(12) United States Patent
`Davis
`
`(10) Patent No.:
`(45) Date of Patent:
`
`US 7.421,648 B1
`Sep. 2, 2008
`
`USOO7421648B1
`
`(54) REUSABLE DATA MARKUP LANGUAGE
`
`(75) Inventor: Russell T. Davis, Bethesda, MD (US)
`(73) Assignee: e-Numerate Solutions, Inc., McLean,
`VA (US)
`
`(*) Notice:
`
`(22) Filed:
`
`5,838,906 A * 1 1/1998 Doyle et al. ................ TO9,202
`5,838,965 A 11/1998 Kavanagh et al.
`5,894,311 A
`4/1999 Jackson
`5,913,214 A
`6/1999 Madnicket al.
`5,917,485 A
`6, 1999 Spellman et al.
`5,920,828 A
`7/1999 Norris et al.
`5.948,113 A
`9, 1999 Johnson et al.
`ck
`3. ck 2. 3. al. ...............7 '.?
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`5.974.413 A * 10/1999 Beauregard et al. ............ 707/6
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`5.999,944. A
`12/1999 Lipkin
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days.
`6,014,661 A
`1/2000 Ahlberg et al. ................. 707/3
`(21) Appl. No.: 09/573,778
`ppl. No.:
`(Continued)
`9
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`May 18, 2000
`Suzuki et al., Managing the Software design documents with XML,
`Related U.S. Application Data
`(60) Provisional application No. 60/183,152, filed on Feb. (SNR, oysalal conference on
`17, 2000, provisional application No. 60/135,525,
`filed on May 21, 1999.
`(Continued)
`(51) Int. Cl
`Primary Examiner William L. Bashore
`(2006.01)
`Goof i 5/00
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm—Finnegan, Henderson,
`(2006.015
`GO6F 7/OO
`Farabow, Garrett & Dunner, LLP
`(52) U.S. Cl. ........................... 715/234; 715/205; 705/1;
`57
`ABSTRACT
`705/14; 717/106
`(57)
`(58) Field of Classification Search ................. 715/517,
`Methods and systems provide a computer markup language,
`715/501.1, 513, 205, 234; 717/108, 106:
`referred to as Reusable Data Markup Language ("RDML'),
`707/56; 705/1, 14
`and a data Viewer for retrieving, manipulating and Viewing
`See application file for complete search history.
`documents and files in the RDML format that may be stored
`References Cited
`locally or over a network (e.g., the Internet). Generally,
`RDML permits the browsing and manipulation of numbers,
`as opposed to text and images like in HTML, and does so by
`including attributes describing the meaning of the numbers to
`be attached to the numbers. Documents compliant with the
`markup language encapsulate machine-readable documenta
`tion with numbers and data, and permit the data viewer to act
`as a combination web browser and spreadsheet to automati
`cally read, interpret and manipulate the numbers and data.
`
`(56)
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`6, 1987 Hernandez et al.
`4,674,043 A
`1/1994 Grady et al.
`5,276,776 A
`8/1994 Risberg et al.
`5,339,392 A
`6/1995 Byrd et al.
`5,423,032 A
`2/1997 Spencer et al.
`5,603,021 A
`4, 1998 Nguyen et al.
`5,737,592 A
`5, 1998 Herz et al.
`5,754,939 A
`5,822,587 A * 10/1998 McDonald et al. .......... 717/108
`
`4 Claims, 40 Drawing Sheets
`
`
`
`716
`
`F24
`
`outleys-dep, ofteena
`3833soooo
`3028,000
`242,288,000
`
`n
`operation and faintananea
`
`Ptoutement
`
`is Researeb.develesfinant, Tast, s
`rid valuatio
`kililitary constitution
`
`MilitaryPersonnel
`Operation scattenance
`
`633694
`15939
`1453233
`
`82,5836
`187366
`631555
`335564
`
`71888
`93.204
`53582
`02:448
`saga
`
`965
`1926.
