© ISO/IEC
`
`ISO/IEC 13818-2: 1995 (E)
`
`(Title page to be provided by ISO)
`
`Recommendation ITU-T H.262 (1995 E)
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`ISO/IEC 13818-2: 1995 (E)
`
`Contents
`
`Page
`
`Introduction..................................................................................................................................... vi
`1 Purpose ................................................................................................................................... vi
`2 Application ............................................................................................................................. vi
`3 Profiles and levels ................................................................................................................... vi
`4 The scalable and the non-scalable syntax................................................................................vii
`
`1 Scope.............................................................................................................................................. 1
`
`2 Normative references.................................................................................................................... 1
`
`3 Definitions ..................................................................................................................................... 3
`
`4 Abbreviations and symbols ......................................................................................................... 11
`4.1 Arithmetic operators ........................................................................................................... 11
`4.2 Logical operators................................................................................................................. 11
`4.3 Relational operators ............................................................................................................ 11
`4.4 Bitwise operators................................................................................................................. 12
`4.5 Assignment ......................................................................................................................... 12
`4.6 Mnemonics ......................................................................................................................... 12
`4.7 Constants ............................................................................................................................ 12
`
`5 Conventions ................................................................................................................................. 13
`5.1 Method of describing bitstream syntax ................................................................................ 13
`5.2 Definition of functions ........................................................................................................ 14
`5.3 Reserved, forbidden and marker_bit .................................................................................... 14
`5.4 Arithmetic precision............................................................................................................ 15
`
`6 Video bitstream syntax and semantics........................................................................................ 16
`6.1 Structure of coded video data............................................................................................... 16
`6.2 Video bitstream syntax ........................................................................................................ 29
`6.3 Video bitstream semantics................................................................................................... 45
`
`7 The video decoding process......................................................................................................... 76
`7.1 Higher syntactic structures .................................................................................................. 76
`7.2 Variable length decoding..................................................................................................... 77
`7.3 Inverse scan ........................................................................................................................ 80
`7.4 Inverse quantisation ............................................................................................................ 82
`7.5 Inverse DCT........................................................................................................................ 86
`7.6 Motion compensation .......................................................................................................... 87
`7.7 Spatial scalability.............................................................................................................. 107
`7.8 SNR scalability.................................................................................................................. 122
`7.9 Temporal scalability.......................................................................................................... 129
`7.10 Data partitioning ............................................................................................................. 134
`7.11 Hybrid scalability ............................................................................................................ 136
`7.12 Output of the decoding process........................................................................................ 138
`
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`© ISO/IEC
`
`ISO/IEC 13818-2: 1995 (E)
`
`All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized
`in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without
`permission in writing from the publisher.
` ISO/IEC Copyright Office • Case Postale 56 • CH-1211 Genève 20 • Switzerland
`Printed in Switzerland
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`8 Profiles and levels...................................................................................................................... 141
`8.1 ISO/IEC 11172-2 compatibility......................................................................................... 142
`8.2 Relationship between defined profiles................................................................................ 143
`8.3 Relationship between defined levels .................................................................................. 145
`8.4 Scalable layers................................................................................................................... 145
`8.5 Parameter values for defined profiles, levels and layers ..................................................... 148
`
`Annex A Discrete cosine transform ............................................................................................ 152
`
`Annex B Variable length code tables.......................................................................................... 153
`B.1 Macroblock addressing ..................................................................................................... 153
