118
`
`Chapter
`
`5
`
`Physical Layer of CDMA
`
`The PN sequence generator is seeded with data received in mes
`
`sages sent from the base station. The seed is used to establish the voice
`
`and data privacy on the channel. The same seed is used in both direc—
`tions.
`
`5.7.9 Baseband Filtering
`
`After PN modulation, the signal is filtered by a baseband filter. The
`filter should have the following parameters:
`
`Passband ripple: 3 dB
`
`Upper passband frequency: 590 kHz
`
`Minimum stopband attentuation: 40 dB
`
`Lower stopband frequency: 740 kHz
`
`For the W-CDMA system, the following values hold (see table 5.9).
`
`Table 5.9 Baseband Filter Parameters for W—CDMA System
`
`System
`Bandwidth.
`MHz
`
`Passband
`Ripple. dB
`
`Upper Pass-
`band Fre-
`quency, MHz
`
`Minimum Stop-
`band Atten-
`Lower Stopbancl
`
`uation, dB
`Frequency. MHz
`
`5.0
`
`10.0
`
`3
`
`3
`
`1.96
`
`3.92
`
`40
`
`40
`
`2.47
`
`4.94
`
`'IIIH-I
`
`IY-I
`
`
`
`3 5.88 4015.0 7.41
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`5.7.10 Synchronization of CDMA Signals
`
`Time 0 for the CDMA system is January 6, 1980 at 00:00:00 UTC.
`This is the same as time 0 for the global positioning system (GPS); there-
`fore, CDMA time is the same as GPS time. GPS time and UTC time dif-
`
`fer by the number of leap seconds since January 6, 1980. Thus, GPS time
`and UTC time are synchronous but can differ by an integer number of
`seconds.
`
`A11 B83 in a CDMA system are synchronized to the GPS. Each base
`station transmits a set of orthogonal codes that are synchronized to CDMA
`time and are time—shifted from the codes at other B85 in the system.
`
`5.8 SUMMARY
`
`The International Standards Organization has developed the Open Sys-
`tems Interconnect reference model for data communications that is used
`
`by most computer systems to design the communications protocols. In
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`__fiLfi_____—___a________“
`5.9 References
`119
`
`this chapter, we first reviewed the seven layers of the OSI model. We
`then limited discussion in this chapter to the physical layer (layer 1) of
`the CDMA and W-CDMA systems as defined in the ATIS and TIA stan-
`dards. Both systems have the same goal: to efficiently use the available
`spectrum to provide digital cellular and PCS services. The CDMA system
`uses 64 orthogonal Walsh codes at a data rate of 1.2288 Mbps to code the
`digital signals for voice, data, and control. The W—CDMA system uses
`Walsh or Hadamard codes at higher bit rates (4.096, 8.192 and 12.288
`Mbps) to accomplish the same result. The designers of the CDMA system
`do not attempt to recover pilot signal synchronization on the reverse
`channel (from mobile station to base station)- They, therefore, use 64-ary
`modulation (with 1 of 64 Walsh symbols) on the reverse channel and use
`
`pseudorandom noise sequences to obtain the orthogonal modulation. The
`designers of the W—CDMA system believe that synchronization can be
`obtained on the reverse channel (at the higher data rates) and, therefore,
`
`use Walsh or Hadarmard codes in both directions. The two systems have
`
`other minor differences in the ordering between the various encoding
`
`steps but are otherwise similar.
`
`Since the CDMA system can he placed anywhere in the cellular or
`PCS band, the standards define a set of preferred channels. A service
`provider can use any of the preferred channels. Because a critical compo-
`nent of CDMA systems is the ability to control the power of the mobile
`station almost instantaneously, we reviewed the power control methods
`used in both systems. We then concluded the chapter by defining the
`detailed modulation steps used in both systems and examined the differ-
`ences between the two systems.
`The CDMA system is defined by two standards: IS-95A for a dua1~
`mode analog/digital system for cellular frequencies and J STD—008 for a
`digital-only system at PCS frequencies. While there may be minor differ-
`ences between IS-95A and J -STD-008 for the digital implementations,
`the goal of the two standards committees is that the digital part of both
`standards be identical except for frequency bands used. For the W—CDMA
`system, the standard is defined for PCS frequencies only, and one stan-
`dard has two references numbers (IS-665 and J-STD—015). For more
`information on the specifics of the physical layer, consult the standards.
