The IEEE Standard Dictionary of
`Electrical and Electronics Terms
`
`Sixth Edition
`
`Standards Coordinating Committee 10, Terms and Definitions
`.Jane Radatz, Chair
`
`This standard is one of a number of information technology dictionaries being developed by standards
`organizations accredited by the American National Standards Institute. This dictionary was developed
`under the sponsorship of voluntary standards organizations, using a consensus-based process.
`
`ISBN 1-55937-833-6
`90000
`
`9 781559 378338
`
`(\_)
`
`0-_:) -· (~
`
`"'j'-
`
`1
`
`Exhibit 1014
`Apple v. Qualcomm
`IPR2018-01249
`
`

`

`Introduction
`
`Since the first edition in 1941 of the American Standard Definitions of Electrical Terms, the work now
`known as IEEE Std 100, The IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms, has evolved
`into the unique compendium of terms that it is today.
`
`The cuJTent edition includes all terms defined in approved IEEE standards through December 1996. Terms
`are categorized by their technical subject area. They are also associated with the standards or publications
`in which they currently appear. In some cases, terms from withdrawn standards are included when no
`cuJTent source can be found. Earlier editions of IEEE Std 100 included terms from sources other than
`IEEE standards, such as technical journals, books, or conference proceedings. These terms have been
`maintained for the sake of consistency and their sources are listed with the standards in the back of the
`book.
`
`The practice of defining terms varies from standard to standard. Many working groups that write standards
`prefer to work with existing definitions, while others choose to write their own. Thus terms may have
`several similar, although not identical, definitions. Definitions have been combined wherever it has been
`possible to do so by making only minor editorial changes. Otherwise, they have been left as written in
`the original standard.
`
`Users of IEEE Std 100 occasionally comment on the surprising omission of a particular term commonly
`used in an electrical or electronics field. This occurs because the tenns in IEEE Std 100 represent only
`those defined in the existing or past body of IEEE standards. To respond to this, some working groups
`obtain authorization to create a glossary of terms used in their field. All existing, approved standard
`glossaries have been incorporated into this edition of IEEE Std 100, including the most current glossaries
`of tenns for computers and power engineering.
`
`IEEE working groups are encouraged to refer to IEEE Std 100 when developing new or revised standards
`to avoid redundancy. They are also encouraged to investigate deficiencies in standard tenns and create
`standard glossaries to alleviate them.
`
`The sponsoring body for this document was Standards Coordinating Committee 10 on Definitions
`(SCClO), which consisted of the following members:
`
`John W. Balde
`Arthur Ballato
`Bruce Ban-ow
`William Carey
`Frank A. Denbrock
`Jay Forster
`
`Jane Radatz, Chair
`
`Chris Heegard
`John Horeb
`J. L. Koepfinger
`Allen H. Meitzler
`Frank D. Myers
`David E. Roberts
`
`F. A. Saal
`Ralph M. Showers
`Edward N. Skomal
`Kenneth L. Swinth
`Raymond S. Turgel
`Edward F. Vance
`
`2
`
`

`

`When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on 10 December 1996, it had the following
`membership.
`
`Richard J. Holleman, Vice Chair
`Donald C. Loughry, Chair
`Andrew G. Salem, Secretary
`
`Gilles A. Baril
`Clyde R. Camp
`Joseph A. Cannatelli
`Stephen L. Diamond
`Harold E. Epstein
`Donald C. Fleckenstein
`Jay Forster*
`Donald N. Heirman
`Ben C. Johnson
`
`*Member Emeritus
`
`E.G. "Al" Kiener
`Joseph L. Koepfinger*
`Stephen R. Lambert
`Lawrence V. McCall
`L. Bruce McClung
`Marco W. Migliaro
`Mary Lou Padgett
`John W. Pope
`
`Jose R. Ramos
`Arthur K. Reilly
`Ronald H. Reimer
`Gary S. Robinson
`Ingo Rtisch
`John S. Ryan
`Chee Kiow Tan
`Leonard L. Tripp
`Howard L. Wolfman
`
`Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE Standards Board liaisons:
`
`Satish K. Aggarwal
`Alan H. Cookson
`Chester C. Taylor
`
`Kim Breitfelder (1995-present), IEEE Std 100 Editor
`Stephen Huffman (1993-1995), IEEE Std 100 Editor
`
`Assistance was provided by the IEEE Standards editorial staff.
