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`KEVIN KELLY ANDO SPENCER REISS 08.01.98 12:00 PM
`
`ONE HUGE COMPUTER
`
`__THE NET MADE it possible. Java made it doable.
`Jini might just make it happen. An on-the-fly, plug-
`and-work, global nervous system that connects his
`cam to her RAM to your PDA.Also: A conversation
`with Sun’s founding spirit Bill Joy.
`
`The Irresistible Dream: Ever since Marshall
`
`McLuhan,a central dream of the digital culture has
`been to create one huge computer. Not a towering
`superbrain tended by white-coatedpriests, but a
`vast constellation of interacting machines-
`processors, memory modules,disk drives, anda
`million other devices, all networkedinto a vast
`planetary system. A meansof thinking, creating,
`and communicating that is everywhereat once, but
`nowherein particular. A computerthat is always
`on. Such a system would continuously spreaditself
`and thicken, expanding by its own internal logic.It
`would be supremely adaptable, and hard to break.
`It would have myriad access points, but no CPU, no
`single point of failure. The global village, to coina
`phrase, madereal.
`
`Engineers have long had a word for systems whose
`powersare widely dispersed: distributed. Banking,
`telephones, the electric powergrid - the bigger
`something is, the morelikely thatit will be
`distributed. TheInternet is arguably the biggest
`distributed system everbuilt, and the most
`complex. But all these are specialized, essentially
`one-dimensional undertakings- processing money,
`electricity, or communications bits. They pale
`against the ambitions of a system that aspires to be
`everything - to everyone.
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`For the biggest of thinkers, that sets up an
`irresistible dream:to build the network that makes
`
`all networks one, a global nervous system. The
`napkin sketchis simple: Take all the intelligent
`machinesin the world - from giant mainframes to
`the tiniest embeddedchip - and hook them
`togetherin a single intelligent network. A system
`open to novelty, new members, and features. A
`system that can tolerate what engineers ruefully
`call faults. A system with no limits on how large it
`can get, nor how small its smallest part can be.
`
`Add a few morestipulations. To have any chance of
`working, the global network’s structure will need
`to unfold from simple principles, rather than from
`ever more complex planning and central control.
`And, like another well-known distributed-
`computing device - the human brain - it will need to
`be able endlessly to reconfigureitself, to solve
`unanticipated problems and address unforeseeable
`new needs.
`
`
`
`TRENDING NOW
`
`CULTURE
`
`“Batman v Superman”: The... Rom-Com?
`
`Thekey pieces for such a system - millions and
`billions of microprocessors- are already here,or
`coming.So, too, are the riotously expanding
`networks.Indeed, to start building that one great
`computer, only a single essential ingredientis
`missing: an architecture, a universal language, a
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`set of superprotocols, something - and very
`possibly today’s lexicon can’t nameit - to holdit all
`together and let the magic work.A constitution,if
`youlike, a digital equivalent of the genetic code
`thatall living things share.
`
`Or, just maybe,this: a crash effort cooked up by
`someof the most ambitious mindseverto flee the
`
`corporate confinesofSilicon Valley - a secret
`project spearheadedbyBill Joy, the software
`luminary whoputthe Internet on Unix and Java on
`close to 100 million desktops and whosefondest
`wish nowisto give the world, to use a favorite Joy
`phrase, one more good "technological dislocation.”
`He’s sure he’s found one. And appropriately,it’s
`called Jini, loosely from the Arabic for magician.
`
`__General magic
`
`In a windowless second-floor room ina
`
`deliberately obscure Sun Microsystemsoutpostin
`Sunnyvale, California, half a dozen anonymous
`chunks of expensive-looking hardwaresit on long
`folding tables. Some barelyratea first look: a not
`particularly recent printer, what look like a pair of
`flat-screen monitors, a video camera, a couple of
`keyboards. Others are clearly prototypes:
`overdesigned purple computer-somethings with
`curvedsides andstylized vents. Any Demo,Silicon
`Valley, USA.
