(cid:4)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:15)(cid:19)(cid:24)(cid:18)(cid:2)(cid:1)(cid:11)(cid:15)(cid:14)(cid:1)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:10)(cid:1)(cid:6)(cid:18)(cid:22)(cid:23)(cid:16)(cid:23)(cid:24)(cid:23)(cid:16)(cid:19)(cid:18)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:1) (cid:21)(cid:13)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:14)
`(cid:5)(cid:10)(cid:20)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:14)(cid:1)(cid:9)(cid:14)(cid:20)(cid:19)(cid:22)(cid:16)(cid:23)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:26)
`
`5(cid:31)9D9D(cid:1)6(cid:35)(cid:27)(cid:1).(cid:32)DD9C(cid:40)6(cid:40)(cid:32)A(cid:35)D
`
`(cid:7)(cid:4)(cid:1)5(cid:31)9D(cid:32)D(cid:1)6(cid:35)(cid:27)(cid:1).(cid:32)DD9C(cid:40)6(cid:40)(cid:32)A(cid:35)(cid:1)-A(cid:33)(cid:33)97(cid:40)(cid:32)A(cid:35)(cid:2)(cid:1)6(cid:33)(cid:33)(cid:1)(cid:32)(cid:40)9(cid:34)D
`
`(cid:7)(cid:12)(cid:12)(cid:10) (cid:6)(cid:10)
`(cid:14)(cid:35)6(cid:33)(cid:43)D(cid:32)D(cid:1)A:(cid:1)(cid:27)(cid:32)(cid:30)(cid:32)(cid:40)6(cid:33)(cid:1)79(cid:33)(cid:33)(cid:41)(cid:33)6C(cid:1)D(cid:40)6(cid:35)(cid:27)6C(cid:27)D
`
`(cid:21)C(cid:41)(cid:32)(cid:40)(cid:40) ,(cid:32)(cid:33)(cid:33)(cid:32)(cid:35)(cid:30)D(cid:33)9(cid:43)(cid:2)(cid:1)(cid:22)67(cid:31)9(cid:33)(cid:1)/(cid:4)
`0A(cid:35)(cid:40)9C9(cid:43)(cid:2)(cid:1)-6(cid:33)(cid:32):AC(cid:35)(cid:32)6(cid:4)(cid:1)16(cid:42)6(cid:33)(cid:1)(cid:21)AD(cid:40)(cid:30)C6(cid:27)(cid:41)6(cid:40)9(cid:1)47(cid:31)AA(cid:33)
`
`(cid:31)(cid:40)(cid:40)B(cid:13)(cid:5)(cid:5)(cid:31)(cid:27)(cid:33)(cid:4)(cid:31)6(cid:35)(cid:27)(cid:33)9(cid:4)(cid:35)9(cid:40)(cid:5)(cid:7)(cid:6)(cid:12)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:5)(cid:11)(cid:12)(cid:6)(cid:9)
`
`(cid:5)(cid:19)(cid:23)(cid:18)(cid:16)(cid:19)(cid:9)(cid:11)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:1)(cid:13)(cid:20)(cid:19)(cid:17)(cid:1)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:1) (cid:20)(cid:10)(cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:22)(cid:12)(cid:2)(cid:1)(cid:4)(cid:9)(cid:16)(cid:14)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:18)
`
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`NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
`MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA
`
`THESIS
`
`ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL
`CELLULAR STANDARDS
`
`by
`
`Rachel L. Pruitt-Billingsley
`
`June 1996
`
`Thesis Advisor:
`Thesis Co-Advisor:
`
`DanC. Boger
`Vicente Garcia
`
`Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
`
`Thesis
`P94677
`
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`

`

`DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY
`NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
`MONTEREY CA 93943-5101
`
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`REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
`
`Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188
`
`2.
`
`3.
`
`Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources,
`gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this
`collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson
`Davis Highway, Suite 1 204, Arlington, VA 22202^1302, and to the Office ofManagement and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-01 88) Washington DC 20503.
`REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED
`AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank)
`REPORT DATE
`June 1996
`Master's Thesis
`FUNDING NUMBERS
`
`TITLE AND SUBTITLE:
`ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL CELLLAR STANDARDS
`AUTHOR(S) Pruitt-Billingsley, Rachel L.
`PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
`Naval Postgraduate School
`Monterey, CA 93943-5000
`SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
`
`5.