`B.2 Macroblock type ............................................................................................................... 154
`B.3 Macroblock pattern........................................................................................................... 159
`B.4 Motion vectors.................................................................................................................. 160
`B.5 DCT coefficients............................................................................................................... 161
`
`Annex C Variable length code tables ......................................................................................... 170
`
`Annex D Features supported by the algorithm .......................................................................... 176
`D.1 Overview.......................................................................................................................... 176
`D.2 Video formats................................................................................................................... 176
`D.3 Picture quality .................................................................................................................. 177
`D.4 Data rate control............................................................................................................... 178
`D.5 Low delay mode ............................................................................................................... 178
`D.6 Random access/channel hopping ...................................................................................... 178
`D.7 Scalability ........................................................................................................................ 179
`D.8 Compatibility ................................................................................................................... 186
`D.9 Differences between this specification and ISO/IEC 11172-2............................................ 187
`D.10 Complexity..................................................................................................................... 189
`D.11 Editing encoded bitstreams............................................................................................. 190
`D.12 Trick modes ................................................................................................................... 190
`D.13 Error resilience............................................................................................................... 191
`D.14 Concatenated sequences.................................................................................................. 200
`
`Annex E Profile and level restrictions........................................................................................ 202
`E.1 Syntax element restrictions in profiles............................................................................... 202
`E.2 Permissible layer combinations ......................................................................................... 213
`
`Annex F Patent statements ......................................................................................................... 239
`
`Annex G Bibliography ................................................................................................................ 242
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`© ISO/IEC
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`Foreword
`
`(Foreword to be provided by ISO)
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`ISO/IEC 13818-2: 1995 (E)
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`Recommendation ITU-T H.262 (1995 E)
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`ISO/IEC 13818-2: 1995 (E)
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` Introduction
`
`1
`
`Purpose
`
`This Part of this specification was developed in response to the growing need for a generic coding method
`of moving pictures and of associated sound for various applications such as digital storage media,
`television broadcasting and communication. The use of this specification means that motion video can be
`manipulated as a form of computer data and can be stored on various storage media, transmitted and
`received over existing and future networks and distributed on existing and future broadcasting channels.
`
`2
`
`Application
`
`The applications of this specification cover, but are not limited to, such areas as listed below:
`
`BSS
`
`Broadcasting Satellite Service (to the home)
`
`CATV Cable TV Distribution on optical networks, copper, etc.
`
`CDAD Cable Digital Audio Distribution
`
`DSB
`
`Digital Sound Broadcasting (terrestrial and satellite broadcasting)
`
`DTTB Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting
`
`EC
`
`Electronic Cinema
`
`ENG
`
`Electronic News Gathering (including SNG, Satellite News Gathering)
`
`FSS
`
`HTT
`
`IPC
`
`ISM
`
`Fixed Satellite Service (e.g. to head ends)
`
`Home Television Theatre
`
`Interpersonal Communications (videoconferencing, videophone, etc.)
`
`Interactive Storage Media (optical disks, etc.)
`
`MMM Multimedia Mailing
`
`NCA
`
`NDB
`
`RVS
`
`News and Current Affairs
`
`Networked Database Services (via ATM, etc.)
`
`Remote Video Surveillance
`
`SSM Serial Storage Media (digital VTR, etc.)
`
`3
`
`Profiles and levels
`
`This specification is intended to be generic in the sense that it serves a wide range of applications, bitrates,
`resolutions, qualities and services. Applications should cover, among other things, digital storage media,
`television broadcasting and communications. In the course of creating this specification, various
`requirements from typical applications have been considered, necessary algorithmic elements have been
`developed, and they have been integrated into a single syntax. Hence this specification will facilitate the
`bitstream interchange among different applications.
`
`Considering the practicality of implementing the full syntax of this specification, however, a limited
`number of subsets of the syntax are also stipulated by means of “profile” and “level”. These and other
`related terms are formally defined in clause 3 of this specification.
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`A “profile” is a defined subset of the entire bitstream syntax that is defined by this specification. Within
`the bounds imposed by the syntax of a given profile it is still possible to require a very large variation in
`the performance of encoders and decoders depending upon the values taken by parameters in the
`bitstream. For instance it is possible to specify frame sizes as large as (approximately) 214 samples wide
`by 214 lines high. It is currently neither practical nor economic to implement a decoder capable of
`dealing with all possible frame sizes.
`
`In order to deal with this problem “levels” are defined within each profile. A level is a defined set of
`constraints imposed on parameters in the bitstream. These constraints may be simple limits on numbers.
