United States Patent [19J
`Richardson et al.
`
`I lllll llllllll Ill lllll lllll lllll lllll lllll 111111111111111111111111111111111
`US005976083A
`[11] Patent Number:
`[45] Date of Patent:
`
`5,976,083
`Nov. 2, 1999
`
`[54] PORTABLE AEROBIC FITNESS MONITOR
`FOR WALKING AND RUNNING
`
`[75]
`
`Inventors: J. Jeffrey Richardson, Boulder; Ted D.
`Wade, Littleton, both of Colo.
`
`[73] Assignee: Living Systems, Inc., Boulder, Colo.
`
`[21] Appl. No.: 08/902,748
`
`[22] Filed:
`
`Jul. 30, 1997
`
`Int. Cl.6
`........................................................ A61B 5/02
`[51]
`[52] U.S. Cl. .......................... 600/300; 600/481; 600/587;
`482/8; 482/901
`[58] Field of Search ..................................... 600/500, 502,
`600/520, 587, 592, 595; 482/3, 4, 8, 9,
`900, 901, 300, 481
`
`[56]
`
`References Cited
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`4,192,000
`4,434,801
`4,566,461
`4,757,453
`4,771,394
`4,830,021
`4,867,442
`5,117,444
`5,314,389
`5,435,315
`5,485,402
`5,524,637
`
`3/1980 Lipsey ......................................... 482/8
`3/1984 Jiminez et al.
`......................... 600/502
`1/1986 Lubell et al.
`........................... 600/481
`7/1988 Nasiff ...................................... 364/415
`9/1988 Cavanagh ................................ 364/561
`5/1989 Thornton ................................. 600/520
`9/1989 Matthews .................................... 482/8
`5/1992 Sutton et al.
`.......................... 377/24.2
`5/1994 Dolan .......................................... 482/3
`7/1995 McPhee et al. ......................... 600/502
`1/1996 Smith et al.
`............................ 364/566
`6/1996 Erickson ................................. 600/592
`
`Primary Examiner-Cary O'Connor
`Assistant Examiner-Charles Marmer, II
`Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Jay R Beyer; Stephen C Sheer
`
`[57]
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`A personal fitness monitoring device and a method for
`assessing the fitness of an individual as the individual
`exercises includes using a pedometer to determine and
`output data representing the locomotion of the individual. A
`heart rate monitor determines and outputs data representing
`the heart rate of the individual. A determination arrangement
`calculates the fitness of the individual as the individual
`exercises using personal data provided by the individual in
`combination with the data outputs of the pedometer and the
`heart rate without requiring a predetermined exercise
`regime. In one embodiment, the pedometer calculates a
`distance traveled by the individual using personal data
`provided by the individual. The personal fitness monitoring
`device may further include a user interface for communi(cid:173)
`cating with the user. The user interface uses a single user
`controlled selecting mechanism to select a desired one of
`various user selectable options. The single user controlled
`selecting mechanism is arranged such that the user selects
`the desired option by actuating the selecting mechanism
`during or immediately following the time during which the
`desired option is being presented by the user interface. The
`personal fitness monitoring device may also include a pre(cid:173)
`dicting arrangement for tracking and predicting the fitness of
`the individual.