`
`How to use this dictionary
`
`The terms defined in this dictionary are listed in letter-by-letter alphabetical order. Spaces are ignored in
`this style of alphabetization, so cable value will come before cab signal. Descriptive categories associated
`with the term in earlier editions of IEEE Std 100 will follow the tenn in parentheses. New categories
`appear after the definitions (see Categories, below), followed by the designation of the standard or stan(cid:173)
`dards that include the definition. If a standard designation is followed by the letter s, it means that edition
`of the standard was superseded by a newer revision and the te1m was not included in the revision. If a
`designation is followed by the letter w, it means that edition of the standard was withdrawn and not
`replaced by a revision. A bracketed number refers to the non-IEEE standard sources given in the back
`of the book.
`
`Acronyms and abbreviations are no longer listed in a separate section in the dictionary; rather, they are
`incorporated alphabetically with other tenns. Each acronym or abbreviatior,i refers to its expanded term,
`where it is defined. Acronyms and abbreviations for which no definition was included in past editions
`have been deleted from this edition of IEEE Std 100.
`
`Abstracts of the cunent set of approved IEEE standards are provided in the back of the book. It should
`be noted that updated infmmation about IEEE standards can be obtained at any time from the IEEE
`Standards World Wide Web site at http://standards.ieee.org/.
`
`Categories
`
`The category abbreviations that are used in this edition of IEEE Std 100 are defined below. This infor(cid:173)
`mation is provided to help elucidate the context of the definition. Older tenns for which no category could
`hl' found have had the category "StdlOO" assigned to them. Note that terms from sources other than IEEE
`standards. such as the National Electrical Code® (NEC®) or the National Fire Protection Association,
`may not he from the most recent editions; the reader is cautioned to check the latest editions of all sources
`for the must up-to-date terminology.
`
`iv
`
`Catt
`
`AE
`AHD
`AMF
`AP
`ATL
`BA
`BT
`c
`CAS
`CE
`CHtv
`co~
`cs
`DA
`DEI
`DES
`DIS
`ED
`EDl
`EEC
`ELN
`EM
`EMI
`EMC
`GRS
`GSI
`IA
`IE
`II
`IM
`IT
`IVH
`LEC
`LM
`MA1
`MIL
`MM
`MT'
`NEC
`NE~
`NFF
`NI
`NIR
`NN
`NP~
`ODl
`OE
`PA
`PE
`PEI
`PQ
`PSF
`PV
`QU
`R
`RA
`REl
`
`3
`
`

`

`client
`
`client execution environment
`
`163
`
`clock accuracy
`
`es the required offcourse
`(AE)
`l 72- l 983w
`specified area that is to
`dngs that are not related
`(C) 610.2-1987
`e devices) (low-voltage
`1e characteristic of some
`ibit a low resistance and
`lte as a result of an ex(cid:173)
`>D)
`[8), C62.32-198Is
`operation of a signal in
`[119]
`(EEC/PE)
`k circuit) A drop signal
`attract the attention of
`(EEC/PE) [119)
`1tective devices) (low(cid:173)
`ices) A defined clectri(cid:173)
`ied as a clearing stim(cid:173)
`:vice under laboratory
`led to simulate condi-
`
`)) [8], C62.32-I981s
`1g from the beginning
`terruption. Note: The
`:!ting time and arcing
`(PE/SWG) [56]
`.
`Interval between the
`n circuit reaches the
`id the instant of final
`tary arcing contacts.
`to the sum of contact
`
`980s, C37.I00-1992
`ne elapsing from the
`le final circuit inter(cid:173)
`•: The clearing time
`he arcing time.