`
`Turn anyof the devices around, however, and only
`two wiresarevisible: electric power and an RJ-45
`Ethernet connection. Each box - even the display
`screens and thelittle handheld camera - is a fully
`independentnetworkcitizen, able to hold its own
`on the system, unencumberedbyspecialized
`cables, software drivers, or the rest of the usual
`array of digital life support.
`
`Say you wantto use the camera.Plug it in, and poof
`-asecond later, an icon appears on yourdisplay
`screen. All the configuration chores are done
`automatically by one of those purple boxes - a low-
`endservercalled a lookup device - and by a 25K
`communication program in the camera. What’s in
`the viewfinder? Bring the camera image up ona
`monitor - any oneyoulike. Store a clip? The 10-gig
`storage device - a slightly smartened-up disk drive
`- is waiting. Edit? There’s anotherof those purple
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`boxes, the computing device, with full workstation
`power. Pull some video-edit software out of the
`storage module, and you'reoff.
`
`That’s one possibility. Or maybe you'd rather batch
`print someletters from your laptop. Done. Or get
`that old laser printer online. A pocket-sized
`adapter doesit. Or add another10 gigs of storage -
`no need to call a sysadmin,just grab a drive off the
`shelf, and plug it in.
`
`On onelevel, the demois the ultimate in plug-and-
`play technology - ”plug-and-work,”its Sun-shirted
`mindersnote with a smile. No mean feat. Not
`
`surprisingly, someof the Jini demo’s most
`interested visitors have been from hardware
`
`companies that would dearly love to find a way for
`us all to snap a few billion more microprocessors,
`disk drives, and other smart devices into our
`personal networks.
`
`But Jini aims much higher. What Joy and the two
`dozen programmers working with him aspire to do
`is nothing less than dynamite the whole creaky
`logjam of computing,as it has evolved from giant
`mainframesthrough thefirst clunky PCs to today’s
`cobbled-together Internet and Windows
`Everywhere.If they succeed, Jini code will provide
`connectionsthat will make today’s information
`"superhighways” look as confining as 19th-century
`railways. Andthat, Jini thinking goes,will be the
`foundation for truly networked, global computing -
`organic and ever changing, and keyed to a hurtling
`future instead of being shackled to the platforms
`and conventionsof the past. "When the
`foundationsare sofaroff,” reads an internal Sun
`documentwritten to supportthe project last year,
`“jt makessense to do a reset.”
`
`Coming from almost anywhereelse, that
`declaration would be laughable. But Sun and Bill
`Joy have comeclose once already to pushing
`computing’s reset button, with its still-expanding
`programming language Java, the most important
`developmentin computing since the explosion of
`the Internet. What Java aimsto do for software - be
`
`a lingua franca - Jini hopes to do for the machines
`that run it: provide an overarching, universal
`platform - a distributed operating system,in effect,
`on which devices of every description can meet.
`"Jini is the next chapterin the Javastory,” reads
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`another project mantra.
`
`AndJini is no clunky hack, strung togetherin a lab
`with glue and wire to impressthe boss and calm
`investors. Mostof the demodevices are modified
`
`versionsof existing hardware- one of the project’s
`driving ideasis to not haveto throw existing
`systems away. Jini software has beenin limited-
`release beta since June, with testing under way by
`someof the biggest names in computers and
`consumerelectronics - NEC, Toshiba, Quantum,
`Ericsson, Siemens, Computer Associates, and a
`dozenothers. By the end of the year, Sun hopes to
`release a full package, from a network
`infrastructure to the little 25K program that can
`put your front-doorlight switch onto the network.
`The release nameisstill being debated, but the
`marketing plan is not: It will reprise the same
`strategy that fueled the explosive take-offs of both
`the World Wide WebandJava - essentially, give it
`away. “There’s onething we'veall learned from
`watching Java and the Net,” says Mike Clary, Joy’s
`key colleague in Aspen andJini’s overall project
`manager. “This can only be a ubiquity play.”