`
`23 Claims, 14 Drawing Sheets
`
`096
`
`090
`
`092
`
`Apple v. Uniloc
`
`Page 1 of 34
`
`Apple Ex. 1007
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 2, 1999
`
`Sheet 1 of 14
`
`5,976,083
`
`HEART RATE
`INDICATION 009
`
`I -
`
`-
`
`£JTNESS_M_Q_N_!_!OR ~OJ_ ~- -
`
`-
`
`l
`/
`
`PERSONAL DATA 005
`
`. - - - - - - - - - ' - - - - - ,
`
`019
`FITNESS
`PREDICTION
`ARRANGEMENT
`
`/
`I
`BODILY
`I
`017
`MOVEMENT
`015
`FITNESS
`I
`007
`-~--~PEDOMETER t----+-~ ASSESSMENT
`I
`ARRANGEMENT
`I
`I
`I AUDIO
`AUDIO
`/
`I
`/ OUTPUT
`023
`021 MESSAGES 024
`USER
`SELECTING ACTIONS 011
`I 003
`-----+---~~ INTERFACE
`AUDIO
`OUTPUT..-------+-------=-
`AUXILIARY AUDIO 013
`------+---'-----------~SWITCH
`\ _______________ ~
`I
`FIG. 1
`
`-----
`
`027
`STEP PARAMETER
`ASSIGNMENT
`MODULE
`
`-
`
`I
`
`BODILY
`MOVEMENT 007~
`I
`
`PEDOMETER 015 ~
`,---------~ - - - - - - - - - 1
`I
`I
`030
`-
`I
`I
`GAIT
`I
`MODEL
`PERSONAL /
`I
`DATA 005~
`I
`I
`I
`LOCOMOTION
`031
`PARAMETERS
`I
`01s,
`I REAL-TIME
`CLOCK
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`
`-
`
`029
`-
`PEDOMETER
`STORAGE
`ARRANGEMENT
`t
`
`025
`ACCELEROMETER
`SUBSYSTEM
`
`FIG.2
`
`Apple v. Uniloc
`
`Page 2 of 34
`
`Apple Ex. 1007
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 2, 1999
`
`Sheet 2 of 14
`
`5,976,083
`
`USER INTERFACE 021~
`, - - - - - - - - - -L - - - - - -1
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I CURRENT
`OPTION
`037 PRESENTATIO
`N
`-
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`- RECITATION
`I
`MECHANISM
`
`I
`CURRENT STATE 049~
`I
`TRIGGER SIGNAL 051 ~
`I
`SELECTING ~
`ACTION 11a
`
`1
`I
`
`I
`SELECTING
`ACTION 11b ~
`I
`I
`SELECTING • ~
`ACTION 11 c I
`I
`I
`
`~
`033
`-
`
`035
`-
`MENU
`STORAGE
`ARRANGEMENT
`
`CURRENT
`OPTION
`DESIGNATION
`045~
`
`ll
`
`SELECTION -
`
`0390
`-
`
`TRANSDUCER
`
`039b
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`TRANSDUCER
`
`r---
`
`SELECTING
`MECHANISM
`
`039c
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`TRANSDUCER
`
`I
`I
`
`- -,
`I
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`! OUTPUT
`' 003
`
`061
`
`FIG.3
`
`AUDIO OUTPUT SWITCH 023 \
`I -
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`-
`-
`-
`I
`I
`
`060
`
`i
`
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`
`FADER
`ARRANGEMENT
`
`AUDIO
`OUTPUT
`DEVICE
`
`AUXILIARY
`AUDIO 013
`
`AUDIO
`MESSAGES 024
`
`INTERRUPT
`CONTROL
`SIGNAL 059
`
`I
`I
`
`I
`L
`
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`
`-- -
`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`F/G.4
`
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`
`-
`
`-
`
`- _I
`
`Apple v. Uniloc
`
`Page 3 of 34
`
`Apple Ex. 1007
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 2, 1999
`
`Sheet 3 of 14
`
`5,976,083
`
`FITNESS ASSESSMENT ARRANGEMENT 017~
`1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I
`070
`I
`-
`I
`I
`
`PRIOR FITNESS -
`STORAGE
`ARRANGEMENT
`l
`
`069
`-
`
`LOCOMOTION
`PARAMETERS 016"'
`
`065
`-
`
`EXERTION
`MEASURING
`ARRANGEMENT
`
`----
`
`I
`I
`I
`I
`FITNESS
`PERSONAL DATA 0051.
`ASSESSMENT
`071.1..