`1992, C3 7.40-1993
`j easily and without
`lB) C37.123-!996
`ation to empty line
`is unaffected; e.g.,
`~ar." Clear may be
`ization in order to
`'MM) 1596-1992
`that has less than
`(EEC/IE) [126]
`ntent of which is
`.M) 802. 10-1992
`material provided
`1ctors at a definite
`m each other, and
`ee also: raceway.
`EEC/PE) [119]
`1art of a building
`and whose walls
`:EEC/IE) [126)
`
`l specified value
`·e also: electro-
`
`76], C63.4-1991
`: button without
`:c) 1295- I 993
`ts services of a
`1) 1296-1987s
`01poration.
`
`193, 1351-1994
`Hing a service.
`:) 610.7-1995
`
`(C/PA) 1224.1-1993
`
`( 4) Soft ware that uses an interface.
`(5) See also: batch client.
`client execution environment The machine state that exists
`when a client program begins execution.
`(BA/C) 1275-1994
`client interface A set of data and procedures giving a client
`program access to client interface services.
`(BA/C) 1275-1994
`client instance A manifestation of the client that shares the input
`and output queues of the client with other instances.
`(C/PA) 1224.1-1993
`client interface handler A mechanism by which control and
`data are transferred from a client program to the firmware,
`and subsequently returned, for the purpose of providing client
`(BA/C) 1275- I 994
`interface services.
`client layer In the OSI model, refers to the data link and phys(cid:173)
`ical layers. See also: application layer; data link layer; entity
`layer; logical link control sublayer; medium access control
`(MAC) sublayer; network layer; physical layer; presentation
`layer; session layer; sublayer; transport layer.
`(C) 610.7-1995
`client interface services Those services that Open Firmware
`provides to client programs, including device tree access,
`memory allocation, mapping, console I/0, mass storage, and
`(BA/C) 1275-1994
`network I/0.
`client-server In a communications network, the client is the
`requesting device and the server is the supplying device. For
`example, the user interface could reside in the client work(cid:173)
`station while the storage and retrieval functions could reside
`in the server database.
`(C) 610.7-1995
`client role The location where the software is actually executed
`or used (as opposed to the target where it is actually installed).
`The configuration of software is perfmmed by this role.
`(C/PA) 1387.2-1995
`climber in training A worker who is in training to become a
`(PE/T&D) 1307-1996
`qualified climber.
`client program A software program that is loaded and executed
`by Open Firmware (or a secondary boot program). (The client
`program may use services provided by the Open Fi1mware
`client interface.)
`(BA/C) 1275-1994
`climbing The vertical movement (ascending and descending)
`and horizontal movement to access or depart the worksite.
`(NESC/PE/T&D) 1307-1996, C2-1997
`climbing space The vertical space reserved along the side of a
`pole or structure to pe1mit ready access for linemen to equip(cid:173)
`ment and conductors located on the pole structure.
`(PE/T&D) [10], 196-1951w, C2.2-1960
`clinometer (navigation aids) An instrument for indicating the
`degree of slope of the angle of roll or pitch of a vehicle,
`according to the plane in which it is mounted.
`(AE) 172- I 983w
`clip (1) (charged-particle detectors) (radiation detectors)
`(x-ray energy spectrometers) A limiting operation, such as
`the use of a high-pass filter or a nonlinear operation such as
`diode limiting of pulse amplitude. Synonym: clipping. See
`also: contact clip; differentiated; fuse clips.
`(NPS) 301-1976s, 325-197lw, 759-1984r
`(2) (charged-particle detectors) A limiting operation, such
`as the use of a high-pass filter (differentiator) or a nonlinear
`operation to limit the amplitude of a pulse. The first usage is
`archaic. Synonym: clipping.
`(NPS) 300-1988r
`(3) See also: clamp, cable.
`(PE/T&D) 524-1992
`clipboard A software storage device that is used to store an
`object that is cut or copied from the screen and to retrieve an
`(C) 1295-1993
`object that is pasted.
