`
`
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`-
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`'
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`-_.-; Vijéxy K. carg '. KehhethISmolik .
`'-
`Joseph E. Wilkes
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`I
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`Applications of CDMA in
`
`Wireless/Personal
`
`Communications
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`
`
`Feher/Prentice Hall Digital and Wireless Communications Series
`
`Carne, E. Bryan. Telecommunications Primer: Signal, Building Blocks and
`Networks
`
`Feher, Kamilo. Wireless Digital Communications: Modulation and Spread
`Spectrum Applications
`
`Garg, Vijay, Kenneth Smolick, and Joseph Wilkes. Applications of CDMA in
`WirelessfPersonal Communications
`
`Garg, Vijay and Joseph Wilkes. Wireless and Personal Communications Systems
`
`Pelton, N. Joseph. Wireless Satellite Telecommunications: The Technology, the
`Market 8.: the Regulations
`
`Ricci, Fred. Personal Communications Systems Applications
`
`Other Books by Dr. Komiio Feher
`
`Advanced Digital Communications: Systems and Signal Processing Techniques
`
`Telecommunications Measurements, Analysis and Instrumentation
`
`Digital Communications: Satellite/Earth Station Engineering
`
`Digital Communications: Microwave Applications
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`or from DIGCOM, Inc., Dr. Feher and Associates, 44685 Country Club Drive, El
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`
`
`Applications of CDMA in
`
`Wireless/Personal
`
`Communications
`
`Vij ay K. Garg, PhD, PE
`Distinguished Member of Technical Staff
`
`Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, Inc.
`
`Kenneth F. Smolik, PhD, PE
`Distinguished Member of Technical Staff
`
`Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, Inc.
`
`Joseph E. Wilkes, PhD, PE
`Senior Research Scientist
`
`Bell Communications Research
`
`
`
`To join a Prentice Hall PTR
`m .1. g list point to_
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-impublication Data
`
`6329, vijay Kumar. 1938~
`Applications of CDHA in wirelessfpersonal communications /
`Vijay K. Garg. Kenneth F. Smolick. Joseph E. Wilkes.
`p.
`cm. _ {Faber/Prentice Hail digital and wireless
`communications series)
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`ISBN 0-13-572157~1 (case!
`1. Code division multiple access.
`service systems. I. Smolick. Kenneth.
`:11. Title.
`IV. Series.
`TK5103.¢5.G37
`1997
`621.3845—dc20
`
`2.
`Personal communication
`II.
`wilkes. Joseph E.
`
`96-42194
`CIP
`
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`
`
`Table of Contents
`
`Preface ...........................................................................................xiii
`
`1 Introduction to Code-Division Multiple
`
`Access Technology ........................................................................... l
`1.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 1
`
`1.2 Trends in Wireless Communications ........................................... 1
`
`1.3 Market Trends for Wireless Communications ............................. 2
`
`1.4 Needs of Digital Technologies for Wireless
`Communications ....................................................................... 3
`
`1.5 Elements of a Wireless Network .................................................. 3
`
`1.6 Digital Technologies ...................................................................... 4
`1.7 Spread Spectrum Technology ....................................................... 6
`
`1.8 Summary ....................................................................................... 7
`1.9 References ...................................................................................... 8
`
`....................9
`............
`2 Spread Spectrum Systems.....................
`2.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 9
`
`2.2 Types of Techniques Used for Spread Spectrum (SS) ................. 9
`2.3 The Concept of the Spread Spectrum System ........................... 11
`2.4 The Performance of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum ........... 15
`
`2.4.1 The Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum System ................. 15
`
`2.4.2 Coherent Binary Phase-Shift Keying ................................. 15
`2.4.3 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying ......................................... 16
`2.5 The Performance of a Code-Division Multiple Access
`System ..................................................................................... 19
`2.6 Pseudorandom Noise Sequences ................................................ 23
`2.6.1 Properties of a Maximal Length Pseudorandom
`Sequence ............................................................................. 26
`
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`——_——_—————’——'———"—h_——_
`Table at Contents
`
`vl
`
`2.6.2 Autocorrelation .................................................................... 29
`
`2.6.3 Cross-correlation .................................................................. 31
`
`2.6.4 Orthogonal Functions .......................................................... 31
`2.7 TIA 18-95 CDMA System ............................................................ 39
`
`2.7.1 Downlink .............................................................................. 41
`
`2.7.2 Uplink (Reverse) .................................................................. 43
`2.8 Summary ....................................................................... . ............. 47
`2.9 References .................................................................................... 48
`
`3 CDMA Standards ...........