`I
`I
`I
`HEART RATE
`I
`-
`INDICATION 009 t_
`I
`HEART BEAT
`I
`I
`SUBSYSTEM
`l ________________ J
`FIG.5
`
`FITNESS
`DETERMINATION
`
`067 ---- ARRANGEMENT
`
`TIME TO NEXT ZONE 082
`i
`FITNESS
`STORAGE
`ARRANGEMENT
`
`\
`
`075
`
`-
`
`073
`-
`
`FITNESS PREDICTION ARRANGEMENT 0191
`1---------------~~
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`FITNESS
`I
`I
`ASSESSMENT 071~
`I
`I
`FITNESS
`I
`PREDICTION
`081 \_I
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`I
`I
`- _I
`
`I
`
`PERSONAL DATA 005~
`I
`I
`I
`L _
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`FITNESS
`PREDICTION
`MODULE
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`FIG.6
`
`Apple v. Uniloc
`
`Page 4 of 34
`
`Apple Ex. 1007
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 2, 1999
`
`Sheet 4 of 14
`
`5,976,083
`
`094
`
`096
`
`--(cid:173)
`
`/,.-
`
`,,,,,,.
`
`,.(cid:173)
`
`/
`
`/
`
`/
`
`/
`
`I
`I
`/
`
`I
`
`090
`
`001
`
`) ~
`
`092
`
`FIG.7
`
`Apple v. Uniloc
`
`Page 5 of 34
`
`Apple Ex. 1007
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 2, 1999
`
`Sheet 5 of 14
`
`5,976,083
`
`,---1
`I
`I
`I
`I - - -
`..t
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`(j)
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`
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`
`tO
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`.......
`
`Apple v. Uniloc
`
`Page 6 of 34
`
`Apple Ex. 1007
`
`

`

`.... = 00
`
`~
`
`0--,
`.....::.
`\C
`....
`Ul
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
`I
`:
`
`I
`
`HOUSING
`SYSTEM
`
`092
`
`Apple v. Uniloc
`
`Page 7 of 34
`
`Apple Ex. 1007
`
`

`

`.... = 00
`
`~
`
`0--,
`.....::.
`\C
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`Ul
`
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`
`FIG. 10
`
`USER db 166
`
`SUMMARY
`
`186
`
`DAY
`
`SUMMARY
`
`186
`
`DAY
`
`SUMMARY
`SESSION
`
`184
`
`PROCESS
`SUMMARY
`LONGTERM
`
`MAKE
`
`164
`
`SUMMARIZE
`
`PROCESS
`
`160
`
`DAY
`
`SUMMARY
`
`186
`
`DAY
`
`SUMMARIES
`
`SPAN
`
`188
`
`VOCABULARY db 164
`
`PERSONAL DATA 005
`CONFIGURATION 182,
`
`SYSTEM
`
`SUMMARY
`SESSION
`
`184
`
`SUMMATIONS 180
`
`STATUS 178,
`
`SESSION
`
`STEP
`
`SUMMARIZE
`
`PROCESS
`SESSION
`
`158
`
`STATUS
`SESSION
`
`178
`
`TRIGGER
`ALARM
`
`1 76,
`
`PROCESS
`STATUS
`
`USER
`TRACK
`
`/
`
`156
`
`STATISTICS
`
`STEP
`
`190
`
`HEART BEAT 170
`ACCELERATION 168,
`
`PROCESS
`SENSORS
`MONITOR
`·-..._""
`/".
`
`154
`
`t
`
`PROCESS
`EAR MENU
`
`152
`
`REPORTS 172
`
`PRESENTATION 047,
`CURRENT OPTION
`
`u?loR ~· . _____ SELECT6~~ ACTION
`
`Apple v. Uniloc
`
`Page 8 of 34
`
`Apple Ex. 1007
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 2, 1999
`
`Sheet 8 of 14
`
`5,976,083
`
`BEGIN PROGRAM
`
`YES
`
`SUMMARIZE
`DAY PROCESS
`160
`
`IS
`BUTTON
`PRESSED FOR
`FIRST TIME
`
`LONG PAUSE
`IN
`LOCOMOTION
`
`ADD Q STATES:
`'MAIN PERSONAL NOT'
`
`USER SELECTS
`"END SESSION"
`
`START
`MONITOR SENSORS
`PROCESS 154
`
`STATE/MENU
`LOOP 192
`
`STOP MONITOR
`SENSORS
`PROCESS 154
`
`BUTTON IS
`PRESSED WHILE
`STATE QUEUE
`EMPTY
`
`LOCOMOTION
`STARTS?