`
`5.9 REFERENCES
`
`1. TIA IS-95A, “Mobile Station—Base Station Compatibility Standard for Dual Mode
`Spread Spectrum Cellular System.”
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`
`120
`
`Chapter
`
`5
`
`Physical Layer ol' CDMA
`
`2, Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Standards J STD-008. “Personal Stations
`Base Station Compatibility Requirements for 1.8 to 2.0 GHz Code Division Multiple
`Access (CDMA) Personal Communications Systems."
`3. TIA 15-665, “W—CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Accessl Air Interface Com-
`
`patibility Standard for 1.85—1.99 GHz PCS Applications."
`4. Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Standards J STD-015, “W~CDMA (WidEh
`band Code Division Multiple Access) Air Interface Compatibility Standard for 1.85,
`1.99 GHz PCS Applications.”
`
`5.
`
`“Radio System Characterization for the Proposed 18-95 based CDMA PCS Standard."
`Joint Technical Committee (on Air Interface Standards) of TlPl and TRu’l6 contribu-
`
`tion JTC(Air)/94.11.U3-735, November 3, 1994.
`
`S. Whipple, D. R, “The CDMA Standard,”Applied Microwave and Wireless, 6(2). Spring
`1994, pp. 24—37.
`
`7. TIA PN—3570 (TSB-74),“Telecommunications Systems Bulletin: Support for 14.4 kbps
`Data Rate and PCS Interaction for Wideband Spread Spectrum Cellular Systems."
`October 1995.
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`
`
`Network and Data Link
`
`Layers of CDMA
`
`6.1 INTRODUCTION
`
`In this chapter, we explore layers 2 and 3, the data link layer and the
`network layer used for CDMA, and the detailed messages that are sent
`over the CDMA air link. Some of the messages are sent only between the
`base station and the mobile station. Other messages are sent between
`the MS and other network elements. In chapter 7, we use these messages
`to show how call processing flows across the network. Information flows
`from the ES to the MS via the forward CDMA channel, on the pilot chan-
`nel, the sync channel, the paging channel, and the forward traffic chan-
`nel. Information flows from the MS to the BS on either the access
`
`channel or the reverse traffic channel. The BS/MS communications take
`
`place on the paging/access channel during call setup and on the forward!
`reverse traffic channel during a call.
`All cellular and personal communications systems air interfaces
`(except GSM) used in North America share a common approach to the
`operation of a MS. In chapter 4, we discussed the high—level operation 0f
`the MS as it implements the common operational approach. In chapter 7,
`we discuss how the CDMA and W—CDMA systems use the operatlofls
`described there to provide services; and in chapter 8, we discuss the VOIce
`coding systems used for CDMA.
`_
`Both CDMA and W—CDMA define control channels (synC, paging,
`and access channels) that are used for data communications between the
`MS and the PCS/cellular system and traffic channels that are used for
`user-to-user communications (voice or data).
`
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`122
`
`Chapter
`
`6
`
`Network and Data Link Layers of CDMA
`
`The CDMA system combines the operation of the network and data
`
`link layers and treats them as one layer. The W—CDMA system uses
`higher-speed signaling and voice-encoding rates and takes an approach
`that is similar to ISDN and, thus, treats layers 2 and 3 as separate and
`
`distinct layers.
`In this chapter, we discuss the detailed message framing for both
`systems and describe some of the typical messages that are sent in the
`system. There are many services supported in the CDMA system, and we
`encourage you to consult the applicable standards for a full treatment of
`the many messages.
`
`When an MS is first powered up, it must find and decode data on a
`control channel before any further processing can be done. For the mes-
`
`sages described in this chapter, we assume that the ES to MS channels are
`
`properly synchronized in the receivers of both sides and that the receivers
`
`are properly decoding data. The operations necessary for these events to
`happen are classified as engineering art and are usually proprietary to a
`given manufacturer of equipment. Some manufacturers provide integrated
`circuit chip sets to perform the proper data modulation and demodulation.