`1234871
`183933g
`623626
`103998
`
`2009;255
`1409815
`1433883
`62583
`133356
`
`

`

`US 7.421648 B1
`Page 2
`
`6,026,388
`6,026,397
`6,034,676
`6,058,385
`6,065,026
`6,092,036
`6,097,888
`6,108,662
`6,121,924
`6,134,563
`6, 160,549
`6,167.409
`6,173,284
`6, 195,676
`6,199,046
`6,199,080
`6,223,189
`6,240.407
`6,243,698
`6,256.030
`6,314,562
`6,317,750
`6,349,307
`6,351,755
`6,356,920
`6,366,915
`6,370,537
`6,370,549
`6,373,504
`6,374,274
`6,418,433
`6.421,656
`6.421,822
`6,446,048
`6,460,059
`6,470,349
`6,493,717
`6,505,246
`6,507,856
`6,581,068
`6,591.272
`6,594,653
`6,615,258
`6,629,094
`6,635,089
`6,667,747
`6,721,736
`6,745,384
`6,886,005
`6,912,293
`6,920,608
`2001/OO18687
`2001/002O237
`2001/0049687
`2002fOO23141
`2002/0052954
`2002/009 1696
`2002fO198985
`2003/004 1077
`2003/OO78883
`2003.0167213
`2005/0086126
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`Liddy et al.
`Sheppard
`Egan et al.
`Koza et al.
`Cornelia et al.
`Hamann
`Simonyi
`Hoskins et al.
`Meek et al.
`Clancey et al.
`Touma et al.
`DeRose et al.
`Brown
`Spix et al.
`Heinzle et al. ................. 70.5/1
`Nielsen
`Steffens et al.
`Chang et al.
`Powers et al.
`Berry et al.
`Biggerstaff
`Tortolani et al.
`Chen
`Najork et al.
`Vandersluis
`Rubert et al.
`Gilbert et al.
`Saxton
`Nielsen
`Myers et al.
`Chakrabarti et al.
`Cheng et al.
`Pavela
`Wells et al. ................... 705/35
`Wisniewski
`Heninger et al.
`Junkin
`Land et al.
`Chen et al.
`Bensousan et al.
`Williams
`Colby et al.
`Barry et al.
`Colby et al.
`Burkett et al.
`Spellman et al.
`Kruget al.
`Biggerstaff
`Davis
`Korobkin
`Davis
`Gonzalez et al.
`Yarnall et al.
`Russell
`Yen et al.
`Polizzi et al.
`Craft et al.
`Fraenkel et al.
`Davis
`Stewart et al. ................ 705/39
`Jammes et al.
`Davis
`
`2, 2000
`2, 2000
`3, 2000
`5, 2000
`5, 2000
`T/2000
`8, 2000
`8, 2000
`9, 2000
`10, 2000
`12, 2000
`12, 2000
`1, 2001
`2, 2001
`3, 2001
`3, 2001
`4, 2001
`5, 2001
`6, 2001
`T/2001
`11, 2001
`11, 2001
`2, 2002
`2, 2002
`3, 2002
`4, 2002
`4, 2002
`4, 2002
`4, 2002
`4, 2002
`T/2002
`7, 2002
`T/2002
`9, 2002
`10, 2002
`10, 2002
`12, 2002
`1, 2003
`1, 2003
`6, 2003
`T/2003
`T/2003
`9, 2003
`9, 2003
`10, 2003
`12, 2003
`4, 2004
`6, 2004
`4, 2005
`6, 2005
`7/2005
`8, 2001
`9, 2001
`12, 2001
`2, 2002
`5, 2002
`T/2002
`12, 2002
`2, 2003
`4, 2003
`9, 2003
`4, 2005
`
`2005/O182709 A1
`2005, 0198042 A1
`
`8, 2005 Belcsak et al.
`9, 2005 Davis
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`Information on Exchange Rates of Africa, Asia, and Australasia, web
`site: <http://eh.net/hmit/exchangerates/infoafr.htm>, pp. 1-3, 2002
`by EH.NET, downloaded Oct. 19, 2006.*
`Order of magnitude (online Wikipedia article), <http://en.wikipedia.
`org/wiki/Orders of magnitude>, 2006 Wikimedia Foundation,
`Inc., pp. 1-4, downloaded Oct. 19, 2006.*
`Bruce Halberg, “Special Edition. Using Microsoft(R) Excel 97.
`Bestseller Edition.” Que(R) Corporation (1997).
`Elliotte Rusty Harold, “XMLTM Bible.” IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.,
`An International Data Group Company (1999).
`David Megginson, “Structuring XML Documents.” Prentice Hall
`PTR, Upper Saddle River, NJ (1998).