`
`SUMMARIZE
`SESSION
`PROCESS 158
`
`ADD Q STATES:
`'STOP RESULTS'
`'STOP GOODBYE'
`
`ADD Q STATES:
`'MAIN START'
`
`>-----
`
`YES
`
`START TRACK
`USER STATUS
`PROCESS 156
`
`FRONT STATE=
`'STOP GOOD BYE'
`
`ADD Q STATES:
`'MAIN SNAPSHOTS'
`
`STATE/MENU
`LOOP 192
`
`END
`PROGRA~
`
`FIG. 11
`
`Apple v. Uniloc
`
`Page 9 of 34
`
`Apple Ex. 1007
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 2, 1999
`
`Sheet 9 of 14
`
`5,976,083
`
`154 ~
`
`SAMPLE
`TIMER
`INTERRUPT
`194
`
`SESSION END
`MESSAGE
`
`BEGIN
`
`STOP
`BACKGROUND t - - - - - - - - f
`SCAN A(B)
`
`START
`BACKGROUND
`SCAN B(A)
`
`DETECT FOOTFALLS AND
`ADD SUMMARIZED STEPS
`TO STEP QUEUE
`
`USE RAW SAMPLES FROM
`A(B) TO COMPUTE MOVING
`AVERAGE ACCELERATION
`
`DETECT HEART BEATS
`AND ADD TO BEAT QUEUE
`
`NO
`
`REPORT
`LOCOMOTION STARTS
`TO EAR MENU
`-------1
`PROCESS 152
`
`DEQUEUE UNREPORTED
`STEPS AS STEP _STATISTICS
`
`REPORT ONGOING REST
`PERIOD AS STEP
`STATISTICS 190
`
`FIG. 12
`
`ADD Q STATES:
`'LONG PAUSE'
`
`STATE/MENU
`LOOP 192
`
`Apple v. Uniloc
`
`Page 10 of 34
`
`Apple Ex. 1007
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 2, 1999
`
`Sheet 10 of 14
`
`5,976,083
`
`DETECTING STEPS AS FOOTFALLS
`---ACCELERATION
`................... BASELINE (AVG)
`
`FOOTFALLS
`
`.···.
`
`...
`
`. .. ·
`
`4.0
`
`3.0
`
`00 c.o
`
`:z:
`0
`~ 2.0
`e::::
`LLJ
`_J
`LLJ
`(.)
`(.)
`<
`
`ELAPSED TIME
`IN SECONDS
`FIG. 13a
`
`COMPONENTS OF A STEP
`L3
`
`HEELSTRIKJ
`195
`
`TOE PUSH-OFF
`---197
`
`....
`
`RISEB
`198
`
`~- DUR---=-1
`202
`
`FIG. 13b
`
`Apple v. Uniloc
`
`Page 11 of 34
`
`Apple Ex. 1007
`
`

`

`.... = 00
`
`~
`
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`.....::.
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`
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`
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`SPEED=
`
`FIG. 14
`
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`
`7.764
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`
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`6.57
`SPEED= 11 SPEED=
`
`030~
`
`Apple v. Uniloc
`
`Page 12 of 34
`
`Apple Ex. 1007
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 2, 1999
`
`Sheet 12 of 14
`
`5,976,083
`
`1192
`
`BEGIN
`
`DEQUEUE
`RELATED STATES
`
`EXECUTE CURRENT
`STATE 049
`
`CURRENT STATE
`049=
`CURRENT OPTION
`DESIGNATION 045
`
`DEQUEUE
`STATE
`
`END
`
`NO
`
`BEGIN FRONT UTTERANCE-----.
`
`STOP
`UTTERANCE
`
`BUTTON IS PRESSED
`WHILE UTTERANCE
`ONGOING OR BEFORE
`NEXT UTTERANCE
`
`UTTERANCES
`FINISHED
`
`NO
`
`YES
`
`FIG. 15
`
`Apple v. Uniloc
`
`Page 13 of 34
`
`Apple Ex. 1007
`
`

`

`.... = 00
`
`~
`
`0--,
`.....::.