`
`............................................................ 49
`
`3.1 Introduction ................................................................................. 49
`
`3.2 Background ................................................................................. 49
`3.3 Layering Concepts ...................................................................... 51
`3.4 Call Processing ............................................................................ 52
`3.4.1 Mobile Station Initialization State ..................................... 54
`
`3.4.2 Mobile Station Idle State .................................................... 55
`
`3.4.3 System Access State ............................................................ 57
`3.4.4 Mobile Station Control on the Trafiic Channel
`
`State .................................................................................... 57
`
`3.4.5 Base Station Call States ...................................................... 58
`
`3.5 Service Configuration and Negotiation ...................................... 59
`3.6 Concept of System Identification and Network
`Identification .......................................................................... 61
`
`3.7 Registration ................................................................................. 62
`3.8 Wideband CDMA Standards ...................................................... 68
`
`3.9 Summary ..................................................................................... 68
`3.10 References .................................................................................. 69
`
`4 System Architecture for Wireless Communications .............71
`4.1 Introduction ................................................................................. 71
`
`4.1.1 TR—45/TR—46 Reference Model ............................................ 72
`
`4.1.2 Elements of the Reference Model ....................................... 72
`
`4.2 Standardization of the MSC—BS Interface ................................. 76
`
`4.2.1 Supported Architectural Configurations ............................ 79
`4.2.2 Call Processing and Supplementary Services .................... 82
`4.2.3 Radio Resource Management .............................................. 82
`4.2.4 Mobility Management ......................................................... 84
`4.2.5 Transmission Facilities Management ................................ 84
`4.3 Services ........................................................................................ 86
`4.3.1 Basic Services ...................................................................... 87
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`
`
`4.3.2 Supplementary Services ...................................................... 88
`
`4.4 Summary ..................................................................................... 91
`4.5 References .................................................................................... 92
`
`5 Physical Layer of CDMA ..............................................................93
`5.1 Introduction ................................................................................. 93
`
`5.2 Open Systems Interconnect Reference Model ........................... 94
`5.3 Forward CDMA Channel and W—CDMA Channel ..................... 97
`
`5.3.1 Pilot Channel ....................................................................... 97
`
`5.3.2 Sync Channel ....................................................................... 98
`
`5.3.3 Forward Paging Channel .................................................... 99
`5.3.4 Forward Traffic Channel ................................................... 100
`
`5.3.5 Modulator ........................................................................... 102
`
`5.4 The Reverse CDMA Channel .................................................... 103
`
`5.4.1 Reverse Access Channel .................................................... 103
`
`5.4.2 Reverse Traffic Channel .................................................... 105
`
`5.4.3 Reverse Channel Modulator.............................................. 106
`
`5.5 Channel Spacing and Frequency Tolerance............................. 107
`5.6 Power Control in CDMA ........................................................... 110
`
`5.7 Modulation Parameters ............................................................ 113
`
`5.7.1 Convolutional Encoding .................................................... 113
`
`5.7.2 Bit Repetition ..................................................................... 115
`5.7.3 Block Interleaving ............................................................. 115
`
`5.7.4 Randomizing ...................................................................... 115
`5.7.5 Orthogonal Codes .............................................................. 116
`5.7.6 64-ary Orthogonal Modulation .......................................... 116
`5.7.7 Long Codes ............~............................................................. 1 17
`5.7.8 Direct PN Spreading.......................................................... 117
`5.7.9 Baseband Filtering ............................................................ 118
`5.7.10 Synchronization of CDMA Signals ................................. 118
`5.8 Summary ................................................................................... 118
`5.9 References .................................................................................. 119
`
`6 Network and Data Link Layers of CDMA......... 121
`6.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 121
`
`6.2 Forward CDMA Channel .......................................................... 122
`6.2.1 Sync Channel ..................................................................... 122
`6.2.2 Paging Channel ................................................................... 124
`6.2.3 Traffic Channel .................................................................. 126
`
`6.3 Reverse CDMA Channel ........................................................... 127
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`vlll
`
`Table of Contents
`
`6.3.1 Access Channel .................................................................. 128
`6.3.2 Traffic Channel .................................................................. 129
`6.4 Forward W-CDMA Channel ...................................................... 130
`6.4.1 Layer-to-Layer Communications ...................................... 131
`6.4.2 Sync Channel ..................................................................... 132
`6.4.3 Paging Channel .................................................................. 134
`6.4.4 Traffic Channel .................................................................. 136
`
`6.5 Reverse W—CDMA Channel ....................................................... 136
`6.5.1 Layer-to-Layer Communications ...................................... 136
`6.5.2 Access Channel .................................................................. 136
`
`6.5.3 Traffic Channel .................................................................. 138
`6.6 Summary ................................................................................... 138
`6.7 References .................................................................................. 138
`
`........... 139
`7 Signaling Applications in the CDMA System........