`
`Jini’s prelaunch team shares a building with what
`remains of another audacious attempt at
`networking heroics, General Magic - a reminder of
`the casualty rate of would-be technological
`revolutionaries. A Jini victory would mean the
`creation of a loosely connected federation of
`computersfreed from today’s OS tyrannies - one
`reason notto expect a friendly Microsoft embrace.
`NeitherBill - Gates or Joy - needs reminding that it
`wasthe modestlittle PC’s universal appeal, not the
`US Justice Department, that ultimately humbled
`IBM’s mighty mainframes.Andif lightning strikes
`again, those anonymousboxesin the windowless
`demo room could somedayend up in a technology
`museum:cell zero of the global computer. Not to
`mentiongiant slayers.
`
`If...
`
`__Up from Java
`
`Bill Joy doesn’t like the word “exile,” but he’s made
`a second career out of keeping mostof the Rocky
`Mountains between himself and Silicon Valley. A
`founder of Sun Microsystemsandstill officially
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`Sun’s VP for research, Joy took himself to Aspena
`decade ago to build a geek-lord’s dream: his own
`custom research-and-developmentlab, aka Sun
`Aspen Smallworks. Small? "Ideas resemble the
`organism that built them,” Joy says, “so a small
`organization will build simple things that work.”
`Meaning what? ’The idea is that we do whateveris
`most important - not necessarily most urgent. Sun
`has 20,000 other people doing that. I left the
`urgent behind to get to the important.”
`
`In the early days, Joy and a rotating Smallworks
`crew focused on what they dubbed the "4MyY”
`program - ”Four Miracles a Year,” everything from
`microchip design to networking theory. More
`recently, Aspen wasa refuge for the long-running
`project that became Java, from its early near-death
`experiences as “Green” and ”Oak”to thefirst big
`licensing deals.
`
`It’s a pleasant place, Smallworks, behind one of
`those too-cute Victorians above the year-round
`commotion of shops and restaurants in downtown
`Aspen. Joy and a couple of permanent staffers
`inhabit a cheerful clutter of exotic gear,
`whiteboard, and piles of books. But blissed-out the
`view definitely ain’t - the view of the high tech
`landscape, anyway. “We're in the Dark Ages,” Joy
`says, wheeling out his favorite rant. “It’s 900 AD -
`medieval computing. Except for the Web, what’s
`really getting better? I managed to get my
`notebook computerto talk to the printer - it tooka
`month. Our basic operating systems now have
`some20 million lines of code, and moreis being
`piled on every day.It’s insane to try to build the
`future on that.”
`
`Indeed, from whicheverangle you look - Silicon
`Valley prince or baffled user - complexity and scale
`are the mad auntsin theattic of today’s computing.
`Lines of code piling up like crust on hard drives are
`only part of the problem - the real nightmarestarts
`whenyou add blossoming networksto the mix.
`Systems engineers measure complexity with a
`metric: numberof users times number of machines
`
`times numberof functions being undertaken. Put a
`couple of those numbersinto the millions or
`billions - which the Net explosion is doing - and you
`get unmanageably huge, quickly. Unless, of course,
`you have a system that can pull order from
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`networking chaos.
`
`Visionaries and hard-headed engineers- not to
`mention Windows-for-all Gates - have been
`
`groping for years to find paths through the
`spreading complexity. Ted Nelson’s Xanadu, Xerox
`PARC’s Smalltalk, David Gelernter’s Linda; thelist
`is long and not encouraging. One general path has
`been idealized - start-from-scratch systems, most
`of them quixotic or mainly research ventures.
`Another, less sweeping approach has been object-
`oriented programming - building applications on
`the fly from small code modules, usually called
`objects, the better to move them around a network
`or translate across platforms. Two rival object
`standards, the industrywide Corba and Microsoft's
`DCOM,have kept sprawling corporate networks
`from degenerating into towers of Babel. And then,
`of course, there’s the one unalloyed success story
`of distributed computing: the Internet, and its
`prodigal, the Web.Ironically, though, TCP/IP’s very
`success in creating a global medium has only made
`the overall problem of complexity even worse.
