MODERN
`DICTIONARY
`of
`
`ELECTRONICS
`
`SEVENTH EDITION
`
`REVISED AND UPDATED
`
`Rudolf F. Graf
`
`byists
`stitute
`ronics
`. chief
`~ also
`n 150
`ty and
`•ibling
`, both
`~uages
`
`@
`
`Newnes
`Johannesburg Melbourne New Delhi
`
`Boston Oxford Auckland
`
`1
`
`Exhibit 1015
`Apple v. Qualcomm
`IPR2018-01249
`
`

`

`Newnes is an imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann.
`
`Copyright© 1999 by Rudolf F. Graf
`
`-@_ A member of the Reed Elsevier Group.
`
`All rights reserved.
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Graf, Rudolf F.
`Modern dictionary of electronics I Rudolf F. Graf. - 7th ed.,
`revised and updated.
`p.
`cm.
`ISBN 0-7506-9866-7 (alk. paper)
`1. Electronics -Dictionaries. I. Title
`TK7804.G67 1999
`621.381'03 -dc2 l
`
`99-17889
`CIP
`
`British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
`A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
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`2
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`

`

`class 0 insulating material - clock
`
`class 0 insulating material -An unimpregnated
`material or combination of materials, such as cotton, silk,
`or paper. Other materials or combinations of materials
`may be included if shown to be capable of satisfactory
`operation at 90°C.
`class S amplifier-A pulse-width-modulated audio
`amplifier in which the active elements are switched
`by a control frequency several times higher than the
`signal frequency being amplified. Class S offers an ideal
`efficiency of 90 percent.
`clavier-Any keyboard, either hand or foot operated.
`clean room -A confined area in which the humid(cid:173)
`ity, temperature, and particulate matter arc precisely con(cid:173)
`trolled within specified units. The class designation of the
`clean room defines the maximum number of particles of
`0.3-micron size or larger that may exist in one cubic foot
`of space anywhere in the designated area. For example, in
`a Class 1 clean room, only one particle of any kind may
`exist in one cubic foot of space. Newer clean rooms are
`typically Class 1 to 10, and are needed for manufacturing
`ICs with feature size close to 1 micron.
`clear- 1. Also called reset. To restore a storage or
`memory device to a prescribed or nonprogrammed state,
`usually to zero or off (empty). 2. Remove all components
`of a calculation in a calculator. 3. In a calculator, to erase
`the contents of a display, memory, or storage register.
`4. As used in security work, the term clear is synonymous
`with reset, meaning that a latched circuit is restored
`to normal state. 5. Signal to reset or set all signals to
`an initial known state (usually zero). 6. The process of
`setting the contents of a register, flag, or memory location
`to zero. 7. To erase the contents of a display or a memory
`or storage register.
`clearance-The shortest distance through space
`between two live parts, between live parts and supports
`or other objects, or between any live part and grounded
`part.
`· clear channel -
`In the standard broadcast band,
`a channel such that the station assigned to it is free
`of objectionable interference through all of its primary
`service area and most of its secondary service area.
`clear entry- Remove only the last number, not the
`entire calculation, in a calculator.
`clear entry/clear all -- In a calculator, a key used
`to clear the last entry or to clear the machine completely.
`clearing -1. Removal of a ilaw or weak spot in
`the dielectric of a metallized capacitor hy the electrical
`vaporization of the metallized electrode at the llaw. 2. The
`ability of a lightning protector to interrupt follow current
`before the operation of circuit fuses or breakers. In the
`case of a simple gap, clearing frequently requires some
`external assistance.
`clearing ends-The operation of removing the
`sheath from the encl of a cable, eliminating all moisture,
`and checking for crosses, shorts, and grounds in prepara(cid:173)
`tion for testing.
`clearing-out drop - A drop signal associated with
`a cord or trunk circuit and operated by ringing current to
`attract the operator's attention.
`clear input--An asynchronous input to a flip-!lop
`used to set the Q output to logic zero.
`clear memory key- Removes what is stored in a
`memory register of a calculator.