`clipper (data transmission) A device that automatically limits
`the instantaneous value of the output to a predetem1ined max(cid:173)
`imum value. Note: The term is usually applied to devices
`which transmit only portions of an input wave lying on one
`side of an amplitude boundary.
`.
`(PE) 599- I 985w
`clipper limiter A transducer that gives output only when the
`input lies above a critical value and a constant output for all
`
`inputs above a second higher critical value. Synonym: ampli(cid:173)
`tude gate. See also: transducer.
`(AP)
`l45-l 983s
`clipping (1) (voice-operated telephone circuit) The loss of ini(cid:173)
`tial or final pa11s of words or syllables due to nonicleal oper(cid:173)
`(EEC/PE) [ 1 19]
`ation of the voice-operated devices.
`(2) (computer graphics) A computer graphics technique in
`which display elements lying totally outside a view area are
`made invisible and display elements lying partially inside a
`view area are scissored to remove the parts outside the view
`area before they are mapped to the display image. Note: In
`two-dimensional graphics, this view area is called the win(cid:173)
`dow; in three-dimensional graphics, it is called the view
`volume. See also: scissoring; view volume; window; wrap(cid:173)
`around.
`
`D
`
`Defore Clipping
`
`After Clipping
`
`clipping
`
`(C) 610.6-1991
`(3) See also: clip.
`(NPS) 300-l 988r
`(4) See also: clipping-in.
`(PE/T&D) 524-1992
`clipping-in (conductor stringing equipment) The transfen-ing
`of sagged conductors from the travelers to their permanent
`suspension positions and the installing of the permanent sus(cid:173)
`pension clamps. Synonyms: clamping-in; clipping.
`(PE/T&D) 524-1992, 524a- l 993
`clipping offset (conductor stringing cq1iipment) A calculated
`distance, measured along the conductor from the plumb
`mark to a point on the conductor at which the center of the
`suspension clamp is to be placed. When stringing in rough
`terrain,, clipping offsets may be required to balance the hori(cid:173)
`zontal forces on each suspension structure.
`(PE/T&D) 524-1992
`
`clips See: contact clips; fuse clips.
`CLIST A command language used in the IBM MYS environ-
`ment.
`(C) 610.13-1993
`CLK A fixed-frequency clock signal. The main SBus timing
`(BA/C) 1496-1993
`signal.
`clock (1) (A) A device that generates periodic signals used for
`synchronization. (ll) A device that measures and indicates
`time. See also: master clock; real-time clock; time-of-day
`clock; timer; wall clock. (C) A register whose content
`changes at regular intervals in such a way as to measure time.
`[20]
`(C)
`(2) A signal, the transitions of which (between the low and
`high logic level [or vice versa]) are used to indicate when a
`stored-state device, such as a flip-flop or latch, may perf01m
`an operation.
`(C/TT) 1149.1-1990, 1149.5-1995
`(3) An object that measures the passage of time. The current
`value of the time measured by a clock can be queried and,
`possibly, set to a value within the legal range of the clock.
`(C/PA)
`!003.5b-1995, 9945-1-1996
`(4) (A) A device that generates periodic, accurately spaced
`signals used for such purposes as timing, regulation of the
`operations of a processor, or generation of interrupts.
`(B) To trigger a circuit to perform an operation, such as to
`(C) 610.10-1994
`accept data into a register.
`(5) See also: dynamometer.
`(PE/T&D) 5 l 6-l 987s, 524-1992
`clock accuracy The deviation from absolute accuracy per unit
`of time. In a hierarchical, master-slave synchronization plan,
`with one primary and at least one backup reference being
`designated for each local digital switch, the clock rate of the
`local switch is controlled by the master. Under that method
`of operation, the local digital switch should operate at zero
`
`4
`
`

`

`clock cycle
`
`164
`
`closed loop
`
`nominal slips. If the link connecting the master switch to the
`slave switch is broken, the number of slips will depend on
`clock accuracy.