`7.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 139
`7.2 End-to-End Operation of a Wireless System ........................... 139
`7.2.1 Basic Services .................................................................... 140
`
`7.2.2 Unique Challenge .............................................................. 152
`7.2.3 Supplementary Services .................................................... 154
`7.2.4 Handoffs ............................................................................. 155
`
`7.3 Summary ................................................................................... 162
`7.4 References .................................................................................. 163
`
`8 Voice Applications in the CDMA System ............................... 165
`8.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 165
`
`8.2 Voice Encoding........................................................................... 165
`8.2.1 Pulse Code Modulation ...................................................... 166
`
`8.2.2 Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation ................. 167
`8.2.3 Code-Excited Linear Predictor .......................................... 169
`
`8.3 Summary ................................................................................... 175
`8.4 References .................................................................................. 175
`
`....... 177
`9 RF Engineering and Facilities Engineering ..............
`9.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 177
`9.2 Radio Design for a Cellular/PCS Network............................... 177
`9.2.1 Radio Link Design ............................................................. 178
`9.2.2 Coverage Planning ............................................................. 178
`9.3 Propagation Models .................................................................. 179
`9.3.1 Modeling for the Outside Environment............................ 180
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`I:
`
`9.3.2 Models for Indoor Environment ........................................ 186
`
`9.4 Link Budgets ............................................................................. 190
`9.4.1 Forward Direction .............................................................. 190
`
`9.4.2 Reverse Direction ............................................................... 195
`
`9.5 Dual-Mode CDMA Mobiles ....................................................... 199
`
`9.6 The Transition from an Analog System to a Digital
`
`System ................................................................................... 201
`
`9.6.1 Overlay Design ................................................................... 201
`
`9.6.2 Integrated Design .............................................................. 204
`
`9.6.3 Partial CDMA Coverage, Integrated System ................... 205
`
`9.7 Facilities Engineering ............................................................... 216
`
`9.8 Capacity of Forward Radio Channel ........................................ 230
`
`9.9 Design Considerations at the Boundary of a CDMA
`System ................................................................................... 231
`
`9.10 Summary ................................................................................. 231
`9.1 1 References ................................................................................ 231
`
`10 Wireless Data .................................... . ........................................... 233
`
`10.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 233
`
`10.2 Wireless Data Systems ........................................................... 234
`
`10.2.1 Wide Area Wireless Data Systems ................................. 234
`
`10.2.2 High-Speed Wireless Local Area Networks ................... 236
`10.3 WLAN Standards .................................................................. ..241
`
`10.3.1 IEEE 802.11 ..................................................................... 241
`
`10.3.2 Wireless Information Networks Forum .......................... 244
`
`10.3.3 High-Performance Radio Local Area Network ............... 245
`10.3.4 ARPA ................................................................................ 245
`
`10.4 Access Methods ....................................................................... 246
`
`10.4.1 Fixed—Assignment Access Methods ................................. 246
`10.4.2 Random Access Methods ................................................. 247
`
`10.5 Error Control Schemes ................................................. . ......... 251
`
`10.6 The Data Services Standard for CMDA Cellular/
`
`Personal Communications Systems .................................... 255
`
`10.6.1 Asynchronous Data and Group-3 Facsimile ................... 256
`10.6.2 Short Message Service ..................................................... 261
`10.6.3 Packet Data Services for CDMA Cellular]
`
`Personal Communications Systems ................................ 266
`10.7 Summary ................................................................................. 271
`10.8 References ................................................................................ 272
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`Table of Contents
`
`...................................273
`11 Management of CDMA Networks......