`clear raster ---A raster free of snow such as would
`be obtained in the absence of a video signal on either the
`cathodes or the grids of the three guns in the color CRT
`(mostly a function of bias conditions).
`clear terminal -See reset terminal.
`clear to send-See CTS.
`click-To point a mouse pointer at a word or icon
`on a monitor, press a mouse button, and then release it
`
`122
`
`l23
`
`quickly. Clicking is usually performed to select or deselect
`an item or to activate a program or a program feature.
`click and pop suppressor-An audio-signal(cid:173)
`processing accessory. It removes or greatly reduces the
`audible transient sounds resulting from scratches and
`blemishes on the smface of a phonograph record.
`click filter- A capacitor and resistor connected
`across the contacts of a switch or relay to prevent a surge
`from being introduced into an adjacent circuit. See also
`key-click filter.
`click-noise modulation-A clipping action per(cid:173)
`formed to increase the bandwidth of a jamming signal.
`Results in more energy in the sidebands, correspondingly
`less energy in the carrier, and an increase in the ratio of
`average power to peak power.
`client-A software program or computer that requests
`infmmation from another computer.
`client-server network-· A network that uses a
`central computer (server) to store data that is accessed
`from other computers on the network (clients).
`clipboard -A temporary storage place in a computer
`where text or graphics are stored.
`clipper-A device whose output is zero or a fixed
`value for instantaneous input amplitudes up to a certain
`value, but is a function of the input for amplitudes
`exceeding the critical value.
`clipper amplifier-An amplifier designed to limit
`the instantaneous value of its output to a predetermined
`maximum.
`clipper-limiter-Also called slicer. A device whose
`output is a function of the instantaneous input amplitude
`for a range of values lying between two predetermined
`limits, but is approximately constant at another level for
`input values above the range.
`clipping -1. The loss of initial or final parts of words
`or syllables due to less than ideal operation of voice(cid:173)
`operated devices. 2. Term used to express the clipping
`of the peaks of a waveform when an amplifier is driven
`beyond its power capacity. The flattening of the tips of
`the sine wave due to clipping. 3. Severe distortion caused
`by overloading the input of an amplifier. A sine-wave
`signal wavefo1m has a flat top and bottom at the peaks
`when clipping occurs. 4. The deforming and distortion of
`speech signals due to limiting the maximum amplitude of
`the signals. 5. The shearing off of the peaks of a signal.
`For a pictme signal, this may affect either the positive
`(white) or negative (black) peaks. For a composite video
`signal, the sync signal may be affected. 6. Removing parts
`of display elements that lie outside defined bounds. Also
`called scissoring. 7. The loss of one or more bits at the
`beginning of a transmission, typically caused by a delay
`in line turnaround or echo suppression. (May also occur
`in voice communication, with the loss of the beginning
`of an initial syllable.)
`
`Clipping, 3.
`
`clipping level - The signal level at which clipping
`(distortion) just begins to occm.
`clock- I. A pulse generator or signal waveform used
`to achieve synchronization of the tinling of switching
`
`circuits and the
`It dete1mines the
`in a system: us
`of timing pulses.
`timing pulses to !
`ns well as keep 1
`certain sequence
`device for produ
`pulses of fixed fr
`clock cabh
`electrical charac
`(master) frequern
`clocked-Pi
`which gating is
`flip-!lop to chani
`the clocking inp·
`input is present.
`clocked flip
`that it is trigger<
`present at the sai
`clocked R-!
`conditioning inp1
`upon arrival of
`enabled, the flip(cid:173)
`clocked; if the l
`assumes the log
`pulse must be ~
`!lop.
`clock frequc
`frequency of per
`operation of the
`clock gener
`plies a chain of
`the clock circuit
`clocking-'
`information.