`Bruce Hallberg et al., “Special Edition. Using Microsoft(R) Excell 97.
`Bestseller Edition.” Que(R) Corporation (1997).
`Elliotte Rusty Harold, “XMLTM Bible.” IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.,
`An International Data Group Company (1999).
`David Megginson, “Structuring XML Documents.” Prentice Hall
`PTR, Upper Saddle River, NJ (1998).
`Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) 2.0 Specification,
`(Dec. 14, 2001), Editors: Luther Hampton, e-Numerate; David Vun
`Kannon, KPMG LLP. pp. 1-42.
`Microsoft Press Computer Dictionary. Third Edition, Microsoft
`Press, p. 511 (1997) (3 pages).
`Online Ohio CPA Newsletter, A Monthly Electronic Publication of
`the Ohio Society of Certified Public Accountants; Aug. 2000, vol. 1,
`No. 14 (7 pages).
`Tools online, extensible Business Reporting Language, retrieved
`on Aug. 13, 2002). Retrieved from the Internet <URL: http://www.
`xbrl.org/Tools.htm> (5 pages).
`XBRL Essentials, (A nontechnical introduction to the extensible
`Business Reporting Language, the digital language of business), Jan.
`2001, Charles Hoffman, CPA; Carolyn Strand, PhD, CPA, (AICPA),
`pp. 1-17.
`XBRL Home Page online), extensible Business Reporting Lan
`guage, retrieved on Aug. 13, 2002). Retrieved from the Internet
`<URL: http://www.xbrl.org> (3 pages).
`XBRL Technical Specification online), extensible Business Report
`ing Language, retrieved on Aug. 13, 2002. Retrieved from the
`Internet <URL: http://www.xbrl.org/TR/2001/default.htm> (1 page).
`The XML Cover Pages, Extensible Business Reporting Language
`(XBRL), (1994-2002), Robin Cover, pp. 1-18.
`Berkley et al., The Road to Better Business Information Making a
`Case for XBRL. Winter 2000, Microsoft, pp. 1-13.
`Blattner, Special Edition Using Microsoft Excel(R), May 3, 1999 (C)
`Que Corporation "Adding a Secondary Axis to the Chart” (3 pages).
`Gilster, Paul, Finding It On The Internet. The Internet Navigator's
`Guide to Search Tools & Techniques, 2" edition (1996) (3 pages).
`Hamscher et al., Extensible Business Reporting language (XBRL)
`Specification, Jul. 31, 2000, XBRL Organization, pp. 1-27.
`Charles Hoffman and Carolyn Strand, “XBRL Essentials, A Non
`technical Introduction to eXtensible Business Reporting Language
`(XBRL), the Digital Language of Business Reporting, pp. 1-148
`(2001).
`Jon Rienstra, “Using Excel(R) in Chemistry.” http://www.asa3.org/
`chemistry/computers in
`chemistry/excel tips.html (1995) (4
`pages).
`Simon St. Laurent, “Why XML?.” http://www.simonstl.com/ar
`ticles/whyxml.htm (1998) (5 pages).
`* cited by examiner
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 2, 2008
`Sep. 2, 2008
`
`Sheet 1 of 40
`Sheet 1 of 40
`
`US 7.421,648 B1
`US 7,421,648 B1
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 2, 2008
`
`Sheet 2 of 40
`
`US 7.421,648 B1
`
`
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 2, 2008
`
`Sheet 3 of 40
`
`US 7.421,648 B1
`
`
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`Existing
`Elsa
`(
`erver,
`Oracle, etc.)