`(COM) 973- l 990w
`clock cycle One period of the CLK signal, beginning with the
`rising edge of the signal and ending on the following rising
`(BA/C) 1496-1993
`edge of the signnl.
`clocked data one (CDl) A Manchester-encoded data 1. A CD I
`is encoded as a LO for the first half of the bit-cell and a HI
`for the second half of the bit-cell.
`(C/LM) 802.3u- l 995
`clocked data zero (CDO) A Manchester-encoded data 0. A
`CDO is encoded as a HI for the first half of the bit-cell and
`a LO for the second half of the bit-cell.
`(C/LM) 802.3u- l 995
`clocked logic (power-system communication) The technique
`whereby all the memory cells (flip-flops) of a logic net(cid:173)
`work are caused to change in accordance with logic input
`levels but at a discrete time. See also: digital.
`(PE) 599- l 985w
`clocked violation HI (CVH) A symbol that deliberately vio(cid:173)
`lates Manchester-encoding rules, used as a part of the Colli(cid:173)
`sion Presence signal. A CVH is encoded as a transition from
`LO to HI at the beginning of the bit cell, HI for the entire bit
`cell, and a transition from HI to LO at the end of the bit cell.
`(C/LM) 802.3u- l 995
`clocked violation LO (CVL) A symbol that deliberately vio(cid:173)
`lates Manchester-encoding rules, used as a part of the Colli(cid:173)
`sion Presence signal. A CVL is encoded as a transition from
`HI to LO at the beginning of the bit cell, LO for the entire
`bit cell, and a transition from LO to HI at the end of the bit
`cell.
`(C/LM) 802.3u-l 995
`clocking (data transmission) The generation of periodic sig(cid:173)
`nals used for synchronization. See also: data processing.
`(COM)
`[49]
`clocking bit (1) In asynchronous transmission, a bit that signals
`a synchronization event.
`(C) 610.7-1995
`(2) A bit containing an encoded signal, preceding the data
`within a data stream, or on a separate channel; used for es(cid:173)
`tablishing timing intervals. See also: clock track; synchroni(cid:173)
`zation bit.
`(C) 610.10-1994
`clock pulse See: clock signal.
`clock reference (digital accelerometer) Basic system timing
`(MTT) 457- J 982w
`reference.
`clock, reference A clock of very high stability and accuracy
`that may be completely autonomous and whose frequency
`serves as a basis of comparison for the frequency of other
`clocks.
`(COM) 1007-1991
`clock register See: timer.
`clock signal A periodic signal used for synchronizing events.
`Synonyms: clock pulse; timing pulse.
`(C) 610.10-1994
`clockStrobe signal A packet that causes a node to record its
`time-of-day registers (if any) when it is received, and to
`record the duration of the propagation of the packet within
`the node. Used for precisely synchronizing multiple time-of(cid:173)
`day clocks within a system.
`(C/MM) 1596-1992
`clock tick An interval of time. A number of these occur each
`second. Clock ticks are one of the units that may be used to
`express a value found in type c/ocLt.
`(C/PA) 9945-1-1996
`clock track A track on which a pattern of signals, known as
`synchronization bits, is recorded to provide a timing refer(cid:173)
`ence. Synonym: timing track. See also: clocking bit.
`(C) 610. I0-1994
`
`CLOS See: Common LISP Object System.
`(BA/C) 1275-1994
`close To destroy a package instance.
`close and latch The capability of a switching device to
`close (allow current flow) and immediately thereafter latch
`\remain closed) and conduct a specified current through the
`device under specified conditions.
`(PE/SWG) C37.!00-1992
`
`close coupling Any degree of coupling greater than the critical
`coupling. Synonym: tight coupling. See also: coupling; criti(cid:173)
`cal coupling.
`(EEC/PE) [ 119]
`closed ail· circuit (rotating machinery) A term referring to
`duct-ventilated apparatus used in conjunction with external
`components so constructed that while it is not necessarily
`airtight, the enclosed air has no deliberate connection with
`the external air. Note: The tenn must be qualified to describe
`the means used to circulate the cooling air and to remove the
`heat proclucecl in the apparatus.