`clock input(cid:173)
`or change of cc
`through the syrn
`output state of tl
`signals to enter
`flip-flop to chan:
`clock puls1
`duced by a cloc
`into a flip-flop
`JK flip-flops, th1
`inputs are both I
`clock rate(cid:173)
`acters of a wore
`computer eleme
`cycles (in a pai
`serial-operation
`(frequency) at "'
`by the rate at wl
`internal logic S(
`pulse rate at wh
`a fixed relations]
`and the clock n
`and type. All fa
`limit the clock 1
`emitted from a •
`clock skew
`bution system i1
`delays in clock '
`tion paths. 2. U1
`edges; can exist
`signals in differ
`clock slips
`with respect to
`can cause mode
`
`3
`
`

`

`122
`
`123
`
`:[ect or deselect
`:ram feature.
`l audio-signal(cid:173)
`tly reduces the
`scratches and
`record.
`;tor connected
`Jrevent a surge
`rcuit. See also
`
`11g action per(cid:173)
`mming signal.
`Jrrespondingly
`in the ratio of
`
`;r that requests
`
`c that uses a
`at is accessed
`its).
`in a computer
`
`:ro or a fixed
`p to a certain
`)r amplitudes
`
`gned to limit
`)redetermined
`
`device whose
`mt amplitude
`•redetermined
`ther level for
`
`•arts of words
`on of voice(cid:173)
`thc clipping
`fier is driven
`•f the tips of
`ntion caused
`A. sine-wave
`at the peaks
`distortion of
`amplitude of
`of a signal.
`the positive
`posite video
`noving parts
`ounds. Also
`~ bits at the
`I by a delay
`r also occur
`e beginning
`
`;h clipping
`
`efonn used
`switching
`
`circuits and the memory in a digital computer system.
`It determines the speed of the CPU. 2. A timing device
`in a system: usually it provides a continuous series
`of timing pulses. 3. An electronic circuit that generates
`timing pulses to synchronize the operation of a computer
`as well as keep time. 4. A strobe signal that activates a
`certain sequence of operations. 5. An electronic circuit or
`device for producing precisely timed, repetitive voltage
`pulses of fixed frequency and amplitude.
`clock cable- Cable of specific impedance and
`to distribute the clock
`electrical characteiistics used
`(master) frequency where needed in digital computers.
`clocked - Pertaining to the type of operation in
`which gating is added to a basic flip-flop to permit the
`flip-flop to change state only when there is a change in
`the clocking input or an enabling level of the clocking
`input is present.
`clocked flip-flop-A flip-flop circuit designed so
`that it is triggered only if trigger and clock pulses are
`present at the same time.
`clocked R-S flip-flop-A flip-flop in which two
`conditioning inputs control the state the flip-flop assumes
`upon arrival of the clock pulse. If the S (set) input is
`enabled, the flip-flop assumes the logic 1 condition when
`clocked; if the R (reset) input is enabled, the flip-flop
`assumes the logic 0 condition when clocked. A clock
`pulse must be applied to change the state of the flip(cid:173)
`Jlop.
`clock frequency-In digital computers, the master
`frequency of periodic pulses that are used to schedule the
`operation of the computer.
`clock generator-A test-signal generator that sup(cid:173)
`plies a chain of pulses identical with those supplied by
`the clock circuit of a digital computer.
`clocking-Time-synchronizing
`information.
`clock input- That flip-flop tenninal whose condition
`or change of conditions controls the admission of data
`through the synchronous inputs and thereby controls the
`output state of the flip-flop. The clock signal permits data
`signals to enter the flip-flop and, after entry, directs the
`flip-flop to change state accordingly.
`clock pulse -
`1. The synchronization signal pro(cid:173)
`duced by a clock. 2. A pulse used to gate information
`into a flip-flop operated in the synchronous mode. (In
`JK Hip-flops, the clock pulse causes counting if the data
`inputs are both held in logic 1.)
`clock rate- 1. The rate at which a word or char(cid:173)
`acters of a word (bits) are transfeITed from one internal
`computer element to another. Clock rate is expressed in
`cycles (in a parallel-operation machine, in words; in a
`serial-operation machine, in bits) per second. 2. The speed
`(frequency) at which a processor operates, as determined
`by the rate at which words or bits are transfeITed through
`internal logic sequences. 3. The minimum or maximum
`pulse rate at which adc counters may be driven. There is
`a fixed relationship between the minimum conversion rate
`and the clock rate, depending on the conve1ter accuracy
`and type. All factors that affect conversion rate of an adc
`limit the clock rate. 4. The time rate at which pulses are
`emitted from a clock.