`\C
`....
`Ul
`
`'"""'
`.i;;..
`0 .....,
`'"""' ~
`~ .....
`'Jl =(cid:173)~
`
`\C
`\C
`'"""'
`\C
`~N
`~
`0
`z
`
`~ = ......
`~ ......
`~
`•
`\JJ.
`d •
`
`"SELECT AN ITEM TO SET"
`PERSONAL DROPTHRU:
`
`"PERSONAL DATA?"
`OTHER PERSONAL:
`
`"ALARMS?"
`
`OTHER ALARMS:
`
`"REPORTS?"
`
`OTHER REPORTS:
`
`"WEIGHT IS 170 LBS"
`PERSONAL WEIGHT:
`
`hl"YOUR PREFERENCES?"
`OTHER PREFERENCES:
`
`hi "PERSONAL DATA?"
`OTHER PERSONAL:
`
`"ALARMS?"
`
`OTHER ALARMS:
`
`"HEIGHT NEEDS TO BE SET ... "
`
`PERSONAL HEIGHT:
`
`"LEG LENGTH IS 32 IN."
`
`PERSONAL LEGLEN:
`
`II AGE IS 45 YEARS"
`
`PERSONAL AGE:
`
`"REPEAT CHOICES?"
`OTHER PERSONAL:
`
`~
`
`~"YOUR PREFERENCES?"
`OTHER PREFERENCES:
`
`"PERSONAL DATA?"
`OTHER PERSONAL:
`
`";\
`
`"YOUR PREFERENCES?"
`OTHER PREFERENCES:
`
`BUTTON PRESS
`
`QUEUE FRONT
`
`"UTTERANCE"
`STATE:
`191=
`STATE QUEUE
`
`QUEUE REAR
`
`ITEM TO SET"
`
`I "SELECT AN
`
`X--------
`
`FIG. 16
`
`TIME
`
`DESIGNATION 045
`CURRENT OPTION------------------------------------OTHER PERSONAL-(cid:173)
`
`"PERSONAL DATA?"
`
`I
`
`"ALARMS?"
`
`11
`
`"REPORTS?"
`
`UTTERANCES I
`
`Apple v. Uniloc
`
`Page 14 of 34
`
`Apple Ex. 1007
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 2, 1999
`
`Sheet 14 of 14
`
`5,976,083
`
`HEART RATE (HR) VS ENERGY EXPENDITURE (EE)
`PER STEP
`
`MAX HR
`227 1--~~~~~~~~~~
`0
`
`HEART
`RATE
`226
`
`0
`
`0
`
`0
`
`0
`
`0
`
`0
`
`I
`BASAL EE
`
`ENERGY
`EXPENDITURE
`228
`
`I
`MAX EE 230=RAW FITNESS 232
`
`FITNESS TREND
`CURVE 229
`
`TODAY
`
`MAX EE
`230
`
`PREDICTED
`FITNESS 234
`PRESENT
`FITNESS 236
`
`I
`-100 DAYS
`
`I
`0
`TODAY
`
`+100 DAYS
`
`MAX EE OVER DAYS
`
`FIG. 1 7
`
`Apple v. Uniloc
`
`Page 15 of 34
`
`Apple Ex. 1007
`
`

`

`5,976,083
`
`1
`PORTABLE AEROBIC FITNESS MONITOR
`FOR WALKING AND RUNNING
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`The present invention relates to personal fitness monitor(cid:173)
`ing devices. More specifically, the invention relates to a
`personal fitness monitoring device that may be worn by an
`individual while the individual is exercising. The fitness
`monitoring device monitors the aerobic fitness of the user as
`the user exercises and provides the user with information
`about the current exercise session, an assessment of the
`user's current fitness level, and a prediction of the user's
`future fitness.