`11.1 Introduction ............................................................... . ............. 273
`
`11.2 Management Goals for PCS Networks .................................. 274
`11.3 Requirements for Management of PCNS ............................... 276
`11.4 Telecommunication Management Network
`and Wireless Network Management ................................... 277
`11.4.1 Functional Architecture .................................................. 280
`11.4.2 Physical Architecture ............................. . ........................ 282
`11.4.3 Quality of Service ............................................................. 285
`11.5 Accounting Management ........................................................ 286
`11.5.1 Billing Data Management ............................................... 287
`11.5.2 Data Message Handling and TMN ................................. 288
`11.6 Security Management ............................................................. 293
`11.6.1 Information—Gathering Mechanisms .............................. 293
`11.6.2 Audit Trail Mechanism ................................................... 293
`
`11.6.3 Security Alarm Reporting Mechanisms ......................... 294
`11.7 Configuration Management .................................................... 294
`11.8 Fault Management .................................................................. 297
`11.9 Performance Management ...................................................... 300
`11.9.1 Requirements on Types of Data ...................................... 301
`11.9.2 Measurement Administration Requirements ................ 301
`11.9.3 Requirement on Measurement Definition ...................... 303
`11.9.4 Measurement Job Requirements .................................... 303
`11.9.5 Performance Measurement Areas .................................. 304
`
`11.10 Summary ............................................................................... 307
`11.11 References .............................................................................. 307
`
`12 Interconnection Between Systems ..........................................309
`12.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 309
`
`12.2 Interworking Issues ................................................................ 309
`12.3 Dual-Mode Digital/AMPS Systems and Phones .................... 312
`12.4 Dual-Mode Digital Systems .................................................... 315
`12.5 Wireless Intelligent Networks ................................................ 316
`12.6 Summary ................................................................................. 321
`12.7 References ................................................................................ 322
`
`13 Evolution of CDMA Technology for Wireless
`........323
`Communications..................................................
`13-1 Introduction ............................................................................. 323
`13-2 Over-the-Air Service Provisioning ......................................... 324
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`xl
`
`13.3 Improvement of Speech Coders .............................................. 326
`13.4 Interference Cancellation ....................................................... 329
`
`13.5 Multiple Beam Adaptive Antenna Array ............................... 332
`
`13.6 Improvements of Handof’f Algorithms ................................... 334
`
`13"? Summary ................................................................................. 336
`138 References ................................................................................ 336
`
`A Traffic Tables337
`
`B List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ....................................... 347
`
`Index ........................................................... . .............
`
`...................353
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`
`
`Preface
`
`
`
`Over the last decade, deployment of wireless communications has been
`
`significant. In the 19803, many analog cellular networks were imple-
`mented. These networks are already reaching capacity limits in several
`
`service areas. The wireless industry anticipated these limitations at the
`
`beginning of the 1990s. Several digital technologies were introduced to
`
`increase spectral efficiency and enhance wireless communications by
`adding attractive and innovative features and services such as facsimile
`
`and data transmission and various call handling features. Thus, wireless
`
`communication technology has evolved from simple first-generation ana—
`
`log systems for business applications to second-generation digital sys-
`tems with rich features and services for residential and business
`
`environments. As the end of century approaches, a new vision of ubiqui-
`
`tous telecommunications for individuals is beginning to emerge. This
`
`vision, known as personal communications systems (PCS), will enable
`the network to deliver telecommunication services (voice, data, video,
`
`and so on) without restrictions on the user’s terminal, location in the
`
`world, point of access to the network, access technology, or transport
`
`method. PCS is the challenge for the future. PCS also has a second
`vision, the use of the 1.8~GHz band in North America. In this book, by
`PCS, we mean the second vision of PCS (cellular concept at a new fre-
`
`quency band).
`
`There are several reasons for the transition from wireless analog to
`digital technology: increased traffic, which requires greater call capacity
`(an explosive growth of the number of wireless telephone subscribers
`demands that the frequency bandwidth per call should be reduced from
`30 kHz, which is currently used for analog systems); speech privacy (dig-
`ital technology facilitates Speech to be encrypted); new services (digital
`
`xiii
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`xlv
`
`Preface
`
`technology allows voice services to be combined with other services); and
`greater radio link robustness (with digital technology, improved coding
`techniques can be used to enhance the robustness of transmission).
`
`Europe and Japan have developed their digital mobile communicate
`tions systems by using new dedicated frequency bands. In Europe, dedi-
`
`cated bands were necessary since each country used a different,
`
`incompatible analog standard, and the growth of the Common Market
`
`concept required common standards throughout. In North America, how-
`
`ever, digital technologies allow coexistence with the first-generation ana-
`log technology, since there was a common nationwide standard. Thus, the
`
`North American digital technologies enhance rather than replace the
`
`existing analog technology. Several competing digital technologies are
`
`vying for predominance in the wireless market. These include the US.