`The encoding and decoding of the messages described in this chapter are
`typically performed in the software (or firmware) of the BS and MS.
`
`6.2 FORWARD CDMA CHANNEL
`
`Data can be transmitted from a BS to a MS over the sync channel, the
`paging channel, or the information stream on the forward traffic chan-
`nel. Some of the data are specific to a particular channel. Other data
`(e.g., orders) can be sent on the paging channel or the traffic channel.
`
`6.2.1 Sync Channel
`
`The forward sync channel Operates at a data rate of 1200 bps and
`transmits information that is specific to the BS and needed by the MS to
`access the system.
`The Sync Channel message (fig. 6.1) has an 8-bit message length
`header, a message body of a minimum of 2 bits and a maximum of 1146
`
`bits, and a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code of 30 bits. If the sync chan-
`nel messages are less than an integer multiple of 93 bits, they are padded
`with 0 bits at the end of the message. The message length includes the
`header, body, and CR0, but not the padding. The CRC is computed on the
`message length header and the message body using the following code:
`292120I513121|8762
`g(x)= x30+x +x +3: +1: +2: +3: +1 +x+ x+ x+ x+ x+ l
`
`(6.1)
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`5.2 Forward CDMA Channel
`
`123
`
`
`
`Message
`Lenglh
`(In bytes)
`
`a blls
`
`Data
`
`I
`
`fadgégg
`-
`
`NMSG = 2 -1146 hits
`
`so blts
`
`Notes:
`
`hlM56 z Message length in bits (Including length Held and CHC)
`
`Paddlng blts are nol used for Unsynchronlzed Paglng Channel Messages
`Sync Channel Data Rate = 1200 bps
`Paging Channel Data Rate = 4800 bps or 9600 bps
`
`Figure 6.1 CDMA message framing on forward sync channel and paging channel.
`
`After a message is formed, it is segmented into 31—bit groups and
`sent in a sync channel frame (fig. 6.2) consisting of a 1-bit start of mes-
`sage (SOM) field and 31 bits of the sync channel frame body. A value of 1
`
`for SOM indicates that the frame is the start of a Sync Channel message.
`
`A value of 0 for SOM indicates that the frame is a continuation of a Sync
`
`Channel message or padding.
`Three sync channel frames are combined to form a sync channel
`superframe (fig. 6.3) of length 80 ms (96 bits). The entire sync channel
`message is then sent in N superframes. The padding bits are used so that
`the start message always starts at one bit after the beginning of a super—
`frame. The first bit of the superframe is SOM : 1.
`The only message sent on the sync channel is the Sync Channel
`message that transmits information about the BS and the serving
`CDMA system. Some of the information being sent follows.
`One set of data, the system identification (SID) and the network
`identification (NID), define the system being received and the network
`Within the system. The values for SID and NID are defined by the Fed—
`eral Communications Commission.
`
`Other data define the offset of the PN sequence for the BS and the
`
`long code state for that BS.
`The sync channel also sends information about the system time,
`leap seconds, offset from UTC, and the state of daylight savings time.
`These times can be used to provide an accurate clock in the MS and are
`also used to set the states of the various code generators in the MS.
`Finally, the sync channel transmits information on the data rate
`used on the paging channel (4800 or 9600 bps).
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`124
`
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`
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`
`Network and Data Llnk Layers of CDMA
`
`«I—————————>
`
`One Sync Channel Frame = 26.667 ms = 32 blis “ SyncChannel Frame Body
`
`'I bl!
`
`31 blls
`
`Note:
`
`SOM .-. 1 tor first Body cl Sync Channel Message.
`= O for all other Bodles In Sync Channel Message
`
`Figure 6.2 CDMA channel framing on fowvard sync channel.
`
`‘——-—-—:———+fi-
`
`One Sync Channel Superlrame = 80 ms = 96 bits Sync Channel Frame
`
`Sync Channel Frame
`
`Sync Channel Frame
`
`32 blls
`
`32 bits
`
`32 bits
`
`Figure 6.3 CDMA superlrame structure on forward sync channel.
`
`6.2.2 Paging Channel
`
`The paging channel operates at a data rate of 4800 or 9600 bps and
`
`transmits overhead information, pages, and orders to an MS.