`
`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`A personal fitness monitoring device and a method for
`assessing the fitness of an individual as the individual
`exercises is herein disclosed. The fitness monitoring device
`includes a pedometer for determining and outputting data
`representing the locomotion of the individual. A heart rate
`monitor determines and outputs data representing the heart
`rate of the individual. A determination arrangement calcu(cid:173)
`lates the fitness of the individual as the individual exercises
`using personal data provided by the individual in combina(cid:173)
`tion with the data outputs of the pedometer and the heart rate
`monitor without requiring a predetermined exercise regime.
`In one embodiment, the pedometer of the personal fitness
`monitoring device includes an accelerometer for measuring
`and outputting data representing the vertical accelerations
`caused by each step of the individual as the individual is 30
`walking or running. A clock is used to segment the output of
`the accelerometer into a time series of data points repre(cid:173)
`senting the output of the accelerometer. A distance determi(cid:173)
`nation arrangement calculates a distance traveled by the
`individual using personal data provided by the individual in 35
`combination with the data outputs of the accelerometer and
`the clock.
`In another embodiment, the personal fitness monitoring
`device further includes a user interface for communicating
`with the user. The user interface includes menus having a
`plurality of various user selectable options available to the
`user for controlling the operation of the personal fitness
`monitoring device. The various user selectable options of the
`menus are successively presented to the user. A single user
`controlled selecting mechanism is used for selecting a 45
`desired one of the various user selectable options of the
`menus. The single user controlled selecting mechanism is
`arranged such that the user selects the desired option by
`actuating the selecting mechanism during or immediately
`following the time during which the desired option is being 50
`presented by the user interface.
`In one version of the above described embodiment, the
`arrangement for presenting the various user selectable
`options to the user is provided by an audio producing
`arrangement which presents the options to the user in the 55
`form of recorded or synthesized speech. This embodiment
`may further include an auxiliary audio fader arrangement.
`The audio fader arrangement has an auxiliary audio input
`connector for receiving an auxiliary audio input signal from
`an auxiliary audio device. A fader, which is controlled by the 60
`operation of the personal fitness monitoring device, connects
`the auxiliary audio input signal to an audio output device
`used by the user interface of the personal fitness monitoring
`device to present the user interface messages. The fader is
`configured to suppress the auxiliary audio input signal when 65
`the user interface of personal fitness monitoring device
`presents a message to the user.
`
`10
`
`2
`In another embodiment, the personal fitness monitoring
`device further includes a predicting arrangement for tracking
`and predicting the fitness of the individual. The predicting
`arrangement includes a memory arrangement for storing the
`5 data representing the fitness of the individual each time the
`individual exercises using the personal fitness monitoring
`device. A fitness projecting arrangement calculates a pro(cid:173)
`jected fitness of the individual. The fitness projecting
`arrangement uses the stored data representing the fitness of
`the individual each time the individual exercises using the
`personal fitness monitoring device to calculate the projected
`fitness of the individual.
`In another aspect of the invention, a pedometer and a
`method for calculating the distance traveled by an individual
`15 as the individual walks or runs is herein disclosed. The
`pedometer includes an accelerometer for measuring and
`outputting data representing the vertical accelerations of
`each step of an individual as the individual is walking or
`running. A clock is used to segment the output of the
`20 accelerometer into a time series of data points representing
`the output of the accelerometer. The pedometer also includes
`a determination arrangement for calculating a distance trav(cid:173)
`eled by the individual. The determination arrangement uses
`personal data provided by the individual in combination
`25 with the data outputs of the accelerometer and the clock to
`calculate the distance traveled.
`In another aspect of the invention, a user interface for use
`in a personal fitness monitoring device and a user interface
`method are herein disclosed. The user interface includes
`menus having a plurality of various user selectable options
`available to the user for controlling the operation of the
`personal fitness monitoring device. An audio producing
`arrangement is used to present the various user selectable
`options of the menus to the user in the form of recorded or
`synthesized speech. A single user controlled selecting
`mechanism is used to select a desired one of the various user
`selectable options of the menus. The single user controlled
`selecting mechanism is arranged such that the user selects
`the desired option by actuating the selecting mechanism
`40 during or immediately following the time during which the
`desired option is being presented in the form of recorded or
`synthesized speech.