`
`As the Net’s explosion gainedforce three years ago,
`Bill Joy was deep into Sun’s own object-oriented
`programming effort. The motivesfor releasing
`Java - an elegantly stripped-down language
`originally designed to run consumerelectronics-
`wereless than pure and morethana little
`desperate: to blunt "WindowsEverywhere!” witha
`new technology that promised platform
`independence. Theability to run the same program
`on any computer - Mac, Windows, Unix, a tiny
`device on your wrist- is a key distributed-
`computingtenet, not to mention an obvious boon
`to a global information network. Skeptics laughed
`nonetheless. But the timing was perfect - even
`more so when Netscape,looking forallies and
`ammunition against Microsoft’s gathering
`counterattack, built Java compatibility into its
`runaway-hit browser. What might have been
`another high-minded experiment instead became
`an instant global standard.
`
`Sun from thestart has famously been the company
`that preached ”the network is the computer.” But
`even for Joy, holed up in Aspen writing the Java
`specs, that explosion wasastonishing. Though Java
`waslaunchedas a new programming language, Joy
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`and the others had always assumedthat they
`would slowly build it into a full software platform -
`onethatreally fulfilled the brash early promise of
`“write once, run anywhere.” Their best guess had
`been that it would take five years to achieve what
`they reckonedwasthe critical mass needed to
`launch a viable distributed platform - about 100
`million users. But the Net’s amazing growth had
`them scrambling almost immediately. The good
`newswasthat Joy andthe rest of Sun’s software
`research team already had a clear sense of where
`they wanted to go. "We knew that whatever we did
`had to be technically simple,” says Joy, "because
`it’s hard to write programs, and even harder to
`write distributed programs- you have the whole
`big complicated system to think about. What we
`wanted wasa very simple communications
`mechanism that would let the distributed system
`work.”
`
`Oneof Joy’s favorite engineering maxims- "Large
`successful systems start as small successful
`systems”- is another way of saying: Use what
`already works.In 1994, the Aspen skunkworks
`already had a workstation running Oberon, an
`ambitious attempt by Ziirich-based Niklaus Wirth,
`the inventorof Pascal, to create a featherweight
`system written entirely in one simple
`programming language. Such knowledge-based
`computing erases the conventional distinction
`betweenthe OS and applications. Building
`distributed networks, Joy believed, was a key
`breakthrough. Anotherintriguing model was
`Gelernter’s Linda, whose central idea, called “tuple
`spaces,” is a radically simple way to organize
`communication between software objects; Linda’s
`broad concepts had already been adopted for
`JavaSpaces, a tool for building distributed
`applications.
`
`Andthen there wasJava itself, which continued to
`build momentum among programmers- and with
`that, more and more ofthe plug-and-play software
`components crucial to making object-based
`programming work.
`
`In the spring oflast year, Joy sat down in Aspen
`with Sun senior staff engineer Jim Waldo, whose
`research group had just completed Java RMI -
`Remote MethodInvocation, an interface tool that
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`lets distributed software objects find and
`communicate with each other over a network.
`
`Sketching on - yes - a napkin, they realized that the
`practical outlines for a full-out distributed-
`computing system werealreadyvisible. They also
`had the people, based mainly in Sun’s East Coast
`software researchlab in Chelmsford,
`Massachusetts. Waldo himself had already started
`the basic code for what programmerscall
`transactions, which ensure that groups of
`commandssent out over the networkactually
`occur as a unit. A variety of programmershad
`workedout leasing, a framework for short-term
`relations between objects. Bob Scheifler, a leader
`of the X Consortium - an industrywideinitiative to
`build cross-platform interface technology - had the
`network-security know-how. "Twocoffees into
`breakfast,” recalls Joy, Jini was in high gear.