`The Paging Channel message is similar in form to the Sync Channel
`message (fig. 6.1) and has an 8-bit message length header, a message body
`of a minimum of 2 bits and a maximum of 1146 bits, and a CRC code of 30
`bits. The message length includes the header, body, and CRC, but not the
`padding. The CRC is computed on the message length header and the
`message body using the same code as the sync channel (equation 6.1).
`Paging Channel messages can use synchronized capsules that end
`on a half-frame boundary or unsynchronized capsules that can end any-
`where within a half-frame. If synchronized Paging Channel messages are
`less than an integer multiple of 47 bits for 4800—bps transmission (or 95
`bits for 9600-bps transmission), they are padded with 0 bits at the end of
`the message. Unsynchronized messages do not have padding bits added
`to them.
`
`After a message is formed, it is segmented into 47 — or 95—bit chunks
`and sent in a sync channel half-frame (fig. 6.4) consisting of a 1-bit syn-
`chronized capsule indicator (SCI) field and 47 or 95 bits of the sync chan-
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`—__.—__.—__——_____
`
`6.2 Forward CDMA Channel
`
`125
`
`
`‘——-—-—————>
`
`
`
`One Paging Channel Hall-Frame :10 ms
`
`
`2 96 bits (R z 9600 bps) or 48 blls (H: 4800 bps)
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Paglng Channel Half Frame Body
`
`1 an
`
`47 hits (a = 4300 bps)
`95 hits (a = 9600 bps)
`
`Note:
`
`SCI :1 for llrsl new Capsule ot Synchronized Paglng Channel Message.
`: 0 hr all other Capsules In Paglng Channel Message
`
`Figure 6.4 CDMA channel half-framing on forward paging channel.
`
`nel frame body. A value of 1 for SCI indicates that the frame is the start
`of a Paging Channel message (either synchronized or unsynchronized).
`Messages can also start in the middle ofa frame and immediately after
`the end of an unsynchronized message (with 0 padding bits). A value ofO
`for SCI indicates that the frame is not the start of a message and can
`
`include a message (with or Without padding), padding only, or the end of
`
`one message and the start of another.
`
`Eight paging channel half-frames are combined to form a paging
`channel slot (fig. 6.5) of length 80 ms (384 bits at 4800 bps and 768 bits at
`9600 bps). The entire Paging Channel message is then sent in N slots.
`The maximum number of slots that a message can use is 2048. The BS
`
`always starts a slot with a synchronized message capsule that starts at
`one bit after the beginning ofa slot. The first bit in a slot is SCI = 1.
`
`The paging channel sends many different types of messages; we
`mention a few and describe how they are used in chapter 7. We encour-
`age you to consult the standards documents for a more detailed descrip-
`tion of all of the messages. Some of the messages follow:
`
`0 System Parameters Message: This message is sent to all MSs in
`the area to specify the characteristics of the serving cellular/PCS
`system.
`‘ Access Parameters Message: This message is sent to all M85 in
`the area to specify the characteristics of the messages sent on the
`access channel.
`
`’ Order Message: This message directs the MS to perform an oper-
`ation and confirms a request from the MS. An example is an alert-
`ing message.
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`Chapter
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`6
`
`Network and Data Link Layers oi CDMA
`
`B Paglng Channel Half Frames
`
`.‘——-—-——-—-_—r-—i*—-—_'——‘———>
`
`One Paglng Channel Slot = 80 ms
`
`= 768 blls (R = 9600 bps] or 384 blts (H: 4800 bps)
`
`Paging Channel Hall Frame
`
` Paging Channel Half Frame
`
`as blts (R = 4800 km)
`as blts (R = 9600 bps)
`
`45 bits (R = 4500 bps)
`96 hits (a = 9500 bps)
`
`Figure 6.5 CDMA slot structure on the paging channel.
`
`0 Channel Assignment Message: This message informs the MS of
`the correct traffic channel to use for voice or data.
`
`0 TMSI Assignment Message: This message assigns a temporary
`mobile station identification (TMSI) to the MS. It is sent as part of
`
`the registration process described in chapter 7.
`
`6.2.3 Traffic Channel
`
`Channels not used for paging or sync can be used for traffic. The
`total number of traffic channels at a BS is 63 minus the number of pag-
`
`ing and sync channels in operation at that BS.