`In another aspect of the invention, an auxiliary audio fader
`arrangement and method for use in a personal fitness moni(cid:173)
`toring device which includes an audio user interface for
`presenting user interface audio messages to a user in order
`to interface with the user is herein disclosed. An auxiliary
`audio input connector receives an auxiliary audio input
`signal from an auxiliary audio device. A fader, which is
`controlled by the operation of the personal fitness monitor(cid:173)
`ing device, connects the auxiliary audio input signal to an
`audio output device used by the audio user interface of the
`personal fitness monitoring device to present the user inter(cid:173)
`face audio messages. The fader is configured to suppress the
`auxiliary audio input signal when the audio user interface of
`personal fitness monitoring device presents an audio mes-
`sage to the user.
`And finally, in another aspect of the invention, a personal
`fitness monitoring device and method for tracking and
`predicting the fitness of an individual is herein disclosed.
`The fitness device includes an exertion determining arrange-
`ment for determining and outputting data representing the
`exertion of the individual as the individual is exercising. A
`heart rate monitor is used to determine and output data
`representing the heart rate of the individual. A fitness deter(cid:173)
`mination arrangement calculates and outputs data represent-
`ing the fitness of the individual as the individual exercises.
`
`Apple v. Uniloc
`
`Page 16 of 34
`
`Apple Ex. 1007
`
`

`

`5,976,083
`
`3
`The determination arrangement uses personal data provided
`by the individual in combination with the data outputs of the
`exertion determining arrangement and the heart rate monitor
`to calculate the fitness of the individual. A memory arrange(cid:173)
`ment stores the data representing the fitness of the individual 5
`each time the individual exercises using the personal fitness
`monitoring device. A fitness projecting arrangement calcu(cid:173)
`lates a projected fitness of the individual. The fitness pro(cid:173)
`jecting arrangement uses the stored data representing the
`fitness of the individual each time the individual exercises 10
`using the personal fitness monitoring device to calculate the
`projected fitness of the individual.
`
`4
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION
`FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a fitness monitor 001,
`designed in accordance with the invention. When worn on
`the human body while exercising on multiple occasions over
`the course of many days, fitness monitor 001 provides the
`user, as its primary output, an audio output 003. Audio
`output 003 may take the form of synthesized or digitized
`voice messages detailing the user's current exercise session,
`an assessment of the user's current level of fitness, and a
`prediction of the user's future fitness.
`Fitness monitor 001 takes as primary input certain user's
`personal data 005, an indication of the user's bodily move(cid:173)
`ment 007, an indication of the user's heart rate 009, any user
`selecting actions 011, and an auxiliary audio input 013, all
`15 of which will be described hereinafter. Fitness monitor 001
`has as constituent components a pedometer 015, a fitness
`assessment arrangement 017, a fitness prediction arrange(cid:173)
`ment 019, a user interface 021, and an audio output switch
`023, all of which will also be discussed hereinafter.
`Taking as inputs bodily movement 007 and personal data
`005, pedometer 015 produces a locomotion parameters
`signal 016 representing the users walking or running loco(cid:173)
`motion. Signal 016 indicates locomotion parameters asso(cid:173)
`ciated with each step that the user takes during an exercise
`25 session. The locomotion parameters include the gait,
`duration, speed, and distance of each step, and optionally,
`grade and terrain characteristics.
`The output signal 016 of pedometer 015 is taken as input
`to fitness assessment arrangement 017 which also takes as
`30 input heart rate indication 009 and personal data 005. The
`fitness assessment arrangement 017 then computes an esti(cid:173)
`mate of the user's current fitness, a measure of the aerobic
`capacity of the user. This output may be expressed in one of
`several common units of measure, including ml oxygen per
`35 minute and kilogram body weight, known as V0 2 , metabolic
`equivalents, known as METs, or any commonly used mea(cid:173)
`sure of indication of fitness, including qualitative measures
`such as "good" or "poor."
`The output of fitness assessment arrangement 017 is input
`40 to fitness prediction arrangement 019, which also takes as
`input personal data 005. The fitness prediction arrangement
`019 produces as output a signal that represents the rate of
`change and future trajectory of the user's aerobic fitness.
