tain
`
`ns
`
`l Units
`
`.A Dictio11ary of
`
`SIXTH EDITIOI\T
`
`Edited by
`JOHN DAIN'fITFf.
`
`OXFORD
`
`UNIVERSITY PRESS
`
`1
`
`SEL 2010
`Bluehouse v. SEL
`IPR2018-01405
`
`

`

`()XF()l~l)
`UNIVEKi;nv PRESS
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`l Jatabase ri_l;ht Oxford University Press (maker)
`First published 1985 as A Concise Diclionmy of C11cmisl1)1
`Second t·di1 ion 1990
`Third edition 1996
`Fourth edition 2000
`Fifth cclition '..!.004
`Sixth edition 2008
`
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`J)at:1 ,ivail:thle
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`Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
`Dara availahk
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`'fypl'sl'l by :V!arkct House Books Ltd.
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`ISBN :J78-0-1 'J-n0-16:-i<?.
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`
`Prefac
`Crecli1
`
`Dictio
`Ato
`Bioi
`
`Cry
`Exp
`Pla~
`
`Apper
`The
`Fun
`SI u
`The
`The
`The
`Nob
`Use:
`
`2
`
`

`

`corn;::nxtationai chemistry
`
`138
`
`cficct. See nlso rNvmzsr COMPTON Jff(cid:173)
`FECT.
`computational chemistry The
`nse of cornpnters in chemical re(cid:173)
`search. \Villi the increase in process-·
`·111g po1Nt'r of corn.putcrs, calculations
`on irnlividua1 molecules ;mcl on
`dicmical systems have becmne im(cid:173)
`portant tools for research and inclus-·
`iriai ckv(·lopment. With simple
`rnolccnks, predictions can be made
`:tbout cJt '<'ironic structure and prop(cid:173)
`<'.rl ics using ·kah-initio calculations.
`ror more: cornplcx n1.olccu.lcs *·semi-(cid:173)
`cmpirici 1 G1lcnlatiuns are used.
`The Lid,. l has bel'n particularly cx(cid:173)
`panck'.cl l1y the * density-iimctional
`mcthuc.l of trcatin,i:; large molecules
`and by the availability of suCtware frrr
`analysing molecular behaviour ancl
`strnctm·e. See also Mou,:cm,AR MODEL-·
`I.ING.
`concentrated Describing a solu(cid:173)
`tion thn L has a rdrtivcly high con-(cid:173)
`cent ration of solute.
`con(:entrati«:m: 'I'lw quantity of dis(cid:173)
`solved snhst;mce per unit quantity of
`a solu!i(,u. Concentration is meas-·
`urccl in v;trious ·ways. 'The amount of
`substance clissolvccl per unit volume
`of the solution (symbol c) has units of
`mol dn1< 1 or mol 1· 1• It is now called
`amouni umcc11tration (formerly mo~
`larity). The mass concentration (sym-·
`bol 1·,) is the mass of solute per unit
`volm1w of solution. It has units of
`kg elm::, g crn :i, etc. The mo!a!ity is
`the amnunt of substance per unit
`HLlSS of solvent, c:onnnonly given in
`units or m.ol kg· 1. Sec also JVIOLE FRAC(cid:173)
`TWN.
`concentration ceU Sec cmr,,
`conclf.~ntration gradient (diffusion
`gradient) The difference in concen-
`1ratio11 between a region of a solu-·
`tion or gas that has a high density of
`particles and a region that has a rela-
`
`tively lower density of particles. By
`random motion, particles will move
`from the area of high concentration
`towards the area of low concentra(cid:173)
`tion, by the process of * diffusion,
`until the particles are evenly dist1ib(cid:173)
`utcxl in the solution or gas.
`1t:om:erted read ion A t-ype of reac(cid:173)
`ti.on in which there is only one stage
`rather than a series of steps. The SN2
`mechanism in '"nucleophilic substitu·(cid:173)
`tions is an exa:mple. See also PERJ(cid:173)
`CYCLIC REACTIONS.
`
`co1ru1ensaUon The change of a
`vapour or gas into a liquid. The
`change of phase is accom.panied by
`the evolution of heat (see LATENT
`lLEAT).
`condens;ation polymerizatfon
`See POLi:MER.
`condensation pump Sec DIHU(cid:173)
`sroN l'UlvIP.
`c.oru:.iensation reaction A chemi(cid:173)
`cal reaction in which two ·molecules
`combine to form. a larger molecule
`with elimination of a small mol(cid:173)
`ecule (e.g. H20). See ALDEHYDES; KE(cid:173)
`TONliS.
`cm1denser A device used to cool a
`vapour to cause it to condense to a
`liquid. See LIEBIG CONDENSER.
`conducting polynier An organic
`polymer that conducts electricity.
`Conducting polymers have a crys(cid:173)
`talline structure in which chains of
`conjugated 1msaturated carbon(cid:173)
`carbon bonds arc aligned. Examples
`arc polyacctylcnc and polypyrro.le.
`There h;:is been considerable interest
`in the development of such materials
`because they would be cheaper and
`lighter than metallic conductors.
`They do, however, tend to be chcmi-·
`cal1y unstable and, so far, no com(cid:173)
`merc:i;tl conducting polymers have
`been developed.
`
`139
`
`conduci
`of titrati<
`c:onducti
`is contin
`reactant
`point is t
`unclergoc
`method i
`solutions
`normal i:
`conduci
`BANDS.
`conduc1
`WATER.
`Coridy's
`ciurn anc
`(n1angan;
`tic.
`configu
`of atoms
`2. The ar
`about thE
`configu1
`sional sp;
`(c11,112, ... ,(
`
`eclipsed con
`
`\Ill= methyl,
`
`Conformatio
`
`R~
`0
`
`bisecting cor
`
`Conformatio1
`
`3
`
`