`
`
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`Main
`components
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`222
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`RDML
`DOCument
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`RDML
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`106
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`RDM. Data
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`
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`Plug-In
`Applications
`
`FIG. 3
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 2, 2008
`Sep. 2, 2008
`
`Sheet 4 of 40
`Sheet 4 of 40
`
`US 7.421,648 B1
`US 7,421,648 B1
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`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 2, 2008
`
`Sheet 5 of 40
`
`US 7.421,648 B1
`US 7,421,648 B1
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 2, 2008
`
`Sheet 6 of 40
`
`US 7.421,648 B1
`
`
`
`User submits data request
`to Web Server and RDML
`data server via the viewer
`
`602
`
`RDML server queries the
`databases
`
`604
`
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`results to the Server
`
`606
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`RDML document
`
`608
`
`The server returns the
`RDML document to the Web
`server and on to the viewer
`
`610
`
`FIG. 6
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 2, 2008
`
`Sheet 7 of 40
`
`US 7,421,648 B1
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 2, 2008
`
`Sheet 8 of 40
`
`US 7.421,648 B1
`
`
`
`Text
`DOCument
`
`Object/
`PrOCeSS
`
`Output
`Application
`("View")
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`interface
`("GUI")
`
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`Software
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`Output
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`
`FIG. 7B
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 2, 2008
`
`Sheet 9 of 40
`
`US 7.421,648 B1
`
`START
`
`Document reader finds
`and receives document
`
`XML parser parses
`
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`
`802
`
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`
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`
`808
`
`810
`
`812
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`RDML processor
`processes the text into an object
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`X-value transformer 810 type
`checks and manipulates X-values
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`Primary data store 812 stores active
`objects of the same type for display
`
`Views display active objects
`stored in primary data store
`
`END
`
`FIG. 8
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
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`Sep. 2, 2008
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`Sheet 10 of 40
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`US 7.421,648 B1
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`

`U.S. Patent
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`Sep. 2, 2008
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`Sheet 11 of 40
`
`US 7.421,648 B1
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Locate DOCuments
`
`Select Document to be
`Transformed
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`ACCeSS Line tem
`
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`
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`Transformation
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`Access Unit, Magnitude,
`Modifier, Scale, Measure,
`and Adiustment Attributes
`
`Determine Conversion
`Factors for Each Attribute
`
`ultiply the Conversion
`Factors to Manipulate the
`numbers of the DOCument Or
`Line item
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`Document on Line tem
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`
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`Another
`DOCument to be
`ransformed 2
`
`
`
`FIG. 10
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
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`Sep. 2, 2008
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`Sheet 12 of 40
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`US 7.421,648 B1
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`
`
`1102
`
`
`
`1104
`
`
`
`1106
`
`
`
`1110
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`X-Value transformer
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`
`Determines type of active
`documents in primary data store
`
`
`
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`object is same
`type as active
`documents
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`
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`1114
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`Reject the
`document
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`Erase Current
`active documents
`1120
`
`Store new
`document
`
`FIG. 11
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
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`Sep. 2, 2008
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`Sheet 13 of 40
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`US 7.421,648 B1
`US 7,421,648 B1
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`U.S. Patent
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`Sep. 2, 2008
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`Sheet 14 of 40
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`US 7.421,648 B1
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`
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`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
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`Sep. 2, 2008
`Sep. 2, 2008
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`Sheet 15 of 40
`Sheet 15 of 40
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`US 7.421,648 B1
`US 7,421,648 B1
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 2, 2008
`
`Sheet 16 of 40
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`US 7.421,648 B1
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`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
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`Sep. 2, 2008
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`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
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`Sep. 2, 2008
`Sep. 2, 2008
`
`Sheet 18 of 40
`Sheet 18 of 40
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`US 7.421,648 B1
`US 7,421,648 B1
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`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
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`Sep. 2, 2008
`Sep. 2, 2008
`
`Sheet 19 of 40
`Sheet 19 of 40
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`US 7.421,648 B1
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`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
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`Sep. 2, 2008
`Sep. 2, 2008
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`Sheet 20 of 40
`Sheet 20 of 40
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`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
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`Sep. 2, 2008
`Sep. 2, 2008
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`Sheet 21 of 40
`Sheet 21 of 40
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`US 7.421,648 B1
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`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
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`Sep. 2, 2008
`Sep. 2, 2008
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`Sheet 22 of 40
`Sheet 22 of 40
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`US 7.421,648 B1
