SCIENCE  |
`
` THE WEEK
`
`Existential Animal News and the
`World’s Lightest Solid
`
`By DOUGLAS QUENQUA APRIL 1, 2013
`
`In Indiana, a dairy farm is turning cow manure into fuel for its delivery fleet and milking equipment.
`Peter Hoffman for The New York Times
`
`It was an up­and­down week for animals. On the plus side, cows are driving
`trucks and termites are making sand art. But we start here with bees, which
`have seen better days.
`
`Page 1 of 11
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`

`AGRICULTURE
`
`Honeybees in Retreat
`
`Honeybees have been dying en masse since about 2005, and now the
`malady responsible — colony collapse disorder — appears to be advancing.
`Last year, 40 to 50 percent of the hives needed to pollinate fruit and
`vegetables in the United States were lost, commercial beekeepers say.
`
`Exactly what causes colony collapse disorder is unclear, but beekeepers
`point to a new class of pesticides, neonicotinoids, which are incorporated
`into the plants themselves. Pesticide manufacturers say the product is safe,
`but that they are open to further study.
`
`The issue is far from abstract. A quarter of the American diet depends on
`bee pollination, according to the Department of Agriculture, so fewer bees
`lead to smaller harvests and higher food prices. (Almond prices are a
`bellwether, as is the price of bee rental, which now runs about $200 per
`hive, a 20 percent increase.)
`
`The Agriculture Department says it will issue its own assessment next
`month.
`
`SUSTAINABILITY
`
`Cow Power
`
`A dairy farm in Fair Oaks, Ind., has struck a blow for renewable energy by
`turning its endless supply of cow manure into fuel for its delivery trucks,
`powering 42 tractor­trailers that make daily runs to and from Tennessee. A
`$12 million “digester” at the farm processes the manure into a fuel that is
`used to run everything from milking equipment to a farm gift shop.
`
`The Department of Energy hailed Fair Oaks Farm as a pacesetter for the
`industry, though as Erin Fitzgerald, a senior vice president at theInnovation
`Center for U.S. Dairy, acknowledged, “It’s not glamorous; it doesn’t really
`catch your eye like wind and solar.”
`
`Page 2 of 11
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`What is now the world’s lightest material, called carbon aerogel, sitting atop a cherry flower.
`Shan he/Imaginechina, via Associated Press
`
`ENTOMOLOGY
`
`Fairies? Maybe Termites
`
`Termites emerged as the likely makers of “fairy circles,” the barren red
`spots that dot a narrow strip of desert from Angola to Namibia to South
`Africa. By feasting on grass roots beneath the surface, the termites keep the
`circles — which range from 6 to 40 feet in diameter — free of vegetation and
`better able to absorb rainwater. At least that is the conclusion that Norbert
`Juergens, a professor of ecology at the University of Hamburg, proposed in
`the journal Science.
`
`Page 3 of 11
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`But Walter R. Tschinkel, a biologist from Florida State University who last
`year published an extensive examination of the fairy circles, said the cause
`was still a mystery, adding that Dr. Juergens “has made the common
`scientific error of confusing correlation (even very strong correlation) with
`causation.”
`
`The local Himba people assert that the circles, which they call “footprints of
`the gods,” were made by their ancestor Mukuru, and neither scientist is
`likely to convince them otherwise.
`
`HEALTH
`
`Microbes and Weight Loss
`
`Does weight loss require the right mix of diet and exercise, or just the right
`mix of bacteria inside your gut?
`
`A pair of studies released last week suggests that bacterial makeup in the
`intestines has a lot to say about whether a person gains or loses weight.
`Mice that received gastric bypass surgery lost weight after seeing significant
`changes to their gut microbiata, according to a study published in Science
`Translational Medicine. A second study, published in The Journal of
`Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, found that overweight people may
`be more likely to harbor a certain type of intestinal microbe that could
`contribute to weight gain.
`
`If borne out, the research could lead to noninvasive weight­loss alternatives
`for obese patients who either do not want or do not qualify for gastric
`bypass surgery, doctors said. Previous studies have shown that the
`intestinal microbes of an obese person change significantly after a gastric
`bypass, becoming more like those of a skinny person.