`

`138
`
`139
`
`,corrfonnation
`
`cs. By
`lmove
`tration
`::ntra(cid:173)
`;1011,
`distrib--
`
`: of reac(cid:173)
`k' stage
`f'hc SN2
`substitu(cid:173)
`ERI-
`
`ofa
`be
`ied by
`iNT
`
`1tion
`
`chemi(cid:173)
`)leculcs
`,lecule
`L1ol-
`1.is; KE--
`
`) cool a
`;c to a
`
`)rganic
`'icity.
`crys-(cid:173)
`ains of
`on(cid:173)
`:amplcs
`rrrole.
`:interes·t
`materials
`)er and
`tors.
`; chemi.(cid:173)
`' con1-
`s have
`
`coru::h.Jdno&1t1etrk titration A type
`of titration in vvhich the electrical
`conductivity of the reaction mixture
`is continuously monitored as one
`reactant is added. The equivalence
`point is the point at which this
`undergoes a sudden change. Tl1e
`method is used for titrating coloured
`solutions, which cannot be used with
`normal indicators.
`conduction band Sec ENimGY
`BANDS.
`conch.udivity water Sec msTrn1m
`WATER.
`Condy's fhdd A mixture of cal(cid:173)
`ciurn and pot::tssinrn. pcr1.nanganaks
`(manganatc(VII)) used as au antiscp·
`tic.
`cordiguration 1 .. The arrangcn1cnt
`of atoms or groups in a molecule.
`2, The arrangement of electrons
`about the nucleus of an ;'atom.
`configuration space The n-climcn(cid:173)
`sional space with coordinates
`(CJ1,q2, .. . ,rti 1) associated with a system
`
`that has n degrees of fru_,t1om, ,Nii en'
`Uic values q describe th.e clegn:l'S of
`freedom. Por ex;1mplc, in a g;1s of N
`atoms C'ach atom has tbrce posiLim1al
`coordinates, so the configur:111011
`space is :JN--c1imcnsiona1. Tf 1lw parli(cid:173)
`dcs also have intcTnal degree:; r,f
`li-ecclom, such as thos<' G1ust·d hy vi·
`hration and rotation in a molu,Ttiv.
`tbcn th(:Sl' must be inc1nclccl in the·
`configuration space, 'vVhich is ,·uns, .. '(cid:173)
`qne:ntly of a higher cljn1cnsio11. ,\c\:
`(J]so STATISTIC:l\J, M]~CHANICS.
`conformation One of the very
`large numher of possible spatial
`I
`t·'
`arrangcrn<~nts or atoms :nat cm x·
`:intcrconvc'1tcd by rotation abnt1t ;i
`l
`·1·
`·1
`.
`l
`l .
`.
`1
`sing e )one 1n a n1olecu c. n 1. ll' ,·;ts,·
`of ethane, rl,iC.:-CHi, one nwt hy l
`group can rotate n't1tive to t hc-
`other. There are two cxtTen 1c c:1scs.
`In one, the C:--B bonds 011 one group
`align with the C>H bonds on 11w
`·' ·l · l l · u tl " r '--('
`' • (· ,,
`, ·"
`1··1
`0. lU ,1., \ ll.WCl. d.,( 11,='
`.. le , ,
`_,
`bond). This is an edipsed confrn-m:l-·
`ticm (or eclipsing conforma1 ion) and
`corresponds to a 1n;txin11.11n in a
`
`r
`
`eclipsed conformation
`e = methyl group
`
`anti conformation
`
`9auche conformation
`
`Conformations of butane (sawhorse projection)
`
`bisecting conformation
`
`eclipsed conform,1tion
`
`Conformations of R3 CHO ( Newman projection)
`
`4
`
`