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 2, 2008
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`Sheet 23 of 40
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`US 7.421,648 B1
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 2, 2008
`
`Sheet 24 of 40
`
`US 7.421,648 B1
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`1512
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`FIG. 15B
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 2, 2008
`
`Sheet 25 of 40
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`US 7.421,648 B1
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`1538
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`END
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`FIG. 15C
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 2, 2008
`
`Sheet 26 of 40
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`US 7.421,648 B1
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`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 2, 2008
`Sep. 2, 2008
`
`Sheet 27 of 40
`Sheet 27 of 40
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`US 7.421,648 B1
`US 7,421,648 B1
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 2, 2008
`
`Sheet 28 of 40
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`US 7.421,648 B1
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`1800
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 2, 2008
`
`Sheet 29 of 40
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`US 7,421,648 B1
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`Sep. 2, 2008
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`Sheet 30 of 40
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`US 7,421,648 B1
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`US 7,421,648 B1
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`U.S. Patent
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`Sep. 2, 2008
`Sep. 2, 2008
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`Sheet 32 of 40
`Sheet 32 of 40
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`US 7.421,648 B1
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`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
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`Sep. 2, 2008
`Sep. 2, 2008
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`Sheet 33 of 40
`Sheet 33 of 40
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`US 7.421,648 B1
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`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 2, 2008
`Sep. 2, 2008
`
`Sheet 34 of 40
`Sheet 34 of 40
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`US 7.421,648 B1
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`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
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`Sep. 2, 2008
`Sep. 2, 2008
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`Sheet 35 of 40
`Sheet 35 of 40
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`US 7.421,648 B1
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 2, 2008
`
`Sheet 36 of 40
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`US 7.421,648 B1
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 2, 2008
`
`Sheet 37 of 40
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`US 7.421,648 B1
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`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 2, 2008
`Sep. 2, 2008
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`Sheet 38 of 40
`Sheet 38 of 40
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`US 7.421,648 B1
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`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`Sep. 2, 2008
`Sep. 2, 2008
`
`Sheet 40 of 40
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`US 7.421,648 B1
`US 7,421,648 B1
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`US 7,421,648 B1
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`1.
`REUSABLE DATA MARKUPLANGUAGE
`
`RELATED APPLICATIONS
`
`This patent application claims priority to Provisional U.S.
`Patent Application No. 60/135,525, filed on May 21, 1999,
`and Provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 60/183,152, filed
`on Feb. 17, 2000, which are incorporated herein by reference.
`The following identified U.S. patent applications are also
`relied upon and are incorporated by reference in this applica
`tion.
`U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/573,780, entitled
`“Reusable Macro Markup Language.” and filed on the same
`date herewith.
`U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/573,419, entitled “Tree
`View for Reusable Data Markup Language, and filed on the
`same date herewith.
`U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/573,413, entitled
`“Chart View for Reusable Data Markup Language.” and filed
`on the same date herewith.
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`BACKGROUND
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`must be organized according to certain rules, but their mean
`ing is flexible. Unlike HTML, XML describes structure and
`meaning, but not formatting. As such, different professions
`may develop their own specialized markup languages. For
`example, ifa developer were to create a markup language that
`describes books in XML, the developer could create specifi
`cally meaningful tags for “title.” “author,” and “publisher.”
`something not possible in HTML. Although XML’s free
`form structure permits the development of markup languages,
`Such individualized markup languages are not compatible
`with each other because the use of the tags is not standardized
`in that different users use the tags for different purposes.
`In today's business world, problems that typically accom
`pany data manipulation often increase expense and difficulty.
`One such problem is that often data and the documentation
`that describes the data are not both in electronic form. This
`conventional approach to database and spreadsheet informa
`tion often dictates that expensive database administrators are
`required to make transformations anytime data is being trans
`ferred from one system to another, expensive analysis of
`printed documentation is required in connection with any
`programming tasks, and the output rarely contains any indi
`cation of the original sources, structures, and manipulations
`that created that output. In PC-based systems, creating docu
`mentation for data is conventionally left up to the user: typi
`cally there is no machine-driven effort to collect the docu
`mentation from the user, format it, and save it with the data,
`thereby eliminating the ease of reuse of the data.
`Another obstacle impeding efficiency in conventional
`databases and spreadsheets is that calculations occur at too
`low of a conceptual level. Calculations in typical numerical
`analysis programs operate on a single “cell” in a spreadsheet
`or a single “record in a database. Analytic operations on
`single values at a time can be slow and prove costly when
`many different cells or record values are involved.
`The lack of a standard markup language facilitating the
`browsing of numbers leaves no way to read, automatically
`manipulate and display differing types of numerical data read
`from multiple online sources on a single chart. Human inter
`vention is required to recognize differing types of numerical
`data and conform the data so that it may be combined and
`displayed coherently on charts, graphs and reports. Conven
`tionally, formatting of graphical charts displaying numerical
`data requires manual manipulation when series of different
`types of data are combined. Furthermore, no visual cue is
`given regarding the relationship between different numerical
`data sets.