`
`8.
`
`1 .
`
`4.
`
`6.
`
`7.
`
`9.
`
`PERFORMING
`ORGANIZATION
`REPORT NUMBER
`10. SPONSORING/MONITORING
`AGENCY REPORT NUMBER
`1 1 . SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the
`official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government.
`12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT: Distribution authorized to U.S.
`12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE:
`Government Agencies only; contains material sensitive to U.S interests.
`ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words)
`1 3 .
`Cellular communications has become one of the fastest growing segments in the
`The demand for cellular
`services has risen beyond all
`telecommunications industry.
`expectations. With the current growth of the analog cellular network, a strain has been put on
`the existing system and available spectrum.
`Cellular providers have been forced to use the
`existing bandwidth more efficiently by converting to digital technology.
`Four major digital
`cellular techniques are competing for marketplace dominance and each has the ability to expand
`The four systems are Global System for Mobile
`the capacity of the cellular networks.
`Communications (GSM), the Pan-European standard that utilizes FDMA/TDMA, using 25 MHz
`bandwidth channels, and operates in the radio frequency bands of 890-915 MHz for the uplink
`and 935-960 in the downlink; Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System (D-AMPS), the North
`American Digital Standard which is backwards compatible with the existing AMPS system; IS-
`95 manufactured by Qualcomm Inc. which utilizes the newest of the technologies CDMA, and
`finally Personal Digital Cellular (PDC), Japan's alternative which also uses TDMA technology.
`It is uncertain which system will become the standard, but it is certain that the ability to get to
`the marketplace, dominate it, and secure a stronghold in the market will be the successful
`standard.
`
`14. SUBJECT TERMS Digital cellular standards; Cellular communications; Digital
`communications
`
`17. SECURITY CLASSIFICA-
`TION OF REPORT
`Unclassified
`NSN 7540-01-280-5500
`
`18. SECURITY CLASSIFI-
`CATION OF THIS PAGE
`Unclassified
`
`19. SECURITY CLASSIFICA-
`TION OF ABSTRACT
`Unclassified
`
`15. NUMBER OF
`PAGES
`82
`16. PRICE CODE
`20. LIMITATION OF
`ABSTRACT
`UL
`Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)
`Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 298-102
`
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`Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
`
`ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL CELLULAR STANDARDS
`
`Rachel L. Pruitt-Billingsley
`Lieutenant, United States Navy
`B. S., Prairie View A&M University, 1987
`
`Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
`requirements for the degree of
`
`MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY
`(Command, Control and Communications)
`
`from the
`NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
`June 1996
`
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`

`

`v/$
`/•J fa
`e.sL
`
`Apple Inc. EX1018 Page 7
`
`•
`
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`

`

`DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY
`NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
`MONTEREY CA 93943-5101
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`Cellular communications has become one of the fastest growing segments in the
`The demand for cellular services has risen beyond all
`telecommunications industry.
`expectations. With the current growth of the analog cellular network, a strain has been
`put on the existing system and available spectrum. Cellular providers have been forced to
`use the existing bandwidth more efficiently by converting to digital technology.
`Four
`major digital cellular techniques are competing for marketplace dominance and each has
`the ability to expand the capacity of the cellular networks. The four systems are Global
`System for Mobile Communications (GSM), the Pan-European standard that utilizes
`FDMA/TDMA, using 25 MHz bandwidth channels, and operates in the radio frequency
`bands of 890-915 MHz for the uplink and 935-960 in the downlink; Digital Advanced
`Mobile Phone System (D-AMPS), the North American Digital Standard which is
`backwards compatible with the existing AMPS system; IS-95 manufactured by Qualcomm
`Inc. which utilizes the newest of the technologies CDMA, and finally Personal Digital
`Cellular (PDC), Japan's alternative which also uses TDMA technology.
`It is uncertain
`which system will become the standard, but it is certain that the ability to get to the
`marketplace, dominate it, and secure a stronghold in the market will be the successful
`
`standard.
`
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`Apple Inc. EX1018 Page 9
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`I.
`
`H.
`
`m.
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`B.
`
`C.
`
`B.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`PURPOSE OF THESIS
`A.
`DISCUSSION
`SCOPE
`THESIS ORGANIZATION
`D.
`GLOBAL SYSTEMS FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS (GSM)
`BACKGROUND
`A.
`ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM
`Mobile Station (MS)
`Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
`Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
`Station Location
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`3.