`
`Page 4 of 11
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`DRUGS
`
`New Treatment for M.S.
`
`It started life as an antimold treatment for sofas, but dimethyl fumarate was
`approved by the Federal Drug Administration last week as a treatment for
`multiple sclerosis.
`
`The drug, which will be sold by Biogen Idec under the brand name
`Tecfidera, is expected to be a blockbuster. It is only the third oral treatment
`to be approved for the disease, and it offers a tantalizing combination of
`efficacy and safety, doctors and Wall Street analysts say. Some patients are
`said to have been delaying treatment until Tecfidera is available.
`
`M.S. affects about 400,000 Americans and more than 2 million people
`worldwide. Drugs are typically judged by their ability to prevent relapse;
`Tecfidera cut the relapse rate 44 percent in one trial and 53 percent in
`another, which ranks above most injectable treatments and at the top end of
`
`Page 5 of 11
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`oral ones.
`
`Environment
`
`A Greener Arctic
`
`As the earth gets hotter, the Arctic could get greener — a lot greener —
`according to new research published in the journal Nature Climate Change.
`
`Plant growth in Arctic regions has accelerated in recent decades, most likely
`as a result of the global rise in temperatures. Now, using computer models
`that predict climate trends through the 2050s, researchers say that
`vegetation in the Arctic could increase up to 50 percent in the next decade,
`far faster than previously thought.
`
`Technology
`
`A Lighter Solid
`
`Scientists from Zhejiang University in China revealed last week what they
`say is the world’s lightest solid material, a mass of atom­thick carbon sheets
`called carbon aerogel. Though still in the early stages of development, the
`material — which can absorb 900 times its weight in oil — could be useful in
`soaking up oil spills or other pollutants, said the scientists. And it looks
`nifty resting atop a cherry blossom, above.
`
`Bragging rights as the creator of the world’s lightest material now moves
`from the United States to China. Carbon aerogel is about one­sixth the
`density of air, or 0.16 milligrams per cubic centimeter, handily besting the
`metal lattice that weighed in at 0.9 milligrams per cubic centimeter (100
`times as light as Styrofoam) and was forged in 2011 by a team of researchers
`from the California Institute of Technology; the University of California,
`Irvine; and HRL Laboratories. With due respect to Shakespeare, not so
`heavy is the head that wears this crown.
`
`A version of this article appears in print on April 2, 2013, on page D2 of the New York edition. 
`Order Reprints |  Today's Paper | Subscr be
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`Page 6 of 11
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`
`Page 8 of 11
`
`

`

` D}!
`
`THE NEW YORK TlMESjl'UI-‘SflAY. APRIL 2. 2013
`
`N
`
`ilhe Week
`DOUGLAS QUENQUA
`
`
`
`It was an up—anddown week tor
`animals. 0n the plus. SIdC. cows
`are drtvtng trucks and termites
`are making sand art. But we start
`here with bees which have seen
`better days.
`AGRICUL‘URK
`Honeybees in Retreat
`Honeybees have been dying en
`masse Since about 2005. and now
`the malady responsmlo 7 colony
`collapse disorder 7 appears to be
`advancing. Last year, 41} to 50 per-
`cent of the hives needed to polli»
`nale lruit and vegetables in the
`Untied Slates were lost, commer-
`ctal beekeepers say.
`Exactly what causes colony col
`lapse disorder is unclear. but bee‘
`keepers point to at new class ol
`pesticides, neonicotinmds, which
`are Incorporated tnlO the plants
`themselves. Pestictde manufac-
`turers say the product is safe. but
`that they are open in further
`study
`The issue is tar from abstract A
`quarter 01' the American diet de
`pends on bee pollination. accord-
`ing to the Department of Agricul-
`ture, so fewer bees lead to smaller
`harvests and higher lood prices
`(Almond prices are a bellwether.
`as is the price of bee rental, which
`now runs about 5290 per hive, a 20
`percent increase.)
`The Agriculture Depanmenl
`says it will issue its own assess-
`ment next month
`
`SUSlAlNABJLElV
`Cow Mr
`A dairy (arm in Fair Oaks, lno..