`The computer industry is further hindered by the fact that
`data and analytic routines are not standardized. While the
`computer industry has developed standards for file formats
`and function-level interfaces, it has not developed a general
`data format or content-analysis standards. This results in
`expensive translation of data between systems, industries,
`companies and users using different protocols.
`Analysis routines in conventional spreadsheets typically
`take the form of “spreadsheet macros.” Macros are essentially
`short programs which perform well-defined, generally lim
`ited, tasks. Millions of spreadsheet users have used spread
`sheet macros to automate mechanical tasks involved in
`manipulating the numbers in their spreadsheets. But the great
`investment in spreadsheet macroS has generally been
`underutilized because Such macros are “write once, use once'
`types of software; they are rarely reused by others.
`There are at least eight reasons that current programming
`languages and spreadsheet macros are not reusable or por
`table. One such problem is that spreadsheet data references
`usually are based on physical locations. Suppose a macro
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`1. Field of the Invention
`The present invention relates generally to data processing
`systems and, more particularly, to a computer markup lan
`guage for use in a data browser and manipulator.
`2. Related Art
`Currently on the Internet, transmissions and communica
`tions are commonly conducted using a communication pro
`tocol called the HyperText Transfer Protocol (“HTTP')
`which can be used to pass files and documents formatted in
`the HyperTextMarkup Language (“HTML). A markup lan
`guage is a way of embedding markup "tags. Special
`sequences of characters, that describe the structure as well as
`the behavior of a document and instruct a web browser or
`other program on how to display the document. Typically,
`documents or web pages formatted in HTML are simply
`ASCII text files that mix ordinary text with these markup tags.
`HTML has a relatively limited structure that defines a fixed
`set of tags with specific purposes. Further, HTML typically
`only works with text and images and typically only instructs
`a browser on how to display a document: the browser may
`read and display characters but does not “understand the data
`content. To the extent that HTML browsers present numbers
`in their display, they still are not interpreted as numbers just
`text. Hence, HTML documents are not interpreted as “data
`but rather as formatting instructions for displaying images.
`Users cannot “surf through numerical data, to see graphs,
`apply transformations, combine numbers from different web
`pages, or load numbers into a spreadsheet in a manageable
`form. The numbers cannot be directly read by an analytical
`program without human intervention to cut-and-paste the
`text, determine the data type, etc. Consequently, conventional
`analytical programs allow for ad hoc review and manipula
`tion of abstract numbers (e.g., a spreadsheet program or data
`base program), but do not directly read their data from online
`Sources. Such programs may perform statistical analysis,
`structural analysis and simple transformations on data once it
`has been entered and interpreted.
`Given HTML’s limited capabilities, and SGML’s
`unwieldy complexity, a markup language called Extensible
`Markup Language (XML') was developed to help overcome
`some of these limitations. XML is a free-form markup lan
`guage with unspecified tags, which allows developers to
`develop their own tags and, in effect, create their own markup
`languages geared toward specialized tasks. In XML, the tags
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`writer puts an interest rate assumption in cell 'C4' and
`another person has a spreadsheet with the interest rate
`assumption in cell “BR47, a macro that expressly references
`the absolute cell location C4 will not be usable in the second
`spreadsheet.
`Another related problem is that numbers in spreadsheets
`have no measurement or semantic designators describing
`their meaning. One spreadsheet may work with dollars in
`millions, while another works with dollars in thousands. The
`same macro cannot be used on both spreadsheets without
`human intervention to sort out all the inconsistencies and to
`modify one of the spreadsheets to match the other. As another
`example, a macro may be written to divide stock price by
`earnings to get a P/E ratio, but numbers in a spreadsheet have
`no meaning besides words in the cell to the left or above the
`numbers. Absent a standard location and Vocabulary, those
`indicators are useless.
`An additional problem with conventional spreadsheet
`macros is the lack of documentation. Because macros are
`typically only usable by their creators on the single spread
`sheet they wrote them for, they tend to be totally undocu
`mented: no common-language description, no help files, no
`data Standards as to permissible values, source contact list,
`license information, etc.
`Furthermore, there is no mass distribution mechanism for
`macros. Spreadsheet macros are not web-friendly: they are
`generally limited to one spreadsheet brand and one platform,
`do not support hyperlinks, and cannot be searched by search
`engines. Also, they