then selecting modulation and
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`coding parameters for use during joint coding with respect to each subband group.”
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`Ex. 1001 at 5:40-44.
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`21. Storing patterns in advance of channel estimation meant that both the
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`cellular device and the base station know beforehand which subbands (and, by
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`implication, subcarriers) are used to transmit reference signals, thereby decreasing
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`the amount of information that must be sent between the two devices. This has the
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`potential advantages of reducing power consumption and increasing battery life
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`within the cellular device and improving the network capacity on the base station
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`side for the wireless provider.
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`III. PERSONS SKILLED IN THE ART
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`22.
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`I believe that a person skilled in the art of the technology described in
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`the ’439 patent would at least have both a bachelor’s degree in Electrical
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`Engineering (or an equivalent field) and three (3) years’ experience in wireless
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`communications or an MSc degree in Electrical Engineering (or an equivalent
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`field) and one (1) year of experience in wireless communications.
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`23.
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`In light of the above, I am a person skilled in the art of the technology
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`described in the ’439 patent. I am also a person skilled in the art of the technology
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`of the ’439 patent under the perspective of such a hypothetical person advanced by
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`Dr. Ding. Ex. 1007 ¶ 61.
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`IV. LEGAL PRINCIPLES
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`24.
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`I have been informed that expert opinion testimony is generally
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`permitted where the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge
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`will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue.
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`The expert witness must be qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience,
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`training, or education to testify in the form of an opinion.
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`25.
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`I understand that there is no requirement of a perfect match between
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`the expert’s experience and the relevant field. A person may not need to be a
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`person of ordinary skill in the art in order to testify as an expert, but rather must be
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`“qualified in the pertinent art.” For example, the absence of an advanced degree in
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`a particular field may not preclude an expert from providing testimony that is
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`helpful to the Board, so long as the expert’s experience provides sufficient
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`qualification in the pertinent art.
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`26.
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`I also understand that expert testimony may have many uses. For
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`example, it may be used to explain the relevant technology to the panel. It may also
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`be used to establish the level of skill in the art and describe the person of ordinary
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`skill in the art. Experts may testify about the teachings of the prior art and how
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`they relate to the patentability of the challenged claims. Expert testimony may also
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`be offered on the issue of whether there would have been a reason to combine the
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`teachings of references in a certain way, or if there may have been a reasonable
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`expectation of success in doing so.
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`27.
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`I have been informed that the question of whether a patent claim is
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`obvious is an objective test, and that it follows the following analysis: first, a
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`determination of the differences between the prior art and the claims at issue is
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`made; and the level of ordinary skill in the art is determined. Against this
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`backdrop, the obviousness or nonobviousness of the claim is determined. I have
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`also been advised that, as part of this obviousness analysis, it can be important to
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`identify a reason why a person of ordinary skill would have been a reason to
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`combine the teachings of references in a certain way, or if there may have been a
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`reasonable expectation of success in doing so. I further have been advised that it is
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`critical that the obviousness analysis not be made in hindsight, but rather from the
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`perspective of a person of ordinary skill in the art at the time of the invention.
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`28. These legal standards help me understand the issues on which I have
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`been asked to opine. I am not an attorney, however, and legal standards are not
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`necessary, nor did they play a role, in the development of my opinions in this
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`matter. My role, as I understand it, is to help the Board and the parties understand
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`the technology and the issues addressed herein.
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`V.
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`INACCURACIES IN THE PETITION AND DING DECLARATION
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`29. The Petition’s Ground 1 is based on a combination of the Li patent
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`(Ex. 1003), the Vijayan patent (Ex. 1004), and the Hashem patent (Ex. 1005). The
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`Petition and the accompanying Ding declaration make a number of inaccurate
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`statements with respect to its claims regarding obviousness and motivation to
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`combine. I have included a discussion of several inaccuracies I have identified to
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`date below.
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`A.
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`Inaccuracies with Respect to Li
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`30. With respect to the Li reference, the Ding declaration arbitrarily mixes
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`and matches several incompatible embodiments from Li to try to prove that Li
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`discloses different limitations in the ’439 patent. For example, for limitation 1(f),
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`Ding relies on Figure 6 in Li, shown below, and the accompanying disclosure in
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`11:47-52, to demonstrate that Li teaches that “clusters are selected according to a
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`pattern—every fourth cluster on the frequency axis f is selected for a cluster
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`group.” Ex. 1007 ¶ 178.