`
`_Reality check
`
`You have to drill down energetically into
`Microsoft’s sprawling Website, but thereit is, in
`the list of projects under way at Microsoft
`Research. "Webelieveit is time to reexamine the
`
`operating system’s role in computing,” reads the
`opening line of a proposal for an initiative dubbed
`Millennium, described as "a new self-organizing,
`self-tuning distributed system.” NT’s 20 million-
`odd lines of code notwithstanding, Millennium
`envisions "a distributed operating system, based
`on a few principles pervasively applied.” As part of
`that system, “any code fragment might run
`anywhere, any data object might live anywhere.”
`Soundfamiliar? It would also be “self-configuring,
`self-monitoring, andself-tuning. And of course,it
`would be scalable and secure.” Of course.
`
`In the long tradition of Microsoft vaporware, there
`maybe less to Millennium than meetstheeye - the
`team consists of a half-dozen full-time researchers,
`according to a spokesperson, and a couple of active
`prototypes. One working system, dubbed Coign,
`distributes conventionally written applications on
`thefly; the other, Borg, creates a distributed
`version of the Java Virtual Machine. Microsoft
`
`famously got jumped once before by a technology,
`the Internet, that didn’t quite fit Redmond’s
`worldview;despiteall of his current distractions,
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`Bill Gates doesn’t want to get paradigm-shifted
`once again. Whatever Millennium turnsout to be -
`vaporwarestalking-horse or shrewdly hedgedbet -
`the Kremlin of centrally planned computing has
`morereasons than most to be paying attention to
`new rumblingson the network.
`
`Andthere’s not just Bill Joy and Sun to worry
`about. Add to the list Lucent’s ever about-to-take-
`
`off Inferno; an ambitious Caltech project called
`Infospheres; even Larry Ellison’s half-baked
`network computer scheme- all are pursuing the
`distributed-computing dream. Even sleepy AT&T
`this spring unveiled a Java-based “enhanced
`networkinfrastructure” called GeoPlex, designed
`to let telecom companies offer services across the
`whole array of digital devices and networks.
`Apparently you don’t need to be a software hero
`with a private Aspen research lab and 20/20
`programming vision to detect a potential
`revolution.
`
`So ... why Jini?
`
`The short answer, of course, is Java, whose
`slipstream - a million active programmers, by Sun’s
`latest reckoning - can give Jini the kind of instant
`presence and easy learning curve Java got from
`Netscape and C++. A quiet argumentis under way
`in Jini’s marketing team over howclosely to stick
`to Java branding;the leading contender has been
`JavaTone,as in the universal telephonesignal.
`
`But Jini is primedto ride a potentially even more
`powerful new wave: hardware geared for the
`network. Jini’s main beta testers are not the usual
`
`Silicon Valley coders - licensees already signed up
`include a dream team of big-time hardwareplayers
`who seem to befalling over each other with raves.
`“Anyone who’s evertried adding storage on a LAN
`can tell you why weneedthis,” says Paul Borrill,
`vice president and chief architect at Quantum, the
`disk drive maker. ”To use an overused phrase,this
`is a paradigm shift.” Quantum expects to ship its
`first Jini-ized devices late next year. Billy Moon,
`Ericsson’s New Concepts program director, goes
`oneshift better: “It’s a double-barreled paradigm
`shift that reaches beyond the computerindustry.
`The combination of componentized software
`running on distributed virtual machines and the
`bold system architecture transform and blur the
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`very idea of what computers, networks, and
`applications are.”
`
`Things get vaguer when the question turns to the
`newservices that Jini could spawn. Plug-and-play
`is anice feature. Exploding the computer back to
`its components- storage and processing especially
`-is a potential revolution, opening the door to
`everything from supercomputing on demandto
`massively encrypted remote data storage and your
`own personal desktop available on any machine in
`the world. Clever corporate marketers and
`ecommerce entrepreneurs presumably will sort
`these offerings out.