`Alternatively they may take the form of constraints on arithmetic combinations of the parameters (e.g.
`frame width multiplied by frame height multiplied by frame rate).
`
`Bitstreams complying with this specification use a common syntax. In order to achieve a subset of the
`complete syntax flags and parameters are included in the bitstream that signal the presence or otherwise
`of syntactic elements that occur later in the bitstream. In order to specify constraints on the syntax (and
`hence define a profile) it is thus only necessary to constrain the values of these flags and parameters that
`specify the presence of later syntactic elements.
`
`4
`
`The scalable and the non-scalable syntax
`
`The full syntax can be divided into two major categories: One is the non-scalable syntax, which is
`structured as a super set of the syntax defined in ISO/IEC 11172-2. The main feature of the non-scalable
`syntax is the extra compression tools for interlaced video signals. The second is the scalable syntax, the
`key property of which is to enable the reconstruction of useful video from pieces of a total bitstream. This
`is achieved by structuring the total bitstream in two or more layers, starting from a standalone base layer
`and adding a number of enhancement layers. The base layer can use the non-scalable syntax, or in some
`situations conform to the ISO/IEC 11172-2 syntax.
`
`4.1
`
`Overview of the non-scalable syntax
`
`The coded representation defined in the non-scalable syntax achieves a high compression ratio while
`preserving good image quality. The algorithm is not lossless as the exact sample values are not preserved
`during coding. Obtaining good image quality at the bitrates of interest demands very high compression,
`which is not achievable with intra picture coding alone. The need for random access, however, is best
`satisfied with pure intra picture coding. The choice of the techniques is based on the need to balance a
`high image quality and compression ratio with the requirement to make random access to the coded
`bitstream.
`
`A number of techniques are used to achieve high compression. The algorithm first uses block-based
`motion compensation to reduce the temporal redundancy. Motion compensation is used both for causal
`prediction of the current picture from a previous picture, and for non-causal, interpolative prediction from
`past and future pictures. Motion vectors are defined for each 16-sample by 16-line region of the picture.
`The prediction error, is further compressed using the discrete cosine transform (DCT) to remove spatial
`correlation before it is quantised in an irreversible process that discards the less important information.
`Finally, the motion vectors are combined with the quantised DCT information, and encoded using
`variable length codes.
`
`4.1.1
`
`Temporal processing
`
`Because of the conflicting requirements of random access and highly efficient compression, three main
`picture types are defined. Intra coded pictures (I-Pictures) are coded without reference to other pictures.
`They provide access points to the coded sequence where decoding can begin, but are coded with only
`moderate compression. Predictive coded pictures (P-Pictures) are coded more efficiently using motion
`compensated prediction from a past intra or predictive coded picture and are generally used as a reference
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`for further prediction. Bidirectionally-predictive coded pictures (B-Pictures) provide the highest degree of
`compression but require both past and future reference pictures for motion compensation. Bidirectionally-
`predictive coded pictures are never used as references for prediction (except in the case that the resulting
`picture is used as a reference in a spatially scalable enhancement layer). The organisation of the three
`picture types in a sequence is very flexible. The choice is left to the encoder and will depend on the
`requirements of the application. Figure I-1 illustrates an example of the relationship among the three
`different picture types.
`
`Bidirectional Interpolation
`
`I
`
`B
`
`B
`
`P
`
`B
`
`B
`
`B
`
`P
`
`Figure 1 Example of temporal picture structure
`
`Prediction
`
`4.1.2
`
`Coding interlaced video
`
`Each frame of interlaced video consists of two fields which are separated by one field-period. The
`specification allows either the frame to be encoded as picture or the two fields to be encoded as two
`pictures. Frame encoding or field encoding can be adaptively selected on a frame-by-frame basis. Frame
`encoding is typically preferred when the video scene contains significant detail with limited motion. Field
`encoding, in which the second field can be predicted from the first, works better when there is fast
`movement.