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`31. However, the predetermined clusters in Figure 6 are incompatible
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`with the clusters that Ding relies on for limitation 1(a). For the latter, Ding states
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`that “Li discloses that the subscriber performs a channel estimation per subband
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`(cluster)” using the embodiment shown below:
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`In another embodiment, the pilot signal sent from the base
`station to the subscriber also indicates the availability of
`each cluster, e.g., the pilot signal shows which clusters have
`already been allocated for other subscribers and which
`clusters are available for new allocations. For example, the
`base station can transmit a pilot sequence 1111 1111 on the
`subcarriers of a cluster to indicate that the cluster is
`available, and 1111-1-1-1-1 to indicate the cluster is not
`available. At the receiver, the subscriber first distinguishes
`the two sequences using the signal processing methods
`which are well known in the art, e.g., the correlation
`methods, and then estimates the channel and interference
`level.
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`Ex. 1003 at 12:44-56. That is, the clusters used for limitation 1(a), as described
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`above, are provided by the base station to the subscriber unit on the fly in real
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`time, and they are not based on a predetermined pattern that is stored in advance,
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`because the broadcasted availability occurs on a per cluster basis.
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`32. As a further example, Ding again argues that limitation 1(a) relating to
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`“channel estimation per subband (cluster)” exists in Li by stating: “each subscriber
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`measures the SINR of each subcarrier cluster and reports these SINR
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`measurements to their base station through an access channel.” Ex. 1007 ¶ 105
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`(emphasis in original). Again, this is significantly different and incompatible with
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`the method of selecting subbands disclosed by the ’439 patent, which selects
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`subbands (and, therefore, subcarriers) based on predetermined subband grouping
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`patterns that are stored in advance and known to both the cellular device and base
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`station.
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`B.
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`Inaccuracies with Respect to Vijayan
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`33. The Petition and Ding declaration also argue that Vijayan teaches
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`“patterns for selecting subbands constituting the subband groups.” Ex. 1007 ¶ 183.
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`This is incorrect in view of how the terms “subband” and “subband group” are
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`defined in the ’439 patent.
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`34. Although the Petition suggests that Vijayan presents rectangular
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`shapes with certain regions marked “subband groups” on the vertical axis, those
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`are not actually “subband groups” at all, but rather subcarrier groups. The ’439
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`patent defines “subbands” as groups of “subcarriers in neighboring positions on the
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`frequency domain.” Ex. 1001 at 2:20-22. I note that publications within the field
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`sometimes use the term “subband” to refer to what are actually “subcarriers” (as
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`defined in the ’439 patent). U.S. Patent No. 7,885,228 to Walton et al. (“Walton”),
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`relied upon in the IPR proceeding IPR2018-01477, is one such publication, where
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`a subband is referred to a frequency-bin, frequency subchannel or subcarrier. Apple
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`et al. v. INVT SPE LLC, IPR2018-01477, Ex. 1008 at 2:1-7. Vijayan is another
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`such publication. Although Vijayan uses the word “subband,” that term in Vijayan
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`actually refers to “subcarriers” instead of “groups of subcarriers.” For example,
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`Vijayan expressly states: “These subbands are also referred to as tones, carriers,
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`subcarriers, bins, and frequency channels.” Ex. 1004 at 1:29-30. I understand that
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`the Petition agrees that Vijayan’s use of the term “subband” actually refers to
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`subcarriers: “Vijayan uses the word ‘subband,’ which is equivalent to a subcarrier
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`in the ’439 Patent.” Petition at 16.
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`35. Moreover, Vijayan relates to the allocation of data resources to
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`physical layer channels (PLCs), where a PLC is defined as “a data channel, a
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`traffic channel, or some other terminology.” Ex. 1004 at 4:16-19. These PLCs/data
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`channels are not the same as the ’439 patent’s subband groups, which consist of
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`multiple subbands and each subband consists of multiple carriers. Dr. Ding and the
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`Petition rely upon an incorrect understanding of Vijayan for a number of
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`limitations, including for the “subband groups” and for the “modulation parameters
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`and coding parameters per subband group.” In particular, Dr. Ding admits that Li is
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`only teaching modulation and coding parameters per subband/cluster. Ex. 1007 ¶
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`126. To cure that deficiency, Dr. Ding relies on Vijayan for “modulation and
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`coding parameters per subband group” by claiming that Vijayan discloses “that a
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`PLC, equivalent to the subband group of the ’439 Patent, is comprised of multiple
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`subbands” and “an OFDM system in which each PLC is a subband group
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`comprised of a plurality of the subbands.” Ex. 1007 ¶ 122. Dr. Ding refers
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`specifically to rectangles contiguous over frequencies and time in Vijayan. Ex.