`(PE)
`[9]
`closed amortisseur An amortisseur that has the encl connections
`connected together between poles by bolted or otherwise sep(cid:173)
`arable connections.
`(EEC/PE) [ 119]
`closed architecture An architecture for which design parame(cid:173)
`ters and specifications are not available to anyone except the
`manufacturer of the system. Contrast: open architecture.
`(C) 6!0.10-1994
`closed-circuit cooling (rotating machinery) A method of cool(cid:173)
`ing in which a primary coolant is circulated in a closed circuit
`through the machine and if necessary a heat exchanger. Heat
`is transfe1Tecl from the primary coolant to the secondary cool(cid:173)
`ant through the structural parts or in the heat exchanger.
`[9]
`(PE)
`closed-circuit principle The principle of circuit design in
`which a normally energized electric circuit, on being
`intenuptecl or cle-energizecl, will cause the controlled function
`(EEC/PE) [119]
`to assume its most restrictive condition.
`closed-circuit signaling (data transmission) That type of sig(cid:173)
`naling in which CUITent flows in the idle condition, and a
`signal is initiated by increasing or decreasing the current.
`(PE) 599- l 985w
`reduced-voltage
`to
`transition As applied
`closed-circuit
`controllers, including star-delta controllers, a method of start(cid:173)
`ing in which the power to the motor is not inten-upted during
`the starting sequence. See also: electric controller.
`[60]
`(IA)
`closed-circuit transition auto-transformer starting (rotating
`machinery) The process of auto-transfom1er starting
`whereby
`the motor remains connected
`to
`the supply
`during the transition from reduced to rated voltage.
`(PE)
`(9]
`closed-circnit voltage (batteries) The voltage at its tern1inals
`when a specified cun-ent is flowing. See also: battery.
`(EEC/PE) (119]
`closed construction Any building, building component, assem(cid:173)
`bly or system manufactured in such a manner that all con(cid:173)
`cealed parts of processes of manufacture cannot be inspected
`before installation at the building site without disassembly,
`damage, or destruction.
`(NEC/NESC) [86]
`closed curve (image processing and pattern recognition) A
`curve whose beginning and ending points are the same point.
`
`closed curve
`
`(C) 6!0.4-1990
`closed loop (1) (automatic control) A signal path that includes
`a forward path, a feedback path, and a summing point and
`that forms a closed circuit. See also: feedback loop.
`[60], [69]
`(IA)
`(2) (software) A loop that has no exit and whose execution
`can be interrupted only by intervention from outside the com(cid:173)
`puter program or procedure in which the loop is located. Con(cid:173)
`(C) 610.12-1990
`trast: UNTIL; WHILE.
`
`closed-loop C(
`
`closed-loop C(
`A type of al
`on signals f,
`For exampl·
`control of le
`control corr
`
`(2) Pertaini1
`sured and c'
`able range,
`into the sys
`onym: feed!
`
`closed-loop c1
`control syst
`and compar
`formance. f\
`into the con
`deviation ol
`also: contra
`
`(2) (high-p
`which the C<
`a standard r
`tion from th
`such sense I
`quantity fro
`closed-loop g
`gain, measu
`ing across t
`required at
`ciently larg<
`proximatecl
`resistor. See
`
`closed-loop se
`that employ:
`is always ad
`clirect-curre1
`closed-loop te:
`ment) Testi
`the equipme
`closed networ
`inating exte1
`trast: open 1
`closed-numbe
`numbering I
`dialed.
`closed subrm
`one place ai
`one or more
`
`(2) (softwar
`tion rather fr
`place that it
`
`closed user gr
`permitted cc
`other netwOI
`close-open op1
`followed im
`posely delay
`eration: Clm
`close operatio
`contacts frm
`sition. Note:
`
`close-talking r
`for use clos(
`phone.
`
`5
`
`