`clock skew-1. Phase shift in a single clock distri(cid:173)
`bution system in a digital circuit. It results from different
`delays in clock driving elements and/or different distribu(cid:173)
`tion paths. 2. Unintentional time difference between clock
`edges; can exist between clock phases or between clock
`signals in different parts of a circuit.
`clock slips-The relative shift of a system clock
`with respect to data in synchronous systems. Clock slips
`can cause modems to lose synchronization.
`
`communication
`
`clock cable - closed loop
`
`clock stagger--1. Time separation of clock pulses
`in a multiphase clock system. 2. Voltage separation
`between the clock thresholds in a flip-flop.
`clockwise-polarized wave-See right-handed
`polarized wave.
`clone -
`1. A PC designed to duplicate the behavior
`and performance of another personal computer, usually
`an IBM PC. 2. A copy that performs the same as the
`hardware, software, cellular phone, or computer on which
`it was based.
`close-captioned lV -A text service for the hard(cid:173)
`of-hearing TV audience that decodes a text subcarrier
`and displays it at the bottom of the TV frame on the
`accompanying video picture. It docs not interfere with
`the standard audio FM subcarrier.
`close coupling -1. Coupling between two circuits
`so that (a) most of the power flowing in one is transferred
`to the other and (b) impedance changes in one circuit
`greatly affect the other. 2. Also called tight coupling. Any
`degree of coupling greater than critical coupling.
`closed architecture -1. A system whose charac(cid:173)
`teristics are proprietary and therefore cannot be readily
`connected with other systems (compare with open archi(cid:173)
`tecture). 2. Equipment designed to work only with periph(cid:173)
`erals and accessories made by the same company.
`closed array-An airny that cannot be extended at
`either end.
`closed circuit-1. A complete electric circuit
`through which ctment may flow when a voltage is applied.
`2. A program source, audio or video, that is not broadcast
`for general consumptim~, but is feel to remote monitored
`units by wire.
`closed-circuit communication systems(cid:173)
`Certain communication systems that arc entirely self(cid:173)
`contained and do not exchange intelligence with other
`facilities and systems.
`closed-circuit jack-A jack that has its through
`circuits normally closed. Circuits are opened by inserting
`a mating plug.
`closed-circuit signaling - Signaling in which cur(cid:173)
`rent flows in the idle conditions and a signal is initiated
`by increasing or decreasing the cmTent.
`closed-circuit system -An intrnsion alarm sys(cid:173)
`tem in which the sensors of each zone are connected in
`series so that the same current exists in each sensor. When
`an acti vatccl sensor breaks the circuit or the connecting
`wire is cut, an. alarm is transmitted for that zone.
`closed-circuit
`television -Abbreviated CCTV.
`l. A television system in which the television signals
`are not broadcast, but are transmitted over a closed
`circuit and received only by interconnected receivers.
`2. Transmission and reception of video signals via wire
`carriers.
`closed entry- A design that places a limit on the
`size of a mating part.
`closed-entry contact-A female contact designed
`to prevent the entry of a device that has a cross-sectional
`dimension greater than that of a mating pin.
`close-differential relay- A relay whose dropout
`value is specified close to its pickup value.
`closed loop-1. A circuit in which the output is con(cid:173)
`tinuously feel back to the input for constant comparison.
`2. In a computer, a group of indefinitely repeated instruc(cid:173)
`tions. 3. A system with feedback control in which the
`output is used to control the input. 4. An automatic control
`system in which feedback is used to link a controlled pro(cid:173)
`cess back to the original command signal. The feedback
`mechanism compares the actual controlled value with the
`desired value; if there is any difference, an error signal is
`created that helps correct the variation. In automation,
`feedback closes the loop. 5. A control mrnngemcnt in
`
`4
`
`