`
`4.1.3
`
`Motion representation - macroblocks
`
`As in ISO/IEC 11172-2, the choice of 16 by 16 macroblocks for the motion-compensation unit is a result
`of the trade-off between the coding gain provided by using motion information and the overhead needed to
`represent it. Each macroblock can be temporally predicted in one of a number of different ways. For
`example, in frame encoding, the prediction from the previous reference frame can itself be either frame-
`based or field-based. Depending on the type of the macroblock, motion vector information and other side
`information is encoded with the compressed prediction error in each macroblock. The motion vectors are
`encoded differentially with respect to the last encoded motion vectors using variable length codes. The
`maximum length of the motion vectors that may be represented can be programmed, on a picture-by-
`picture basis, so that the most demanding applications can be met without compromising the performance
`of the system in more normal situations.
`
`It is the responsibility of the encoder to calculate appropriate motion vectors. The specification does not
`specify how this should be done.
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`4.1.4
`
`Spatial redundancy reduction
`
`Both source pictures and prediction errors have high spatial redundancy. This specification uses a block-
`based DCT method with visually weighted quantisation and run-length coding. After motion compensated
`prediction or interpolation, the resulting prediction error is split into 8 by 8 blocks. These are transformed
`into the DCT domain where they are weighted before being quantised. After quantisation many of the
`DCT coefficients are zero in value and so two-dimensional run-length and variable length coding is used
`to encode the remaining DCT coefficients efficiently.
`
`4.1.5
`
`Chrominance formats
`
`In addition to the 4:2:0 format supported in ISO/IEC 11172-2 this specification supports 4:2:2 and 4:4:4
`chrominance formats.
`
`4.2
`
`Scalable extensions
`
`The scalability tools in this specification are designed to support applications beyond that supported by
`single layer video. Among the noteworthy applications areas addressed are video telecommunications,
`video on asynchronous transfer mode networks (ATM), interworking of video standards, video service
`hierarchies with multiple spatial, temporal and quality resolutions, HDTV with embedded TV, systems
`allowing migration to higher temporal resolution HDTV etc. Although a simple solution to scalable video
`is the simulcast technique which is based on transmission/storage of multiple independently coded
`reproductions of video, a more efficient alternative is scalable video coding, in which the bandwidth
`allocated to a given reproduction of video can be partially re-utilised in coding of the next reproduction of
`video. In scalable video coding, it is assumed that given a coded bitstream, decoders of various
`complexities can decode and display appropriate reproductions of coded video. A scalable video encoder
`is likely to have increased complexity when compared to a single layer encoder. However, this standard
`provides several different forms of scalabilities that address non-overlapping applications with
`corresponding complexities. The basic scalability tools offered are: data partitioning, SNR scalability,
`spatial scalability and temporal scalability. Moreover, combinations of these basic scalability tools are
`also supported and are referred to as hybrid scalability. In the case of basic scalability, two layers of video
`referred to as the lower layer and the enhancement layer are allowed, whereas in hybrid scalability up to
`three layers are supported. The following Tables provide a few example applications of various
`scalabilities.
