Condensed Chemical
`
`Dictionary
`
`THIRTEENTH EDITION
`Revised by
`Richard J. Lewis,Sr.
`
` Hawley’s
`
`.
`
`JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
`NewYork * Chichester ¢ Weinheim ¢ Brisbane * Singapore ° Toronto
`
`
`
`i
`
`|
`.
`_
`
`—
`Re
`
`MYLAN- Ex. 1024, p. 1
`
`MYLAN - Ex. 1024, p. 1
`
`

`

`This text is printed on acid-free paper. @
`
`Copyright © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
`
`No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
`transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
`recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108
`of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written
`permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate
`per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers,
`MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750~4744. Requests to the Publisher
`for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department,
`John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third f.\ve.nue, New Yokk' NY 10J58-0014,
`(212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-mail: PERMREQ@WILEY.COM.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Condensed chemical dictionary.
`Hawley's condensed chemical dictionary.-13th ed./revised by
`Richard J. Lewis, Sr.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 0-471-29205-2 (hardcover)
`I. Hawley, Gessner Goodrich, 1905-1983.
`I. Chemistry-Dictionaries.
`II. Lewis, Richard J., Sr.
`III. Title.
`QD5.C5 1997
`540' .3-dc2 l
`
`97-35762
`CIP
`
`Printed in the United States of America
`
`10987654
`
`MYLAN - Ex. 1024, p. 2
`
`