`has struck a blow for renewable
`energy by turning IIS endless sup
`ply ol cow manure into luel [or its
`delivery trucks, powering 42 trac-
`turtrailers that make daily runs
`toand trorn Tennessee A SE2 mil-
`lion ‘digeslef at the larm pro
`cesses the manure into a luet thaE
`is used to run everything from
`milking equipment to a farm gill
`shop.
`The Department 0! Energy
`hailed Fair Oaks Farm as a pace-
`setter for the industry, though as
`Erin Fitzgerald. a senior Vice
`
`Page 9 of 11
`
`president at the Innovation Cenr
`ler lor U.S. Dairy, acknowledged.
`‘lt's not glamorous; it doesn't
`really catch your eye like wind
`and solar.‘
`ENTDMOLOGY
`Fairies? Maybe Termites
`Termnes emerged as the likely
`makers of “fairy circles.” the bar-
`ren red spots that dot in narrow
`strip of desert lrom Angola to Na
`mibia to South Alnca. By [casting
`on grass roots beneath the sur-
`lace. ll'lt‘ termites keep the circles
`— which range [rum 6 to ~10 leer in
`diameter 7 tree of vegetation and
`better able to absorb rainwater, At
`least that is the conciuston that
`Norbert Juergens. a professor of
`ecology at the University at Ham-
`
`burg, proposed in the Journal Sci-
`ence
`But Walter R. TScl’lll'lkL‘l‘ a biolo
`gist lroin Florida State University
`who last year published an exten7
`sive examination of the lairy Ell"
`cles, said the cause was still a
`mystery, adding that Dr Juergi‘rls
`"has made the common sctentilic
`error of contustng correlation
`(even very strong correlation)
`wtth causation,"
`The local Himba people assert
`that the circles, which they call
`"lootprints ol the gods.” were
`made by their ancestor Mukuru.
`and neither scientist is likely to
`
`
`
`
`
`SOLID Whal is now live
`world‘s lightest "mlermt
`called Carbon aemgei
`sitting atop a cherry harm
`above In Indiana, adfllfy
`larm. lell. l5 lulmng ctm
`manure .nio met to; its
`deliveri- lleei aria milking
`mulmnl Fat mice
`below have beenlound to
`lose weight Nientheit
`intestinal microbes
`change
`
`convtnce then: otherwtse
`HEALTH
`Microbes and Weight Loss
`Does weight loss require the right
`mt: ol diet and exerctsaor just
`the right mix at bacteria inside
`your gut"
`A pair of studies released last
`week suggests that bacterial
`makeup in the intestines has a lot
`to say about whether a person
`gains or loses weight. Mice that
`received gastric bypass surgery
`lost weight alter seeing Significant
`changes to their gut rtncrohtala.
`according to a study published in
`Science Translational Medicine. A
`second study. published tn The
`Journal at Clinical Endocrinology
`and Metabolism. found that over-
`weight people may be more likely
`to harbor a certain type at intes-
`linaE niicrobethat could contrib-
`ute to weight gain.
`El borne out. the research could
`lead to noninvasive weight-loss alr
`turnalives for obese patients who
`either do not want or do not quiil‘
`fly for gastric bypass surgery,
`doctors Sflld Prevmus studies
`have shown that the intestinal mi~
`cruhes of an obese person change
`significantly allera gastric byr
`pass, becoming more like those of
`ti skinny person
`DRUGS
`New Treatment for MS.
`lt started life as an antimold treat
`ment (or solas, but dimethyl lumav
`rate was approved by the Federal
`Drug Administralton last week as
`a treatment {or multiple sclerosts.
`The drug, which Will be sold by
`Biogen Idec under the hnrnd
`name "Feclidera. [5 expected to be
`ablockbuster ll Isonly the third
`oral treatment to be approved for
`the disease, and it otters a lanra~
`Itzmg combinallon ol ellimcy and
`safety, doctors and Wall Street an~
`alysts soy Some patients are said
`to have been delaying treatment
`until Teclidera is available
`M .S. allects about 460,000
`Americans and more than 2 mil-
`lion peopleworldmde. Drugs arc
`typicallyJudged by their ability to
`prevent relapse; "Feclidera cut the
`
`relapse rate 44 percent to one trial
`and 53 percent in another. which
`ranks above most Injecttible treat»
`merits and at the top end of oral
`DDE‘S.