`digital cellular time-division multiple access (TDMA) system, the global
`
`system of mobile communications (GSM) that also uses TDMA with a dif-
`
`ferent standard, code-division multiple access (CDMA), wideband CDMA,
`
`and several other TDMA and mixed CDMA/TDMA systems. Currently, it
`is projected that CDMA will be the most widely deployed digital technol-
`ogy in the United States; however, it may be several years before the mar-
`ketplace determines the dominant technology. The purpose of this book is
`not to assess the advantage of one digital technology over the other.
`Rather, its intent is to discuss the fundamental concepts of CDMA and
`the application of CDMA technology to both cellular and PCS systems.
`In this book, we focus on concepts of CDMA for wireless applica-
`tions and the underlying network needed to support these applications
`for voice and data communications. Our primary emphasis is on the
`CDMA systems standardized by the Telecommunications Industry Asso-
`ciation (TIA) and the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solu-
`tions (ATIS) as standards 18—95 and 18-665. There are, of course, other
`CDMA systems that have been proposed by DoCoMo, Goldengate, Inter-
`digital, Lucent Technologies (AirLoop), and others. These systems are
`proprietary and are not discussed here. If you are interested in any of the
`these proprietary systems, contact the manufacturers directly. Other dig-
`ital standards also use aspects of CDMA; for example, a TDMA system
`proposed by Omnipoint has been approved by ATIS for trial application.
`This TDMA system also includes a CDMA capability, but the underlying
`technology is TDMA. We discussed this system in our previous book,
`Wireless and Personal Communications Systems, Prentice Hall, 1996.
`Several books on the market discuss the subject of CDMA. In writ-
`ing this book, we decided to address the needs of the practicing engineer
`
`J
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`
`
`
`
`P reface
`
`xv
`
`and the engineering manager by explaining the basis of CDMA and its
`application to Wireless communications in both the cellular and the PCS
`environments. Students studying a course in telecommunications will
`
`also find this book useful as they prepare for a career in the wireless
`industry. We have incorporated sufficient mathematics so that you can
`understand the principles of CDMA, and yet we do not attempt to over~
`whelm you with mathematics. This book can be used by practicing tele-
`communication engineers involved in the design of cellular/PCS systems
`and by senior/graduate students in Electrical, Telecommunication, or
`Computer Engineering curricula. We do assume that you have a basic
`understanding of the concepts of mobile communications; if not, our pre~
`vious book will provide that understanding. With selective reading of the
`chapters, telecommunications managers who are engaged in managing
`CDMA systems and who have little or no technical background in wire-
`less technologies can gain an understanding of the systems they are
`managing.
`
`This book covers several aspects of CDMA technology. In chapter 1,
`
`we explore the growth in the wireless communications and present mar-
`
`ket trends. We develop the market and technical needs for digital tech-
`
`nologies and discuss their merits when compared to analog technology.
`
`We briefly describe the digital technologies used for cellular technology.
`
`In chapter 2, we describe different spread spectrum (SS) systems and
`
`then focus on the direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) technology
`
`that is specified in the TIA 18—95 and TIA—TlPl J—STD-OOS CDMA sys—
`tems. We develop necessary relationships to evaluate the performance of
`a D888 system with binary phase—shift keying (BPSK) and quadrature
`phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation and provide a relationship to cal-
`culate the performance of a CDMA system. We conclude the chapter by
`discussing the main features of a CDMA system.
`In chapter 3, we provide a survey of CDMA standards specifying
`the air interface (i.e., the messaging between the base station and the
`mobile station}. This chapter highlights the TLA IS—95A call processing
`model, service configuration and negotiation, and registration by the
`mobile station. In chapter 4, we present the TIA TR-45/46 reference
`model, which is a basis for the cellular and P08 standards. We discuss
`the mobile switching center (MSC)—-base station (BS) interface. The
`effects upon the architecture of a CDMA system are emphasized. We con~
`clude the chapter by discussing the basic and supplementary services
`that are supported by cellular and PCS standards.
`
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`

`XVI
`
`Preface
`
`In chapter 5, we introduce the concepts of the seven-layer open-sys-
`tem interconnect (OSI) reference model. We describe the physical layer of
`the CDMA system and the wideband CDMA (W—CDMA) system. We
`describe the network and data link layers of the two systems in chapter
`6. We discuss the signaling application layer in chapter 7. We include call
`flows for several typical services supplied to mobile stations using CDMA
`and W-C