`

`SPACE, CHEMISTRY IN
`
`1038
`
`continuous reflux extraction of alcohol- or ether(cid:173)
`soluble components of food products. Named after
`its inventor, a German chemist.
`
`space, chemistry in. Experiments carried out on
`the space shuttle in the early 1980s indicate that
`unique types of chemical reactions occur in outer
`space, and that actual products may result that are
`not achievable under the terrestrial environment.
`Several factors are believed to account for this, pri(cid:173)
`marily zero gravity, though absence of oxygen and
`enhanced magnetic effects may also play a part.
`Several encouraging results have already been ob(cid:173)
`tained, though until further experiments and oper(cid:173)
`ating data have been investigated, the conclusions
`must be considered tentative. Among projects that
`have been carried out or are contemplated are the
`following: (1) Uniform polymer microspheres that
`are over twice as large as possible on earth have
`been made due to zero gravity. (2) More effective
`electrophoresis reactions for making biological ma(cid:173)
`terials have been discovered, probably also because
`of zero gravity. (3) Possibilities exist for (a) making
`unique alloys in space that are not possible on earth,
`for example lead-copper, lead-zinc, and aluminum(cid:173)
`indium; (b) purer crystals for microelectronics; ( c)
`better glass for fiber optics; ( d) new drugs and phar(cid:173)
`maceuticals. Future experiments will involve hu(cid:173)
`man cells, enzymes, and hormones.
`
`"Spacerite" [ALCOA]. Al20 3•3HP TM for a
`spacer pigment of titanium dioxide in coatings and
`inks.
`Properties: White powder.
`
`space velocity. The volume of gas or liquid, mea(cid:173)
`sured at specified temperature and pressure (usually
`standard conditions) passing through unit volume
`in unit time.
`Use: Comparing flow processes involving different
`conditions, rates of flow, and sizes or shapes of con(cid:173)
`tainers.
`
`spalling. Chipping an ore for crushing, or the
`cracking, breaking, or splintering of materials due
`to heat.
`
`spandex. Generic name for a fiber in which the
`fiber-forming substance is a long-chain synthetic
`polymer composed of at least 85% of a segmented
`polyurethane (Federal Trade Commission). Imparts
`elasticity to garments such as girdles, socks, special
`hosiery.
`
`spanish white.
`(1) Chalk, CaC03 • (2) Bismuth
`white, BiO(N03), basic bismuth white.
`
`spar.
`(1) A type of crystalline material such as Ice(cid:173)
`land spar or feldspar, usually containing calcium
`carbonate or an aluminum silicate; fluorspar is cal(cid:173)
`cium fluoride. Iceland spar has unique optical prop-
`
`erties. (2) A weather-resistant varnish originally
`used for coating wooden spars of sailing ships,
`which may be the reason for its name.
`See spar varnish.
`
`sparger. A perforated pipe through which steam,
`air, or water is sprayed into a liquid during a fer(cid:173)
`mentation reaction.
`Use: Brewing industry to remove traces of wort from
`the mash.
`
`spar, Greenland. See cryolite.
`
`spar, heavy. See barite.
`
`spar, Iceland. See calcite.
`
`sparking metal. See pyrophoric alloy.
`
`spar, satin. See calcite; gypsum.
`
`spar varnish. A durable, water-resistant varnish
`for severe service on exterior exposure. It consists
`of one or more drying oils (linseed, tung, or dehy(cid:173)
`drated castor oil), one or more resins (rosin, ester
`gum, phenolic resin, or modified phenolic resin),
`one or more volatile thinners (turpentine or petro(cid:173)
`leum spirits), and driers (linoleates, resinates, or
`naphthenates of lead, manganese, and cobalt). It is
`classed as a long-oil varnish and generally consists
`of 45-50 gals of oil for each 100 lb of resin.
`See varnish.
`
`SPE. Abbreviation for Society of Plastics Engi(cid:173)
`neers.
`
`spearmint oil. A yellowish essential oil, strongly
`levorotatory.
`Use: Source of carvone and as flavoring for medi(cid:173)
`cines, chewing gum, etc.
`
`specific activity.
`(1) The activity of a radioele(cid:173)
`ment per unit weight of the element. (2) The activity
`per unit mass of a pure radionuclide.
`
`specific gravity. The ratio of the density of a sub(cid:173)
`stance to the density of a reference substance; it is
`an abstract number that is unrelated to any units.
`For solids and liquids, specific gravity is numeri(cid:173)
`cally equal to density, but for gases it is not, because
`of the difference between the densities of the ref(cid:173)
`erence substances, which are usually water (1 g/cc)
`for solids and liquids and air (0.00129 g/cc, or 1.29
`g/L at OC and 760 mm Hg) for gases. The specific
`gravity of a gas is the ratio of its density to that of
`air; since the specific gravity of air = 1.0 (l.29/
`1.29), this is usually stated to indicate the compar(cid:173)
`ison with the gas under consideration. For example,
`the density of hydrogen is 0.089 g/L but its specific
`gravity is 0.069 (i.e., 0.089/1.29). The specific grav(cid:173)
`ity of solids and liquids is the ratio of their density
`
`MYLAN - Ex. 1024, p. 3
`
`