`
`Information on the traffic channels consists of primary traffic (voice
`or data), secondary traffic (data), and signaling in frames of length 20 ms.
`When the data rate on the traffic channel is 9600 bps, each frame of
`192 bits consists of 172 information bits, 12 frame quality bits, and 8
`encoder tail bits (set to all US). At 4800 bps, there are 80 information bits,
`8 frame-quality bits, and 8 tail bits for a total of 96 bits. At 2400 and 1200
`bps, there are 40 and 16 information bits and 8 tail bits, for a total of 48
`and 24 bits, respectively. The BS can select the data transmission rate on
`a frame-by-frame basis. The data rate of 9600 bps can support multir
`plexed traffic and signaling. Data rates of 1200, 2400, and 4800 bps can
`support only primary traffic information. The receiving MS determines
`the data rate being received by a combination of symbol error rates at
`each data rate and the frame quality data at the higher data rates.
`The frame quality indicator is a CRC on the information bits in the
`
`frame. At 9600 bps the generator polynomial is
`
`12
`
`g(x)= at
`
`+25” + 1210+ x9+ x8+ x4+ x+ I
`
`At 4800 bps, the generator polynomial is
`
`g(x) = x8 + x7+ x44- x3+ x+ l
`
`(6.2)
`
`(6.3)
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`
`
`6.3 Reverse CDMA Channel
`
`127
`
`At 9600 bps, the 172 information bits consist of 1 or 4 format bits and
`
`171 or 168 traffic bits. A variety of different multiplexing options are
`supported. The entire 171 information bits can be used for primary
`traffic, or the 168 bits can be used for 80 primary traffic bits and 88 sig-
`naling traffic bits or 88 secondary traffic bits. Other options use 40 and
`128 or 16 and 152 bits for primary and signaling/secondary traffic.
`Alternatively, the entire 168 bits can be used for signaling or secondary
`traffic.
`
`When the forward traffic channel is used for signaling, the message
`is similar in form to the Paging Channel message (fig. 6.1) and has an 8-
`bit message length header, a message body of a minium of 16 bits and a
`
`maximum of 1160 hits, and a CRC code of 16 bits. Following the message
`
`are padding bits to make the message end on a frame boundary. The mes—
`
`sage length includes the header, body, and CR0, but not the padding. The
`CRC is computed on the message length header and the message body
`
`using the following code:
`
`g(x) = x|h+xlz+x5+l
`
`(6.4)
`
`When the forward traffic channel is used for signaling, some typical
`
`messages that can be sent follow:
`
`' Order Message: This is similar to the order message sent on the
`paging channel.
`
`' Authentication Challenge Message: When the BS suspects the
`validity of the MS, it can challenge the MS to prove its identity. We
`
`examine this in more detail in chapter 7.
`
`‘ Send Burst Dual-Tone Multifrequency (DTMF): When the BS
`needs dialed digits, it can request them in this message. This mes-
`sage would be used for dig-its for a three—way call, for example.
`0 Extended Handoff Direction Message: This message is one of
`several handoff messages sent by the BS. See chapter 7 for more
`details on the handoff process.
`
`6.3 REVERSE CDMA CHANNEL
`
`The MS communicates with the BS over the access channel or the
`reverse traffic channel. The access channel is used to make origina-
`tions, process orders, and respond to pages. After voice or data commu-
`nications are established, all communications occur on the reverse
`traffic channel.
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`128
`
`Chapter
`
`6
`
`Network and Data Link Layers of CDMA
`
`6.3.1 Access Channel
`
`Whenever an MS registers with the network, processes an order,
`sends a data burst, makes an origination, responds to a page, or responds
`to an authentication challenge, it uses the (reverse) access channel.
`The message on the reverse access channel consists of an access
`preamble of multiple frames of 96 zero bits with a length of 1 + PAM_SZ
`frames (fig. 6.6), followed by an access channel message capsule with
`length of 3 + MAX_CAP_SZ frames. The message capsule also consists of
`frames of length 96 bits. Since the data rate on the reverse access chan-
`
`nel is 4800 bps, each frame has duration of 20 ms.