`
`Lower layer
`
`Recommendation
`ITU-R BT.601
`High Definition
`
`4:2:0 High Definition
`
`Table 1 Applications of SNR scalability
`
`Enhancement layer
`
`Application
`
`Same resolution and format
`as lower layer
`Same resolution and format
`as lower layer
`4:2:2 chroma simulcast
`
`Two quality service for Standard TV
`(SDTV)
`Two quality service for HDTV
`
`Video production / distribution
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`Table 2 Applications of spatial scalability
`
`Base
`progressive(30Hz)
`interlace(30Hz)
`progressive(30Hz)
`interlace(30Hz)
`
`Application
`
`Enhancement
`progressive(30Hz)
`HDTV/SDTV scalability
`interlace(30Hz)
`ISO/IEC 11172-2/compatibility with this specification
`interlace(30Hz)
`progressive(60Hz) Migration to high resolution progressive HDTV
`
`Table 3. Applications of temporal scalability
`
`Base
`progressive(30Hz)
`
`Enhancement
`progressive(30Hz)
`
`interlace(30Hz)
`
`interlace(30Hz)
`
`Application
`Higher
`to
`progressive (60Hz) Migration
`progressive HDTV
`progressive (60Hz) Migration
`to
`progressive HDTV
`
`high
`
`resolution
`
`high
`
`resolution
`
`4.2.1
`
`Spatial scalable extension
`
`Spatial scalability is a tool intended for use in video applications involving telecommunications,
`interworking of video standards, video database browsing, interworking of HDTV and TV etc., i.e., video
`systems with the primary common feature that a minimum of two layers of spatial resolution are
`necessary. Spatial scalability involves generating two spatial resolution video layers from a single video
`source such that the lower layer is coded by itself to provide the basic spatial resolution and the
`enhancement layer employs the spatially interpolated lower layer and carries the full spatial resolution of
`the input video source. The lower and the enhancement layers may either both use the coding tools in this
`specification, or the ISO/IEC 11172-2 standard for the lower layer and this specification for the
`enhancement layer. The latter case achieves a further advantage by facilitating interworking between
`video coding standards. Moreover, spatial scalability offers flexibility in choice of video formats to be
`employed in each layer. An additional advantage of spatial scalability is its ability to provide resilience to
`transmission errors as the more important data of the lower layer can be sent over channel with better
`error performance, while the less critical enhancement layer data can be sent over a channel with poor
`error performance.
`
`4.2.2
`
`SNR scalable extension
`
`SNR scalability is a tool intended for use in video applications involving telecommunications, video
`services with multiple qualities, standard TV and HDTV, i.e., video systems with the primary common
`feature that a minimum of two layers of video quality are necessary. SNR scalability involves generating
`two video layers of same spatial resolution but different video qualities from a single video source such
`that the lower layer is coded by itself to provide the basic video quality and the enhancement layer is
`coded to enhance the lower layer. The enhancement layer when added back to the lower layer regenerates
`a higher quality reproduction of the input video. The lower and the enhancement layers may either use
`this specification or ISO/IEC 11172-2 standard for the lower layer and this specification for the
`enhancement layer. An additional advantage of SNR scalability is its ability to provide high degree of
`resilience to transmission errors as the more important data of the lower layer can be sent over channel
`with better error performance, while the less critical enhancement layer data can be sent over a channel
`with poor error performance.
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`4.2.3
`
`Temporal scalable extension
`
`Temporal scalability is a tool intended for use in a range of diverse video applications from
`telecommunications to HDTV for which migration to higher temporal resolution systems from that of
`lower temporal resolution systems may be necessary. In many cases, the lower temporal resolution video
`systems may be either the existing systems or the less expensive early generation systems, with the
`motivation of introducing more sophisticated systems gradually. Temporal scalability involves
`partitioning of video frames into layers, whereas the lower layer is coded by itself to provide the basic
`temporal rate and the enhancement layer is coded with temporal prediction with respect to the lower layer,
`these layers when decoded and temporal multiplexed to yield full temporal resolution of the video source.
`The lower temporal resolution systems may only decode the lower layer to provide basic temporal
`resolution, whereas more sophisticated systems of the future may decode both layers and provide high
`temporal resolution video while maintaining interworking with earlier generation systems. An additional
`advantage of temporal scalability is its ability to provide resilience to transmission errors as the more
`important data of the lower layer can be sent over channel with better error performance, while the less
`critical enhancement layer can be sent over a channel with poor error performance.
`
`4.2.4
`
`Data partitioning extension
`
`Data partitioning is a tool intended for use when two channels are available for transmission and/or
`storage of a video bitstream, as may be the case in ATM networks, terrestrial broadcast, magnetic media,
`etc. The bitstream is partitioned between these channels such that more critical parts of the bitstream
`(such as headers, motion vectors, low frequency DCT coefficients) are transmitted in the channel with the
`better error performance, and less critical data (such as higher frequency DCT coefficients) is transmitted
`in the channel with poor error performance. Thus, degradation to channel errors are minimised since the
`critical parts of a bitstream are better protected. Data from neither channel may be decoded on a decoder
`that is not intended for decoding data partitioned bitstreams.