`
`Jini avoids one common stumbling block of many
`clean-slate solutions: incompatibility. Specialized
`programming languages, legacy applications, and
`hardwareall do fine undera Jini régime; the only
`requirement, beyond being Java-enabled,is that
`they observethe basic networking rules. “The
`whole ideais to be very forgiving,” Joy says. "If you
`haveslightly different code than I do, that’s fine -
`whenI get one of your objects, I also get the code
`that goes along with it. We don’t have to agree
`beyondthe basic rules, and wecanlet the best - the
`mostfunctional, fastest, easiest - code win. So you
`can keep your Windowsif you wantit. But now the
`networkwill be evolutionary - the survival of the
`fittest.”
`
`But of course, "fittest” in technology does not
`always mean “best”- hello, Macintosh and
`Betamax.On the Net and in court, Sunis already
`battling competing Java “flavors” - variations of
`the language - launched from Redmond.In May,
`Sunfiled a suit against Microsoftto try to rein in
`its licensees and enforce ”100 Percent Pure Java.”
`
`Butthe fight has at least given Jini’s creators the
`benefit of hindsight. And the sidestep they came up
`with plays directly to the strength of a distributed
`system: WhenJini tries to run on a nonstandard
`Java Virtual Machine, Jini automatically queriesits
`capabilities, then uploads whatever chunks of code
`are needed to makeit fully compatible. "You could
`design a system to prohibit that,” says Clary, the
`Jini project manager. ’But that would violate the
`licensing termsa lot moreflagrantly than just
`leaving somefeatures out. There’d be nothing
`gray-area aboutit. Andit’s hard to see the value in
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`deliberately shutting yourself off from the world.”
`
`Sun has also been working overtime to address
`what remains the favorite bugaboo of Java
`skeptics: speed, as in lack thereof. Java's
`“sluggishness”is a favorite complaint of Net
`surfers watching Web applets - Java’s mostvisible
`face - slowly unfurl. The seriousnessof the problem
`has attracted a correspondingly high amount of
`programmerenergy. As one result, anew
`generation ofjust-in-time compilers is emerging
`for a variety of operating platforms, produced both
`by Sun itself and by third-party developers. And
`later this year, Sun will release the 1.2 version of
`Java, one of whose newfeatures, HotSpot,is
`dynamic optimization, which Sunofficials claim
`can take JIT compilation to "C-level performance.”
`
`Will Jini scale out to thesize of, say, the planet?
`"We've looked at this every way wecan think of,”
`says Clary. ”And the answeris yes.” Object-based
`programming makessensefor the same reason
`that packet-switching is now the technology of
`choice for networks: It reduces huge problems to
`small pieces. That in turn points inevitably toa
`movefrom today’s mostly client/server
`networking to peer-to-peerrelations, with code
`and data flying in all directions across the network.
`Andthe resulting complexity, the Jini team
`concluded, could be dealt with only by stripping its
`basic operating rules to an absolute minimum.
`“How do we know whether we made the right
`choices?” says Waldo. "You never know. We
`stopped only when wecouldn’t throw things out
`anymore.”
`
`WhenJoy and Clary took Jini to Sun CEO Scott
`McNealy for a greenlight in March oflast year,
`they used the phrase "opportunity driven”- Valley-
`speak for a project that will build its market on the
`fly. As with Java, the benefits to Sun are a subject
`for debate - possibly, Jini-configured hardware;
`more certainly, an inside track on what could well
`be historic technological changes. What everyone
`agreesis that timing will determineJini’s fate. "It’s
`like that portal opening in Star Trek,” Joy says."If
`you're lucky, you get through the opening, and then
`the portal closes.”
`
`__Comesthe comet
`
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`In 1979, Steve Jobs - then an unknown 23-year-old
`geek - made his now-legendary visit to Xerox PARC
`to see the radical new Alto computer, with its
`primitive mouse and icon-basedscreen. "I sawa
`very rudimentary graphical interface,” he said
`years later (see "Steve Jobs: The Next Insanely
`Great Thing,” Wired 4.02, page 102). "It wasn’t
`complete. It wasn’t right. But within 10 minutesit
`was obvious that every computerin the world
`would work this way someday.” Twoyears ago,
`Jobs madethe sameprediction about object-based
`distributed computing. ”You can argue about how
`manyyearsit will take,” he said, “and who the
`winnersandlosers will be during this transition.