`The entire access channel transmission therefore occurs in an
`
`access channel slot that has a length of
`
`4 + MAX_CAP_SZ + PAM_SZ frames
`
`(6.5)
`
`where the values of MAX_CAP_SZ and PAM_SZ are received
`
`on the paging channel.
`
`An access channel slot nominally begins at a frame where
`
`t mod(4 + MAX_CP_SZ + PAM_SZ) = 0
`
`(6.6)
`
`Where t is the system time in frames.
`
`The actual start of the transmission on the access channel is ran-
`
`domized to minimize collisions between multiple MSs accessing the
`channel at the same time.
`
`All access channels corresponding to a paging channel have the
`same slot length. Different BSS may have different slot lengths.
`The Access Channel message (fig. 6.7) is similar in form to the Sync
`Channel message and has an 8-bit message length header, a message
`body of a'mjnimum of 2 bits and a maximum of 842 bits, and a CRC code
`of 30 bits. Following the message are padding bits to make the message
`and on a frame boundary. The message length includes the header, body,
`and CR0, but not the padding. The CEO is computed on the message
`length header and the message body using the same code as the sync
`channel (equation 6.1).
`
`Access Channel Preamble
`= 000
`000
`
`96 x (1+PAM_SZ) blls
`(1+PAM_SZ) Frames
`
`Figure 6.6 CDMA access channel preamble.
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`
`6.3 Reverse CDMA Channel
`
`129
`
`Message
`Length
`“'1 Wes)
`
`3 bits
`
`"“56 = 2 - 342 bits
`
`-
`
`..
`Padding
`= ...ooo...
`
`_
`;
`
`CRC
`
`30 bits
`
`Notes:
`
`NMSG = Message length In blls (Including lenglh lleld and CH0)
`
`Figure 6.7 CDMA message framing on access channel.
`
`Each access channel frame contains either preamble bits (all zeros)
`or message bits. Frames containing message bits (fig. 6.8) have 88 mes-
`sage bits and 8 encoder tail bits (set to all zeros). Multiple frames are
`combined with an access channel preamble to form an access channel
`slot (fig. 6.9).
`
`88 bits
`
`8 bits
`
`Figure 6.8 CDMA access channel framing.
`
`
`
`
`
`96 1 (4+ PAM_SZ + MAX_CAP_SZ)DI1$
`
`
`
`Access Channel
`Frame
`
`
`
`Access Channel
`Preamble
`
`
`
`Access Channel
`Frame
`
`
`
`
`96 x (1+FAM. 32) bits
`(1+PAM _82) Frames
`
`95 blls
`
`96 bits
`
`Figure 6.9 CDMA access channel slot.
`
`6.3.2 Traffic Channel
`
`Information on the reverse traffic channels consists of primary traf-
`fic (voice or data), secondary traffic (data), and signaling usmg frames 0f
`length 20 ms.
`The message format is identical to the forward traffic channel.
`When the reverse traffic channel is used for signaling, the message (fig.
`6.10) has an 8-bit message length header, 8 message bOdY Ofa 111111111! urn
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`Chapter 6
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`Network and Data Llnk Layers of CDMA
`
`Message
`Length
`(In bytes)
`
`s blts
`
`Date
`
`H.155 =16 - 2016 kills
`
`Eadgggg
`_
`
`cac
`
`15 bits
`
`Notes:
`
`Nam = Message length in bits (Including length field and CR6)
`
`Figure 6.10 CDMA message framing on reverse traffic channel.
`
`of 16 bits and a maximum of 2016 hits, and a CRC code of 16 bits. Pad-
`ding bits follow the message to make the message end on a frame bound-
`ary. The message length includes the header, body, and CEO, but not the
`padding. The CEO is computed on the message length header and the
`message body using the code described in equation (6.4).
`When the reverse traffic channel is used for signaling, some of the
`following example messages can be sent:
`
`' Order: This message is either a response to a BS request or a
`request for service from the MS.
`
`' Authentication Challenge Response: This message is sent in
`response to the challenge by the BS.
`
`0 Flash with Information: When the user requires special services
`from the BS, a flash message is sent. This messages is similar to
`depressing the switch—hook on a wireline phone. The message may
`
`or may not contain additional information.