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`© ISO/IEC
`
`ISO/IEC 13818-2: 1995 (E)
`
`INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 13818-2
`
`RECOMMENDATION ITU-T H.262
`
`INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -
`GENERIC CODING OF MOVING PICTURES AND
`ASSOCIATED AUDIO INFORMATION: VIDEO
`
`1
`
`Scope
`
`This Recommendation | International Standard specifies the coded representation of picture information
`for digital storage media and digital video communication and specifies the decoding process. The
`representation supports constant bitrate transmission, variable bitrate transmission, random access,
`channel hopping, scalable decoding, bitstream editing, as well as special functions such as fast forward
`playback, fast reverse playback, slow motion, pause and still pictures. This Recommendation |
`International Standard is forward compatible with ISO/IEC 11172-2 and upward or downward compatible
`with EDTV, HDTV, SDTV formats.
`
`This Recommendation | International Standard is primarily applicable to digital storage media, video
`broadcast and communication. The storage media may be directly connected to the decoder, or via
`communications means such as busses, LANs, or telecommunications links.
`
`2
`
`Normative references
`
`The following ITU-T Recommendations and International Standards contain provisions which through
`reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation | International Standard. At the time
`of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and Standards are subject to
`revision, and parties to agreements based on this Recommendation | International Standard are
`encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated
`below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. The
`Telecommunication Standardisation Bureau maintains a list of currently valid ITU-T Recommendations.
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`•
`
`•
`
`•
`
`•
`
`•
`
`•
`
`•
`
`•
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`•
`
`•
`
`•
`
`Recommendations and reports of the CCIR, 1990 XVIIth Plenary Assembly, Dusseldorf, 1990
`Volume XI - Part 1 Broadcasting Service (Television) Recommendation ITU-R BT.601-3
`“Encoding parameters of digital television for studios”.
`
`CCIR Volume X and XI Part 3 Recommendation ITU-R BR.648 “Recording of audio signals”.
`
`CCIR Volume X and XI Part 3 Report ITU-R 955-2 “Satellite sound broadcasting to vehicular,
`portable and fixed receivers in the range 500 - 3000Mhz”.
`
`ISO/IEC 11172-1 1993, Information technology — Coding of moving pictures and associated
`audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s — Part 1: Systems.
`
`ISO/IEC 11172-2 1993, Information technology — Coding of moving pictures and associated
`audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s — Part 2: Video.
`
`ISO/IEC 11172-3 1993, Information technology — Coding of moving pictures and associated
`audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s — Part 3: Audio.
`
`IEEE Standard Specifications for the Implementations of 8 by 8 Inverse Discrete Cosine
`Transform, IEEE Std 1180-1990, December 6, 1990.
`
`IEC Publication 908:1987, CD Digital Audio System.
`
`IEC Publication 461:1986,
`
`Time and control code for video tape recorder.
`
`ITU-T Recommendation H.261 (Formerly CCITT Recommendation H.261) Codes for
`audiovisual services at px64 kbit/s Geneva, 1990.
`
`ISO/IEC 10918-1:1994 | Recommendation ITU-T T.81 (JPEG) Information Technology —
`Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images: Requirements and guidelines.
`
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`
`3
`
`Definitions
`
`For the purposes of this Recommendation | International Standard, the following definitions apply.
`
`3.1
`
`3.2
`
`3.3
`
`3.4
`
`3.5
`
`3.6
`
`3.7
`
`3.8
`
`3.9
`
`3.10
`
`3.11
`
`3.12
`
`3.13
`
`3.14
`
`3.15
`
`3.16
`
`3.17
`
`3.18
`
`3.19
`
`AC coefficient: Any DCT coefficient for which