`
`4.
`
`5.
`
`Call Handling
`
`6.
`
`Radio Channel
`ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
`Advantages
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`Disadvantages
`MARKETING OUTLOOK
`Positive Aspects
`
`1.
`
`C.
`
`D.
`
`Negative Aspects
`DIGITAL ADVANCED MOBILE PHONE SYSTEM (D-AMPS)
`BACKGROUND
`A.
`ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM
`The Cell
`Call Handling
`
`2.
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`B.
`
`vn
`
`1
`
`1
`
`1
`
`2
`2
`
`3
`
`3
`
`7
`
`7
`
`8
`
`8
`9
`
`.10
`
`13
`
`17
`
`17
`
`19
`
`19
`20
`21
`
`23
`23
`
`23
`24
`25
`
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`IV.
`
`V.
`
`C.
`
`D.
`
`3.
`
`Time Division Multiple Access
`ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
`Advantages
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`Disadvantages
`MARKETING OUTLOOK
`Positive Aspects
`
`1.
`
`B.
`
`Negative Aspects
`CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA)
`BACKGROUND
`A.
`ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM
`Rake Receiver
`Spread Spectrum
`Frequency Reuse
`
`2.
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`3.
`
`4.
`
`5.
`
`6.
`
`Soft-Handoff
`Base Station Chip Set
`CDMA Mobile Station Modem
`ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
`Advantages
`
`1.
`
`C.
`
`Disadvantages
`MARKETING OUTLOOK
`D.
`PERSONAL DIGITAL CELLULAR (PDC)
`BACKGROUND
`A.
`ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM
`AXE Switching Center
`Radio Base Station
`PDC Standard
`Call Handling...
`
`2.
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`3.
`
`4.
`
`B.
`
`vni
`
`„
`
`26
`27
`27
`29
`29
`30
`31
`
`33
`
`33
`
`34
`
`35
`
`35
`
`36
`38
`39
`40
`40
`40
`42
`43
`45
`
`45
`46
`46
`47
`47
`48
`
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`C.
`
`ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
`Advantages
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`VI.
`
`Disadvantages
`MARKETING OUTLOOK
`D.
`THE EVOLUTION TO A FUTURE DIGITAL
`CELLULAR STANDARD
`SUMMARY
`A.
`GSM
`CDMA
`2.
`CONCLUSIONS
`AREAS OF FURTHER STUDY
`Mobile Satellite Systems (MSS)
`Personal Communication Services (PCS)
`2.
`LIST OF REFERENCES
`INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST
`
`1.
`
`1.
`
`B.
`
`C.
`
`49
`49
`49
`49
`
`51
`
`51
`
`52
`54
`
`55
`
`56
`
`56
`
`56
`57
`59
`
`IX
`
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`Apple Inc. EX1018 Page 13
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`LIST OF FIGURES
`
`Figure 1.
`
`Figure 2.
`
`Figure 3.
`
`GSM Architecture
`Placing a Call From One MS to Another MS
`Placing a Call From MS to PSTN or ISDN
`
`Figure 4.
`
`Frequency Division Multiple Access
`
`Figure 5.
`
`Time Division Multiple Access
`
`Figure 6.
`
`Time Slot Bursts
`
`Figure 7.
`
`Interleaving
`
`Figure 8.
`
`1995 European Cellular Standard Market
`
`Figure 9.
`
`Cell Structure
`
`Figure 10.
`
`Placing a Cell Call
`
`Figure 11.
`
`D-AMPS Security
`
`Figure 12.
`
`Figure 13.
`
`Figure 14.