`
`' Handoff Completion: When the MS completes the handoff pro-
`cess, it sends this message.
`
`6.4 FORWARD W-CDMA CHANNEL
`
`The operation of the forward channel (BS to MS) in W-CDMA is similar
`to that of CDMA. However, the W—CDMA system separates the operation
`of layers 2 and 3 of the OSI protocol stack. Messages on the forward and
`reverse channel are formed at layer 3 and passed to layer 2. At layer 2,
`the messages are formed into a frame and sent to the physical layer
`
`(chapter 5).
`The goal of the W—CDMA system is to model the operation of ISDN.
`Although the detailed ISDN message set is not used, the signaling data
`rates and voice—encoding rates are compatible with ISDN.
`Data can be transmitted from a BS to an MS over the sync channel.
`paging channel, or information stream on the forward traffic channel.
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`6.4 Forward W-CDMA Channel
`
`131
`
`Some of the data are specific to a particular channel. Other data (e.g.,
`orders) can be sent on the paging channel or the traffic channel.
`
`6.4.1 Layer-to-Layer Communications
`
`The W—CDMA system defines a set of primitives for layer-to-layer
`
`communications to more closely implement the OSI reference model.
`Primitives are defined for layer 3-to-layer 2 communications and for layer
`2—to—layer 1 communications. Primitives are also defined for management
`functions between layers. We examine the layer-to-layer communications
`here and refer you to the standard for the management functions.
`
`In the CCITT layer control, four basic functions are defined for any
`
`primitive function (see fig. 6.11):
`
`' Request: The higher layer makes a request to the lower layer. This
`
`request is passed to the receiving side.
`' Indication: The lower layer at the receiving side passes an indica-
`
`tion primitive to its next higher layer.
`° Response: The higher layer on the receiving side performs an
`action (or requests an action from its higher layer) and sends a
`response message when the action is complete.
`' Confirm: The lower layer passes the response to the transmitting
`side where the lower layer passes a confirmation (of the request) to
`its upper layer.
`
`Not all primitives implement all four of the basic functions. Some
`implement only Request and IndicatiOn, for example.
`
`Transmit Side
`
`Receive Sldo
`
`Layer N
`
`Layer N-1
`
`Layer N—I
`
`Layer N
`
`Roquea!
`
`Confirm
`
`Indlcaflon
`
`Response
`
`Figure 6.11 Interlayer primitives.
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`132
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`Network and Data Link Layers of CDMA
`
`For layer 3-to-layer 2 communications, five primitives are defined
`(see table 6.1). Data link establish (BL-Establish) and release (DL-
`Release) are used to start and stop multiframe connection-oriented mes-
`sages. Data link data (DL-Data) and Data link unit data (DL—Unit—Data)
`are used to transmit and receive acknowledged and unacknowledged
`messages, respectively. Data link setup (DL-Setup) is used to transmit
`and receive connectionless messages.
`
`Table 6.1 Layer 3-to-Layer 2 Primitives
`
`Primitive Function
`
`iii-litI
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` Primitive Request Indication Response Confirm
`
`
`
`DL—Establish
`
`DL-Release
`
`DL—Data
`
`DL—Unit Data
`
`X
`
`X
`
`X
`
`X
`
`X
`
`X
`
`X
`
`X
`
`_
`
`_
`
`_
`
`—
`
`x
`
`X
`
`_
`
`—-
`
`
`
`X X XDlrSetup X
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`For layer 2—to-layer l communications, three primitives are defined
`(see table 6.2). Physical layer active (PH-Active) and physical layer deac—
`tivate (PH-Deactivate) are used to establish and release a physical layer
`connection. Physical data (PH-Data) is used to pass messages between
`layer 2 and layer 1.
`
`Table 6.2 Layer 3-to-Layer 2 Primitives
`_——'*———————————
`
`Primitive Function
`
`Confirm
`Response
`Indication
`Request
`Primitive
`WT”—
`
`PH-Active
`
`X
`
`X
`
`——
`
`—
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`— X ——PH-Deactive —
`
`
`
`The layer 2-to-layer 3 primitives and the layer 2-to-layer 1 primi-
`tives are used in both the forward and reverse direction on the W—CDMA
`
`channel.