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`1007 ¶ 122; Ex. 1004 at 10:7-13. However, as I explained above, Dr. Ding’s
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`characterization of Vijayan is incorrect because the PLC of Vijayan is not
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`equivalent to a “subband group” of the ’439 patent, and Vijayan does not cure this
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`deficiency in Li. Moreover, subbands in a group could exhibit different channel
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`behaviors and performance (as disclosed in the ’439 patent), and it would then be
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`necessary to determine modulation and coding parameters for the entire subband
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`group accounting for these differences. Ex. 1001 at 11:19-65. Dr. Ding does not
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`explain how to address the problem of selecting a joint modulating and coding
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`scheme in such a situation.
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`VI. A PERSON OF ORDINARY SKILL WOULD NOT COMBINE THE
`LI PATENT WITH THE VIJAYAN PATENT.
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`36. The Petition and the Ding declaration both conclude that a person of
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`ordinary skill in the art would have been motivated to combine the teachings in the
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`Li and Vijayan. Ex. 1007 ¶¶ 84-90. I disagree with this conclusion, because a
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`person of ordinary skill would not have been motivated to combine Li with
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`Vijayan, for at least the reasons below.
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`37. As discussed above, the Ding declaration and the Petition rely on
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`Figure 6 in Li for the “patterns for selecting subbands constituting the subband
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`groups.” The relevant disclosure in Li states that the clusters in Figure 6 “are
`
`spaced far apart over the entire bandwidth.” Ex. 1003 at 11:52-53 and Fig. 6.
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`38. The clusters within a group do not occupy adjacent frequencies, or
`
`else they would not facilitate the desired frequency diversity within a group, i.e.,
`
`the probability that at least some clusters would provide high signal-to-noise ratio
`
`(SNR). Ex. 1003 at 11:54-61.
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`39. The Ding declaration, at paragraph 122, relies on rectangles
`
`contiguous over time and frequency to reduce the amount of overhead signaling
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`and make the slot assignments for PLCs more compact, specifically citing to
`
`
`
`17
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`IPR2018-01555
`HTC v. INVT
`INVT Exhibit 2001 - Page 17
`
`
`
`IPR2018-01555
`Patent 7,848,439
`
`
`Vijayan at 9:64-66 and 10:7-13. These compact rectangular shapes are described
`
`by Figures 7A through 7C as shown below:
`
`
`
`Ex. 1004 at Figs. 7A, 7B, and 7C.
`
`40. Vijayan teaches that these compact, rectangular shapes are comprised
`
`of contiguous subcarriers, thereby reducing the amount of overhead signaling
`
`necessary to define such rectangles by requiring only four parameters, such as the
`
`starting and ending positions in frequency and time, respectively. Ex. 1004 at 10:7-
`
`20. Li’s arrangement with clusters that are widely spaced over the entire frequency
`
`band would be incompatible with Vijayan’s stated objective reducing overhead
`
`signaling for these shapes, as Li’s arrangement would require a manifold increase
`
`of overhead signaling compared to that of Vijayan, because Li feedbacks SINR
`
`information for all clusters. Ex. 1003 at 12:10-11.
`
`41. Moreover, the contiguous spacing of subbands (subcarriers) in the
`
`rectangles of Vijayan, contradicts Li’s express motivation of spacing subbands
`
`further apart to achieve frequency diversity. Ex. 1003 at 11:54-61. Combining Li
`
`
`
`18
`
`IPR2018-01555
`HTC v. INVT
`INVT Exhibit 2001 - Page 18
`
`
`
`IPR2018-01555
`Patent 7,848,439
`
`
`and Vijayan, as suggested by Ding, would be undesirable to a person of ordinary
`
`skill in the art, who would recognize that the two configurations would be
`
`incompatible.
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` declare under penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States of America
`
` I
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`that the foregoing is true and correct.
`
`
`
`
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`
`
`December 11, 2018
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`
`
`
`19
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`IPR2018-01555
`HTC v. INVT
`INVT Exhibit 2001 - Page 19
`
`
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