`
`Code Division Multiple Access
`Frequency Reuse in TDMA
`CDMA Frequency Reuse
`
`.7
`
`11
`
`12
`
`14
`
`15
`
`16
`
`17
`
`20
`
`25
`
`26
`
`28
`
`35
`
`36
`
`37
`
`XI
`
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`

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`Acronym
`AMPS
`AuC
`
`bps
`BSC
`BSD
`BSS
`BSM
`BTS
`
`CAI
`CDMA
`CDPD
`CEPT
`
`CMS
`D-AMPS
`DCS
`DQPSK
`
`DTC
`DSSS
`
`EIA
`
`LIST OF ACRONYMS
`
`Term
`
`Advanced Mobile Phone System
`
`Authentication Center
`
`bits per second
`
`Base Station Controller
`
`Base Station Demodulator
`
`Base Station Subsystem
`
`Base Station Modulator
`
`Base Transceiver Station
`Common Air Interface
`
`Code Division Multiple Access
`
`Cellular Digital Packet Data
`
`Conference of European Post and
`Telecommunications
`
`Cellular Mobile System
`
`Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System
`
`Digital Communication Services
`
`Differential Quadrature Phase Shift
`Keying
`
`Digital Traffic Control
`
`Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
`
`Electronic Industries Association
`
`xni
`
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`

`EIR
`ESN
`
`ETSI
`
`FCC
`FDD
`FDM
`FEC
`FDMA
`FH
`FM
`FPLMTS
`
`FVC
`Ghz
`GMSK
`GSM
`
`HLR
`
`IN
`
`ISDN
`
`IS-54
`
`IS-95
`
`JDC
`
`Equipment Identity Register
`
`Electronic Serial Number
`
`European Telecommunications Standards
`Institute
`
`Federal Communications Commission
`
`Frequency Division Duplexing
`
`Frequency Division Modulation
`
`Forward Error Correction
`
`Frequency Division Multiple Access
`
`Frequency Hopping
`
`Frequency Modulation
`
`Future Public Land Mobile
`Telecommunications System
`
`Forward Voice Channel
`
`Gigahertz (109 x Hertz)
`
`Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
`
`Global System for Mobile
`Communications
`Home Location Register
`
`Intelligent Network
`
`Integrated Services Digital Network
`
`Interim Standard 54 (Dual-Mode)
`Interim Standard 95 (CDMA)
`
`Japanese Digital Cellular
`
`xiv
`
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`

`kbps
`
`Khz
`Mhz
`MoU
`MSS
`MSC
`MTSO
`NMT
`PCS
`PDC
`PCN
`PLMN
`PSTN
`RF
`RVC
`SIM
`SMS
`SSD
`SVD
`TIA
`
`TDMA
`TACS
`
`kilobits per second (1,000 bits per
`second)
`
`Kilohertz (103 x Hertz)
`
`Megahertz (106 x Hertz)
`Memorandum of Understanding
`
`Mobile Satellite Service
`
`Mobile Switching Center
`
`Mobile Telephone Switching Office
`
`Nordic Mobile Telephone System
`
`Personal Communication Services
`
`Personal Digital Cellular
`
`Personal Communication Network
`
`Public Land Mobile Network
`
`Public Switched Telephone Network
`
`Radio Frequency
`
`Reverse Voice Channel
`
`Subscriber Identity Module
`
`Short Messaging Service
`
`Secret Shared Data
`
`Serial Viterbi Decoder
`
`Telecommunications Industry
`Association
`
`Time Division Multiple Access
`
`Total Access Communications System
`
`xv
`
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`UMTS
`
`VLR
`VPM
`VSLEP
`
`Universal Mobile Telecommunication
`System
`
`Visitor Location Register
`
`Voice Privacy Mask
`Vector Sum Excited Linear Prediction
`(speech encoding)
`
`xvi
`
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`

`EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
`
`Cellular communications has become one of the fastest growing segments
`The demand for cellular services has risen
`in the telecommunications industry.
`beyond all expectations. With the current growth of the analog network, a strain
`has been put on the existing system and available spectrum.
`Cellular providers
`have been forced to use the existing bandwidth more efficiently by converting to
`digital technology. Four major cellular techniques are competing for marketplace
`dominance and each has the ability to expand the capacity of the cellular networks.
`The emergence of digital cellular introduces the idea of market competition
`among the
`1) Global System for Mobile
`four major digital
`standards:
`Communications, 2) Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System, 3) Interim Standard-
`95, and 4) Personal Digital Cellular (PDC).
`Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is
`the
`cellular
`communications standard developed by a special working group formed by the
`Conference of European Post and Telecommunications (CEPT). Initially known
`as Groupe Speciale Mobile, GSM was established as a solution to the rapid growth
`of the analog cellular telephone system and to establish an integrated European
`system. Growth of GSM has been strong in the European countries over the past
`year. It has experienced a growth rate that has been phenomenal, and it is believed
`
`that worldwide cellular subscribers will reach 100 million users.
`It is estimated
`that GSM will account for 82 percent of the world's 4.4 million digital subscribers.
`Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System (D-AMPS), also known as the IS-
`54 Digital Cellular Standard, is the United States' standard developed in the late
`1980s by the Cellular Telecommunications Industry (CTIA). The CTIA developed
`this standard as a solution to meet the growing need of increased cellular capacity
`in high density areas and to remain a cost-effective system by utilizing the existing
`
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`

`hardware and the spectrum of the existing Advanced Mobile Phone System
`(AMPS).
`The first North American digital interim standard IS-54 was adopted in the
`United States, and the system was based on TDMA as the common air interface.
`Soon thereafter in 1990, the second interim standard appeared on the market
`developed by Qualcomm Inc. of San Diego. The proposed system uses a spread
`spectrum technique based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). Originally
`designed for the military to prevent signals from being jammed or intercepted by
`hostile encounters, it was thought an inefficient use of the spectrum. However,
`spread-spectrum is a well established technology that only recently has been
`
`applied to the digital cellular market.
`Personal Digital Cellular (PDC), also known as the Japanese Digital
`Cellular (JDC), was Japan's digital mobile communication system solution whose
`specifications were defined by Japan's Research and Development Center for
`Radio Systems (RCR). It is a TDMA-based system that operates in the 800 MHz
`and 1.5 GHz radio frequency bands, and therefore is similar to the American
`TDMA network with the only exception being that it was not designed to operate
`in the dual mode.
`The general consensus of the market appears to be that one standard will
`not prevail. The prevailing standards appear to be GSM and CDMA. GSM is the
`more established technology of the two, and its successes have spread beyond
`Europe with operational networks worldwide. CDMA is the forefront of
`technology in digital cellular and the newest. It will be able to provide superior
`solutions for the wide spectrum of cellular communications and will become a
`major market contender once it has gone commercial.
`All standards will have a place on the market because in one way or
`another, they have already been committed. Commitments like that will allow
`
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`standards like D-AMPS and PDC to remain alive on the market leader despite their
`incompatibilities with other standards on the market. The standard or standards
`that have the best chance of remaining a market leader will have the greatest
`probability of being implemented into third generation systems.
`All standards,
`regardless if they become the international standard, will have a niche in the
`market because of the backing and support the company has obtained.
`It is the
`responsibility of the market to sort it out and move toward the standards that offer
`the most advantages.
`
`xix
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`XX
`
`IPR2018-01474
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`

`

`I.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`A.
`
`PURPOSE OF THESIS
`The purpose of this thesis is to explore the driving forces and limiting
`factors using market projections to determine which, if any, of the current digital
`cellular communication standards will dominate the marketplace.
`
`B.
`
`DISCUSSION
`Cellular communication has become one of the fastest growing segments in
`the telecommunications industry. Over the past five years, the demand for cellular
`services has risen above all expectations. By the year 2000, it is estimated that
`more than one million Americans will subscribe to cellular services.
`At the
`projected rate of growth, the analog communications industry will be unable to
`This growth spurt has put a strain on the
`available spectrum, and cellular companies are pressuring the regulatory bodies to
`allocate more bandwidth. In the meantime, cellular providers are forced to use the
`existing bandwidth more efficiently by converting from analog
`
`handle the increased user requirements.
`
`to digital
`
`technology.
`Compared to analog, digital will increase the number of users by applying
`compression techniques that will expand the capacity of the cellular networks.
`
`Currently, there are four major cellular standards competing for marketplace
`dominance: 1) Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), the pan-
`European digital standard which utilizes FDMA/TDMA technology and operates
`in the radio frequency band of 890-915 MHz for the uplink and 935-960 in the
`downlink; 2) Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System (D-AMPS) the North
`American digital standard that is backward compatible with the already existing
`AMPS (analog) system; 3) IS-95 manufactured by Qualcomm Inc. using Code
`Division Multiple Access (CDMA) which incorporates a spread spectrum
`
`1
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`technique to spread signals across a wide frequency band; and 4) Personal Digital
`Cellular (PDC) or Japanese Digital Cellular (JDC), the Japanese digital standard
`that also uses TDMA as its multiple access technique.
`Most of the major cellular carriers are beginning to align themselves with
`one or sometimes two of the major digital techniques.
`It is uncertain which
`technology will become the standard, but the decision relies on not only the
`advantages of the system but also the cellular market. Technology is not the main
`selling point; economics, competition, marketing and growth are just as important.
`Success of a digital standard will not be determined just by its sophistication but
`by the ability of its providers to get to the marketplace, dominate it, and secure a
`
`C.