`
`6.4.2 Sync Channel
`
`The forward sync channel Operates at a data rate of 16 kbps and
`transmits information that is specific to the BS and needed by the MS to
`
`access the system.
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`6.4 Forward W~CDMA Channel
`
`133
`
`The Sync Channel message (fig. 6.12) has an 8-bit message length
`header, an 8- or 16—bit address field, an 8- or 16-bit control field, a layer 3
`message body of a minimum of 0 bits and a maximum of 1232 bits, and a
`CRC code of 32 bits. If the Sync Channel messages are less than an inte-
`ger multiple of 319 bits, they are padded with 0 bits at the end of the
`
`message. The message length includes the length field, the address field,
`the control field, the body, and CR0, but not the padding. The CEO is
`computed on the message length header, the address, the control, and
`the message body using the following code:
`
`glxl= .1'
`
`32
`
`26
`
`23
`
`2
`4
`7
`2
`2?.
`+3: +xl6+xl+xll+x10+x8+x+x5+x+x+x+l
`
`+1:
`
`+3:
`
`(6.7)
`
`After a message is formed, it is segmented into 319-bits groups and
`sent in a sync channel frame (fig. 6.13) consisting of a 1-bit start of frame
`
`Message
`Length
`Address Control
`Layer 3 Message
`
`(In bytes)
`
`CRC
`
`‘
`I
`:adglégg
`
`8 blls
`
`811B blls 8/16 blls
`<———-—b—
`D - 1232 hits
`
`
`
`32 blls
`
`as needed
`
`Notes:
`
`Message length (in bytes) Includes: length lleld. address. control. layer 3 message and CBC)
`
`Padding bits are not used for Unsynchronlzed Paglng Channel Messages
`Sync Channel Data Rate = 16 kbps
`Paging Channel Data Rate = 16 kbps
`
`Figure 6.12 W—CDMA message framing on forward sync channel and paging
`channel.
`
`
`
` q———-———-———F—"
`
`One Sync Channel Frame = 20 ms = 320 hlts
`
`
`
`
`Sync Channel Frame Body
`
`1 bl!
`
`319 bits
`
`Note:
`
`80F = 1 for first Body 0! Sync Channel Messagfl.
`= D for all other Bodles in Sync Channel Message
`
`Figure 6.13 W-CDMA channel framing on forward sync channel.
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`Network and Data Link Layers o! CDMA
`
`(SOF) field and 319 bits of the sync channel frame body. A value of l for
`SOF indicates that the frame is the start of a sync channel message. A
`
`value of 0 for SOF indicates that the frame is a continuation of a sync
`
`channel message or padding.
`Four sync channel frames are combined to form a sync channel
`superframe (fig. 6.14) of length 80 ms (1280 bits). The entire sync chan-
`nel message is then sent in N superframes. The padding bits are used so
`that the start message always starts at one bit after the beginning of a
`
`super-frame. The first bit of the superframe is SOF = 1.
`
`<—-————————————F————>
`
`One Sync Channel Superlrame = 80 ms = 1280 hits
`
`
`
`Sync Channel Frame
`
`Sync Channel Frame
`
`Sync Channel Frame
`
`Sync Channel Frame
`
`32C blls
`
`320 bits
`
`320 bits
`
`320 bits
`
`Figure 6.14 W-CDMA superframe structure on forward sync channel.
`
`Two messages are sent on the sync channel: a mobility manage-
`ment (MM) identification message and a System Sync message. These
`two messages provide information similar to the single Sync Channel
`message of the CDMA system.
`
`The System Sync message provides information about the number
`of 20-ms slots used for messages on the paging channel and the fre-
`quency allocation of the W—CDMA system (i.e., the bandwidth and chan-
`nels used). The Systh Sync message defines the Walsh or Hadamard set
`used for the primary paging channel, the index into that set for the BS.
`and the pilot PN offset used by the BS. The message also informs the MS
`about the system date and time and the protocol revision supported by
`the BS.
`
`The MM message provides the random number (RAND) used for
`authentication (see chapter 7), the system ID (SID), and the registration
`zone (REG_ZONE). The use of SID and REG_