`

`1039
`
`SPHALERITE
`
`to that of water at 4C, taken as 1.0, as 1 cc of water
`weighs 1 gram. Thus a solid or liquid with a density
`of 1.5 g/cc has a specific gravity of 1.5/l or 1.5.
`Since weights of liquids and gases vary with tem(cid:173)
`perature, it is necessary to specify both tempera(cid:173)
`tures involved, except for rough or approximate val(cid:173)
`ues. Thus the specific gravity of alcohol should be
`given as 0.7893 at 20/4C, the first temperature re(cid:173)
`ferring to the alcohol and the latter to the water. At
`15.56C the specific gravity of alcohol is 0.816.
`See density; API gravity; Baume.
`
`specification. A schedule of minimum perfor(cid:173)
`mance requirements for specialized products such
`as those established by the various committees of
`the American Society for Testing and Materials and
`the Underwriters Laboratories. Such products are
`subject to inspection and test before acceptance.
`See testing.
`
`specific heat. The ratio of the heat capacity of a
`substance to the heat capacity of water, or the quan(cid:173)
`tity of heat required for a 1 degree temperature
`change in a unit weight of material. Commonly ex(cid:173)
`pressed in Btu/lb/degree F or in cal/g/degree F. For
`gas the specific heat at constant pressure is greater
`than that at constant volume by the amount of heat
`needed for expansion.
`
`specific susceptibility. See mass susceptibility.
`
`specific volume. The volume of unit weight of a
`substance, as cubic feet per pound or gallons per
`pound, but more frequently milliliters per gram.
`The reciprocal of density.
`
`specific weight. The weight per unit volume of a
`substance.
`
`"Spectrograde" [International Crystal]. TM
`for potassium bromide.
`CAS: 7758-02-3.
`Grade: IR, FTIR, and 99.999% pure XL.
`Use: IR and FTIR spectroscopy and other high(cid:173)
`purity applications.
`
`spectrophotometry. See absorption spectros(cid:173)
`copy.
`
`spectroquality. A specially prepared chemical of
`higher purity than those generally available for
`spectrophotometric use.
`
`spectroscopy.
`(instrumental analysis). A branch
`of analytical chemistry devoted to identification of
`elements and elucidation of atomic and molecular
`structure by measurement of the radiant energy ab(cid:173)
`sorbed or emitted by a substance in any of the wave(cid:173)
`lengths of the electromagnetic spectrum in response
`to excitation by an external energy source. The
`types of absorption and emission spectroscopy are
`
`usually identified by the wavelength involved,
`namely, y-ray, X ray, UV, visible, infrared, micro(cid:173)
`wave, and radiofrequency. The technique of spec(cid:173)
`troscopic analysis was originated by Fraunhofer
`who in 1814 discovered certain dark (D) lines in
`the solar spectrum, which were later identified as
`characterizing the element sodium. In 1861 Kirch(cid:173)
`hoff and Bunsen produced emission spectra and
`showed their relationship to Fraunhofer lines. X-ray
`spectroscopy was utilized by Moseley (1912) to de(cid:173)
`termine the precise location of elements in the pe(cid:173)
`riodic system. Since then, a number of sophisticated
`and highly specialized techniques have been devel(cid:173)
`oped including Raman spectroscopy, nuclear mag(cid:173)
`netic resonance, nuclear quadrupole resonance, dy(cid:173)
`namic reflectance spectroscopy, laser, microwave,
`and y-ray spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic
`resonance.
`
`spectrum. The radiant energy emitted by a sub(cid:173)
`stance as a characteristic band of wavelengths by
`which it can be identified.
`See radiation; spectroscopy.
`
`speculum metal.
`(1) 66% copper, 34% tin with
`trace of arsenic; (2) 64% copper, 32% tin, 4%
`nickel.
`Properties: D 8.6, mp 750C.
`Use: For mirrors for reflecting telescopes.
`
`spelter. Relatively pure zinc as encountered in in(cid:173)
`dustrial operations such as galvanizing. Lead and/
`or iron are common impurities.
`
`spent mixed acid. Mixed acid that has given up
`part of its nitric acid.
`Hazard: Dangerous fire risk. Strong irritant to tis(cid:173)
`sue.
`
`spent oxide. See iron sponge, spent.
`
`Sperry process. An electrolytic process for the
`manufacture of lead carbonate, basic (white lead)
`from desilverized lead containing some bismuth.
`The impure lead forms the anode. A diaphragm
`separates anode and cathode compartments, and
`carbon dioxide is passed into the solution. Impuri(cid:173)
`ties, including bismuth, remain on the anode as a
`slime blanket.
`
`sphalerite.
`(blende, zinc blende). ZnS. Natural
`zinc sulfide, usually containing some cadmium,
`iron, and manganese.
`Properties: Color yellow, brown, black, or red; res(cid:173)
`inous; good cleavage. Hardness 3.5-4, d 3.9-4.1.
`Soluble in hydrochloric acid.
`Occurrence: Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Colo(cid:173)
`rado, Montana, Wisconsin, Idaho, Australia, Can(cid:173)
`ada, Mexico.
`Use: Most important ore of zinc, also a source of
`cadmium; phosphor; source of sulfur dioxide for
`production of sulfuric acid.
`
`MYLAN - Ex. 1024, p. 4
`
`