`
`E NVIRONMENT
`A Greener Arctic
`As the earth gels hotter. the Arctic
`could get greener — a lot greener
`7 according to new research pub
`lished in theiriurnal Nature CllA
`male Change.
`Plant growth in Arctic regions
`has accelerated iii recent decades.
`most likely as a result 0! the giobal
`rise in temperatures. Now. using
`computer models that predict cli-
`male trends through the 205m, re
`searchers say that vegetation in
`the AICKIE could increase up to 50
`percent in the nextdecade,tar
`faster than previously thought
`HCMNUlDGY
`A Lighter Solld
`SCicrittsls ltom Zheiiang Universi-
`ty in China revealed last week
`what they say is the world '5 light-
`est solid material, a mass (it atom-
`thtck carbon sheets caiied carbon
`aerogel Though still in lhe early
`ranges of development. the ma-
`terial 7 which can absorb 900
`times its weight in till 7 could be
`useful in soaking up till spills or
`other pollutants. said the scion
`ElSlS. And it looks nilty resting
`atop a cherry blossom, above.
`Bragging rights as the creator
`of the world's llglllL‘Sl material
`now moves from the United States
`to China. Carbon aerogel is about
`onestxth the denstly of air, or (LES
`milligrams per cubic centimeter.
`handily hosting the metal lattice
`that weighed in at 09 milligrams
`per cubic centimeter (500 times as
`light as Styrofoam) and was
`lorged in Hill by a team 0! re
`searchers [mm the California iri-
`stiiuie of Technology; the Univer»
`5in Lil Caltlornia. Irvine. and llRL
`laboratories, With our: respect to
`Shakespeare. not so heavy is the
`head Uta: wears this crown,
`imuw mu It! is“ iii-iii
`rm \aennl
`i'li\\ min
`I1t|lilnlhtaili~iltlMuttml
`mm mi
`nut u’lu\ixlil\iAltll’\llh
`
`in.” humid
`
`
`
`Page 9 of 11
`
`

`

`
`
`1
`
`DZ
`
`N
`
`THE NEW YORKTJME‘LS, TUESDAY, APRIL 2, 2013
`
`
`
`The Week '
`DOUGLAS QUENQUA
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`SOLID What isnow the
`world‘s lightest material.
`called carbon aerogel.
`suiting atop a cherry ilower.
`above. In lndiana. a dairy
`lam. lell. is turning cow
`manure into fuel for its
`delivery fleet and milking
`equipment, Fat mice,
`below. have been iound to
`Ease weight when their
`Intestinal microbes
`change.
`
`convince then
`
`new tire
`Microbes an
`Does weight I
`mix of diet an
`the right mix
`your gut?
`' A pair 03 st
`week suggest
`makeup in th
`to say about i
`gains or lose:
`received gasl
`lost weight a
`changes to [I
`according to
`Science T‘ran
`second study
`Journal oi Cl
`and Metabol
`weight peop
`to harbor a (
`tinal microb
`ute to weigh
`ltborne 0
`lead to mini]
`ternatives fl
`either do no
`ify for gastr
`doctors saic‘
`have shown
`crobes of ar
`significantlj
`pass, beach
`a skinny pe
`
`DRUGS
`New Treat
`it started li
`ment {or so
`rate was at
`Drug Adml
`a treatmen
`The dru;
`Biogen lde
`name Tecfi
`a btocltbus
`oral treatn
`the diseasr
`Iizing coml
`safety, doc
`alysts say.
`to have be
`until Tecfil
`M.S. aft
`American:
`iion peopli
`typicallyj
`prevent rt
`
`president at the Innovation Cen-
`ter for US. Dairy, acknowledged,
`“It's not glamorous; it doesn't
`really catch your eye like wind
`and solar."
`
`ENTOMOLOGY
`
`Fairies? Maybe Termites
`Termites emerged as the likely
`makers of “fairy circles," the bar-
`ren red spots that dot a narrow
`strip of desert from Angola to Na-
`mibia to South Africa. By feasting
`on grass roots beneath the sur-
`face, the termites keep the circles
`— which range from 6 to 40 feet in
`diameter — free of vegetation and
`better able to absorb rainwater. At
`least that is the conclusion that
`Norbert Juergens, a proiessor of
`ecology at the University of Ham-
`
`burg. proposed in the journal Sci-
`ence.