`
`D.
`
`stronghold in subscriber growth.
`SCOPE
`This thesis will focus on the four major digital standards available in the
`marketplace and determine which standard will dominate. The assumptions and
`conclusions made in this thesis are strictly for discussion. Due to the rapid changes
`in the cellular field, some of the source materials may change and become
`outdated as further testing and evaluation of the standards occur.
`THESIS ORGANIZATION
`Chapter I provides an introduction and a basic foundation for the scope of
`Chapters II through V provide general overviews of each of the four
`standards with basic background as to the origin of the system, analysis and basic
`operation, advantages and disadvantages of each, and a market outlook as to the
`survivability of the system in the future. Finally, Chapter VI will explore the two
`leading systems and compare trends in economic growth, technology, and
`
`this thesis.
`
`competition.
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`II. GLOBAL SYSTEMS FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS (GSM)
`
`A.
`
`BACKGROUND
`The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
`is a cellular
`communications standard developed by a special working group formed by the
`Conference of European Post and Telecommunications (CEPT). Initially known as
`Groupe Speciale Mobile, GSM was established as a solution to the rapid growth of
`the analog cellular telephone system and to establish an integrated European
`system. In 1987, a significant step in the development of GSM occurred with the
`signing of the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) where 18 countries
`committed themselves to implementing the standard based on GSM. The MoU
`committee was tasked to design a digital standard that would provide greater
`capacity, security, and allow international roaming between the world's GSM
`responsibility was
`European
`1989
`network.
`In
`the
`the
`shifted
`to
`Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) with plans to have the service
`The proposed system had to meet the following criteria
`
`installed in 1991.
`
`[Scourias, 1995, p. 2]:
`
`Integration of voice and data
`Improved voice quality and handover
`Low terminal and service cost
`Pan-European roaming
`Secure transmissions
`Ability to support hand-held terminals
`Support for range of new services and facilities
`Increased spectral efficiency
`ISDN compatibility.
`GSM was initially planned to be implemented in three phases:
`Phase 1, Phase 2, and Phase 3 [Titan Corporation, 1995, p. TECH 7].
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`Phase 1, implemented in 1992, provided initial GSM capability and
`is the currently deployed system.
`It provides basic voice services
`and a few supplementary services such as emergency calling features
`as outlined in Table 1 [Redl, Weber, 1995, pp. 23-25].
`Table 1. List of GSM Phase 1 Services
`Comment
`So-called full rate, 13 kbps
`
`Service Category
`Teleservices
`
`Service
`Telephony (speech)
`Emergency calls (speech)
`Short-message services; point -
`to point and point-to multipoint
`(cell broadcast)
`Telefax
`
`Bearer Services
`
`Asynchronous data
`Synchronous data
`Asynchronous PAD (packet-
`switched, packet assembler/
`dissembler) access
`Alternate speech and data
`
`Supplementary Services
`
`Call forwarding
`
`Call barring
`
`Alphanumeric information;
`user-to-user and network
`to all users
`Group 3
`
`300-9600 bps, 1200/75 bps
`300-9600 bps
`300-9600 bps
`
`300-9600 bps
`
`For example, subscriber
`busy, not reachable or
`does not answer
`
`For example, all calls,
`international calls,
`incoming calls
`
`•
`
`•
`
`Phase 2 whose specifications were frozen in 1992, introduced a large
`range of additional
`include
`waiting,
`caller
`features
`to
`call
`information services and improvements in the subscriber identity
`module (SIM) cards, which contained caller identification as further
`outlined in Table 2 [Redl, Weber, 1995, p. 25].
`Phase 3 was scheduled to be implemented in 1996 and it will be an
`improvement upon the already established Phase 2. To date, the
`Phase 3 services are not published, but it is assumed they will
`continue to correct the weaknesses based on the lessons learned in
`Phase 2 [Salinger, 1994, p. 2].
`To date, 36 countries have committed to GSM and 25 other countries are
`considering as shown in Table 3. There are two main reasons why many of the
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`countries are considering GSM. First, is it is an evolving technology. GSM has
`evolved from a voice-only service to a system that offers a wide range of services.
`It is predicted that GSM will have the capability to provide higher data rates,
`support multimedia, and support video conferencing. Secondly, it is based on an
`This open standard provides a strong market involvement and
`open standard.