`But you can’t argue abouttheinevitability.”
`
`WebObjects, Jobs’s project in pursuit of that
`vision, never tookoff in part because its success
`dependedon a wholesale switch to a new hardware
`platform,the ill-fated NeXT. Not an especially good
`strategy for an undertaking with universal
`aspirations.
`
`But, as Jobs predicted, one wayor anotherit will
`happen - indeed,it is happening, before our very
`eyes. The Webis growing in every dimension-
`faster, bigger, deeper and moresophisticated by
`the day.Intelligence is being embeddedin
`everything. Ever larger chunks of human activity
`are migrating to the network. And that greater
`genie surely will not be going back into any bottle.
`
`Joy’s Jini, if it takes hold, has the potential to
`overturn the familiar territory of hardware,
`personal computers, peripherals, phones, TVs, and
`appliances. The vision of what comesafteris just
`that - a vision. For peoplelike Bill Joy, it hovers like
`a city on a hill, elegant and platonic, waiting for us
`humansto makeit so. But the closerit gets, the
`easierit will be for everyone to see. "Imagine a
`global network so complexit will be a kind of
`organism, a dynamic,richly interconnected
`medium wrapped aroundthe earth 24,000 miles
`deep.” That's not Teilhard de Chardin-it’s the 1997
`annual report from Daimler-Benz North America.
`
`For now, though, someold linesare still drawn:
`central planning versus competition. NT’s 20
`million lines of code versus the 600 Kbytesof Jini.
`
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`

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`
`Bill versusBill. Redmond versus Aspen- there’s a
`pattern working here, and it almost surely has as
`muchto do with philosophyorfaith as it does with
`questions of mere technology.
`
`Forits part, Jini is gambling that a small nudge can
`actually relocate a mountain. ”Our goal is to lose
`control over the network,” says Jim Waldo, "and
`make everyoneelse - from Bell Labs to Redmond-
`lose control too.” He’s not talking about market
`share, notby itself anyway. “What we’re trying to
`build are the mammals to compete with the big
`computational dinosaurs. You can imagine how the
`conversation went: ‘They’re too small. They’re
`nothing - they’re not enterprise scaled.’ But the
`cometis coming. And whenit does, we know who
`inherits the earth.”
`
`Jini is a set of new softwarelayersthat together
`create an overarching “federation” of computer
`devices andservices.
`
`Ontopis a directory service, based on a “lookup”
`mechanismthatallowsdifferent Jini-enabled
`
`devices and applications to register and be seen on
`the network. The next-level service is persistence,
`provided by JavaSpaces technology, which stores
`objects so that other users or applications can
`retrieve them. Below that, a set of protocols based
`on Java’s Remote Method Invocation enables
`
`objects to communicate and passeach other code.
`Andfinally a boot, join, and discover protocol
`allows Jini-compatible devices, users, and
`applications to announce themselvesto the
`networkandregisterin a directory.
`
`Any device with an operating system capable of
`supporting a Java Virtual Machine - meaning, in
`practical terms, any modern computer- can be
`linked with a Jini network. Simpler devices can also
`join, though on a more limitedbasis.
`
`JavaSpacesare virtual “bulletin boards” or
`“marketplaces”- the heart of Jini’s distributed
`networking. Using a few simple programming
`methods,including “read,” “write,” and ’take,”
`JavaSpaces make software objects available to
`anyonein a network. The objects themselves can
`define a job to be done,a problem to besolved, ora
`service being offered. A JavaSpace can be as small
`as 10K and as large as 100 Mbytes.
`
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`LGE Exhibit-1019/Page 14 of 17
`
`

`

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`https //www w red com/1998/08/ n/
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`Page 15 of 17
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`LGE Exhibit-1019/Page 15 of 17
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`

`

`One Huge Computer W RED
`
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`

`

`One Huge Computer W RED
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`MIGER)
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`BOROE
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