`But Walter R. Tschinkei, a biolo-
`gist from Florida State University
`who last year published an exten-
`sive examination of the fairy cir-
`cles, said the cause was still a
`mystery, adding that Dr. J uergens
`“has made the common scientific
`error of confusing correEation
`(even very strong correlation)
`with causation.“
`The local Himba people assert
`that the circles, which they call
`“footprints of the gods," were
`made by their ancestor Mukuru,
`and neither scientist is likely to
`
`it was an up—anddown week for
`animals. 0n the plus side, cows
`are driving trucits and termites
`are making sand art. But we start
`here with bees. which have seen
`better days.
`
`AGRICULTURE
`
`Honeybees in Retreat
`Honeybees have been dying en
`masse since about 2005, and now
`the malady responsible — colony
`collapse disorder — appears to be
`advancing. Last year, 40 to 50 per-
`cent of the hives needed to polEi—
`nate fruit and vegetables in the
`United States were lost, commer-
`cial beekeepers say.
`Exactly what causes colony col-
`lapse disorder is unclear, but bee-
`keepers point to a new class of
`pesticides, neonicotinoids, which
`are incorporated into the plants
`themselves. Pesticide manufac-
`turers say the product is safe, but
`that they are open to further
`study.
`The issue is far from abstract, A
`quarter of the American diet de-
`pends on bee pollination, accord-
`ing to the Department of Agricul-
`ture, so fewer bees lead to smaller
`harvests and higher food prices.
`(Almond prices are a bellwether,
`as is the price 0! bee rental. which
`now runs about $209 per hive. a 20
`percent increase.)
`The Agriculture Department
`says it will issue its own assess-
`ment next month.
`
`SUSTAINABILITY
`Cow Power
`A dairy farm in Fair Oaks, lnd.,
`has struck a blow for renewable
`energy by turning its endless sup-
`ply of cow manure into fuel for its
`delivery trucks, powering 42 trac—
`tor-trailers that make daily runs
`to and from Tennessee. A512 mil-
`lion “digester” at the farm pro
`cesses the manure into a fuel that
`is used to run everything from
`milking equipment to a farm gift
`shop.
`The Department of Energy
`hailed Fair Oaks Farm as a pace—
`setter for the industry, though as
`Erin Fitzgerald, a senior vice
`
`Page 10 of 11
`
`Page 10 of 11
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`

`

`
`
`THE NEW YORK TiME'S. TUESDAY. APRIL 2. 20l3
`
`
`
`“ The week
`
`DOUGLAS QUENQUA
`
`SOLID What is now the
`world‘s lightest material.
`called carbon aerogel.
`Sitting atop a cherry flower.
`above. In Indiana. 3 dairy
`farm, felt. is turning cow
`manure into fuel for its
`delivery fleet and milking
`equipment. Fat mice.
`below. have been found to
`lose weight when their
`intestinal microbes
`change.
`
`convince them otherwise.
`
`HEALTH
`
`Microbes and Weight Loss
`Does weight loss require the right
`mix of diet and'exercise. or just
`the right mix of bacteria inside
`your gut?
`A pair of studies released last
`week suggests that bacterial
`makeup in the intestines has a lot
`to say about whether a person
`gains or loses weight. Mice that
`received gastric bypass surgery
`lost weight after seeing significant
`changes to their gut microbiata.
`according to a study published in
`Science Translational Medicine. A
`second study, published in The
`Journal of Clinical Endocrinology
`and Metabolism. found that over»
`weight people may be more likely
`to harbor a certain type of intes-
`tinat microbe that could contrib-
`ute to weight gain.
`ll borne out, the research could
`lead to noninvasive weight-loss al-
`ternatives for obese patients who
`either do not want or do not qual-
`ify for gastric bypass surgery,
`doctors said. Previous studies
`have shown that the intestinal mi—
`crobes of an obese person change
`significantly after a gastric by-
`pass, becoming more