`greatly accelerates product development, price reduction, and new product growth
`to create a competitive global market for the GSM infrastructure.
`Table 2. List of Services Added Through GSM Phase 2
`Comment
`Half rate, 6.5 kbps
`General Improvements
`
`Service
`Telephony (speech)
`Short-message services
`
`Service Category
`Teleservices
`
`Bearer Services
`
`Synchronous dedicated packed
`data access
`
`2400-9600 bps
`
`Supplementary Services
`
`Calling/connected line identity
`
`Call waiting
`
`Call hold
`
`Multiparty communication
`Closed user group
`
`Advice of charge
`Unstructured supplementary
`services data
`
`Operator-determined barring
`
`Restricts the display of the
`calling party's number
`before/after call connection
`
`Informs user about a second
`(incoming) call and allows
`to answer it
`
`Puts an active call on hold in
`order to answer or
`originate another (second)
`call
`
`Conference calls
`Establishment of groups with
`limited access
`Online charge information
`Offers an open
`communications link for
`use between network and
`user for operator-defined
`services
`Restriction of different
`services, call types by the
`operator.
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`Table 3. Countries Currently Committed to GSM
`YEAR
`COUNTRY
`OPERATOR
`OPERATOR
`Luxembourg P&T Luxembourg
`TELECOM Australia (Telstra)
`1992(A)
`1992(A)
`Optus
`Vodafone
`1993 (A)
`Austrian PTT
`1993 (O)
`1994(A)
`Batelco
`RTT Belgacom
`1993 (O)
`Ministry of Posts & Telephones
`1992 (A)
`Jiaxtng P&T
`Shanghai P&T
`Tele Danmark Mobil
`Dansk Mobiltelafon
`ARENTO
`
`Malaysia
`Netherlands
`New Zealand
`Norway
`
`Philippines
`
`Pakistan
`
`Portugal
`
`Qatar
`Russia
`Saudi Arabia
`
`Binarlang Sdn. Bhd.
`PTT telecom
`Bell South
`Norwegian Telecom Tele-Mobil
`Netcom GSM A/S
`Globe Telecom
`Ista Communications
`PMCL
`
`Telecel
`TMN
`Q-Tel
`26 operators (different regions)
`1 operator
`
`COUNTRY
`Australia
`
`Austria
`Bahrain
`Belgium
`Cameroon
`
`China
`
`Denmark
`
`Egypt
`
`Estonia
`Fiji
`Finland
`
`France
`
`Germany
`
`Greece
`Hong Kong
`
`Hungary
`
`India
`Indonesia
`
`Iran
`Ireland
`
`Italy
`
`Kuwait
`
`1993 (A)
`1993 (A)
`1992 (O)
`1992 (O)
`1994 (A)
`
`Telecom Finland
`Fiji Posts & Telecom, Ltd.
`Telecom Finland
`Radiolinja
`France Telecom
`CoGraSFR
`Deutsche Bundespost Telekom
`Mannesmann Mobill'unk
`2 operators
`CSL
`SmarTone
`Hutchison
`Westel 900
`Pannon
`8 operators (different regions)
`PT TELEKOM
`Satelindo
`Telecommunications Iran
`Telecom Ireland
`
`1994 (O)
`1993 (A)
`1991 (O)
`1991 (O)
`1992 (O)
`1992 (O)
`1993 (O)
`1992 (O)
`1993-4 (O)
`1992 (O)
`1992 (A)
`1993 (A)
`1993 (A)
`1993 (A)
`1993 (A)
`1993 (A)
`1993 (A)
`1993 (A)
`1992 (O)
`
`1992 (O)
`1993 (L)
`1994(A)
`
`YEAR
`1992 (O)
`
`1994 (A)
`1992 (O)
`1992 (A)
`1992 (O)
`1993 (O)
`1993 (L)
`1993 (L)
`1993 (A)
`
`1992 (O)
`1992 (O)
`1993 (A)
`1993-4 (L)
`1994 (T)
`
`1993 (A)
`
`1992 (O)
`1992 (O)
`1992 (O)
`1992 (O)
`1992 (O)
`
`1994(A)
`1993 (A)
`1993 (A)
`1993 (A)
`1991 (O)
`1993 (O)
`1993 (A)
`
`Singapore
`
`Singapore Telecommunications
`
`1992 (A)
`
`South Africa
`
`Vodacom
`
`Spain
`Sweden
`
`Switzerland
`
`Taiwan
`Turkey
`
`U.AE.
`UK
`
`Vietnam
`
`Telefonica Spain
`Swedish Telecom
`Comvik GSM AB
`AB Nordic Tel
`Swiss PT Telecom
`
`Shinawatra
`Turkcell
`Telsim Mobil
`Etisalat
`Vodafone
`Cellnet
`DGPT
`
`(T) = Tenders Offered
`
`SIP Italy
`2nd operator
`MTSC
`(L) = License Granted
`(A) = Contracts Awarded
`(O) = Operational
`* Other countries with announced plans to build GSM networks include:
`Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Jordan, Latvia, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, Poland, Romania, Tunisia, Ukraine
`
`Source: [Salinger, 1994, p. 4],
`
`Currently, growth has been strong in the European countries over the past
`It has experienced a growth rate of approximately 280 percent in the past
`year.
`year as opposed to analog's 80 percent. GSM now accounts for about 35 percent
`It is believed that worldwide
`of the total cellular market in eastern Europe.
`cellular subscribers will reach 100 million users over the next few years, and it is
`estimated GSM will account for 82 percent of the world's 4.4 million digital
`subscribers [Titan Corporation, 1995, p. EUR-3].
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`B.
`
`ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM
`The GSM network can be divided into three main network segments: the
`Mobile Station (MS) which is carried by the subscriber, the Base Station
`Subsystem (BSS) which controls the radio link with the Mobile Station, and the
`Network Subsystem, the main part which is the Mobile Services Switching Center
`(MSC) which is responsible for the switching of calls between the mobile and
`other fixed or mobile network users. See Figure 1.
`
`Urn
`interface
`
`Base Station Sub system *
`
`Network Subsystem
`
`Figure 1. GSM Architecture
`
`Source: [Scourias, 1995, p. 4].
`
`Mobile Station (MS)
`1.
`The mobile station (MS) consists of two parts: the mobile equipment (ME)
`and a smart card called the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The Mobile
`Equipment consists of five approved power classes. Their power levels are 20, 8,
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`5, 2, and 0.8 Watts. These correspond respectively to 43, 39, 37, 33, and 29 dBm.
`The 20 and 0.8 W units are designed for vehicular use and the 2 and 8 W are
`designed for hand-held use. There are also intermediate-sized portable units of 8
`and 5 W power [Salinger, 1994, p. 17]. The SIM card is about the size of a credit
`card, and it allows a particular user to access the subscriber service regardless of
`the terminal being used. It identifies the subscriber's account to the network. The
`network will deny any access to the subscriber if the account is outstanding or the
`SIM card has been reported stolen. By inserting the SIM card into another
`terminal, the subscriber is able to receive and make calls at another terminal. The
`SIM card is protected from unauthorized use by a Personal Identity Number (PIN),
`which the subscriber chooses. Once the SIM card is removed from the mobile
`station, the ME will no longer function. Calls cannot be placed or received unless
`it is an emergency call (but only on some GSM networks).
`Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
`2.
`The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) connects the mobile station and the
`The BSS consists of two parts:
`network switching substation.
`the Base
`Transceiver Station (BTS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC).
`The Base
`Transceiver contains the radio transceivers and signaling equipment to interact
`The BTS is not an
`with the mobile station and it is located at the cell site.
`intelligent component, and it is maintained by the BSC.
`The Base Station
`Controller is tasked with the switching function of managing the radio resources
`for one or more BTSs in the Base Station System. The purpose of the BSC is to
`allocate radio channels and handovers, as described below in placing a GSM call.
`Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
`3.
`The Mobile Switching Center is the interface between the base station
`system and the switching subsystem. The system is also the interface between the
`PSTN or ISDN (Integrated Services Integrated Network) in the cellular network.
`
`8
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`The GSM network design is similar to the switching system of a conventional
`telephone exchange. It must ensure all the calls are routed to subscribers no matter
`Each designated area is allotted an MSC, and it is
`where they are located.
`responsible to its subscribers within its service area. The MSC has to control and
`coordinate the handoff activities and manage all its radio resources which will be
`
`explained later in the paper.
`
`Station Location
`4.
`The mobile station's location can be maintained by a two-level hierarchical
`the Home Location Register (HLR), the
`strategy with four types of data bases:
`Location Register (VLR), the Authentication Center (AuC), and the
`Visitor
`Equ