`This output is reported on demand to the user through
`45 suitable means according to the particular embodiment of
`the invention, for example as a text display or as pre(cid:173)
`recorded or synthesized speech. However, the format of the
`output is not a requirement of the invention and it may vary
`considerably.
`The fitness monitor 001 also includes a user interaction
`arrangement, user interface 021. User interface 021 provides
`a means for the user to communicate with fitness monitor
`001 by coordinating the timing of a selecting action 011 with
`the temporal period during which a choice is presented. User
`interface 021 provides as an output certain audio messages
`024.
`Finally, fitness monitor 001 includes audio output switch
`023 which takes as input both audio messages 024 of fitness
`monitor 001 and auxiliary audio 013 the user may wish to
`hear. The purpose of the audio output switch 023 is to permit
`users to attend to their desired auxiliary programming yet to
`also permit this programming to be interrupted or faded out
`in order that users can hear important messages initiated by
`fitness monitor 001. For example, users will be able to listen
`65 to a portable tape recorder or radio and to fitness monitor
`001 through the same set of earphones as will be described
`hereinafter.
`
`20
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`The features of the present invention may best be under(cid:173)
`stood by reference to the following description of the
`presently preferred embodiments together with the accom(cid:173)
`panying drawings in which:
`FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of one embodiment
`of a personal fitness monitor in accordance with the present
`invention.
`FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic illustration of one embodiment
`of a pedometer in accordance with the present invention.
`FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic illustration of a user interface in
`accordance with the present invention.
`FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic illustration of an audio fader
`arrangement in accordance with the present invention.
`FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic illustration of a fitness assess(cid:173)
`ment arrangement in accordance with the present invention.
`FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic illustration of a fitness prediction
`arrangement in accordance with the present invention.
`FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic illustration of another embodi(cid:173)
`ment of a personal fitness monitor device in accordance with
`the present invention showing how the device is worn by an
`individual.
`FIG. 8 is a perspective illustration of the personal fitness
`monitoring device of FIG. 7
`FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration showing various com(cid:173)
`ponents which make up the personal fitness monitoring
`device of FIG. 7.
`FIG. 10 is a data flow diagram illustrating the operation
`of the personal fitness monitoring device of FIG. 7.
`FIG. 11 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of an
`ear menu process of the personal fitness monitoring device
`of FIG. 7.
`FIG. 12 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of a
`monitor sensors process of the personal fitness monitoring
`device of FIG. 7.
`FIG. 13a is diagrammatic illustration of one embodiment
`detailing how the personal fitness monitoring device of FIG.
`7 detects steps as footfalls.
`FIG. 13b is a diagrammatic illustration of one embodi(cid:173)
`ment detailing the different components of a step interpreted 55
`by the personal fitness monitoring device of FIG. 7.
`FIG. 14 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of a
`gait model used by the personal fitness monitoring device of
`FIG. 7.
`FIG. 15 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of a 60
`state/menu process used by the personal fitness monitoring
`device of FIG. 7.
`FIG. 16 is a time line illustrating the state/menu process
`illustrated in FIG. 15.
`FIG. 17 is a diagrammatic illustration of one embodiment
`of how the personal fitness monitoring device of FIG. 7
`computes a fitness trend.
`
`50
`
`Apple v. Uniloc
`
`Page 17 of 34
`
`Apple Ex. 1007
`
`

`

`5,976,083
`
`20
`
`5
`While fitness monitor 001 is described as being composed
`of pedometer 015, fitness assessment arrangement 017,
`fitness prediction arrangement 019, user interface 021, audio
`output switch 023, and inputs representing bodily movement
`007, personal data 005, heart rate indication 009, selecting
`actions 011, and auxiliary audio 013, the presence of all of
`these components is not essential to this invention, and the
`existence of certain additional components would be con(cid:173)
`sistent with the invention. For example, a non-audio version
`of fitness monitor 001 could be constructed without the
`requirement of audio output switch 023.
`A version of fitness monitor 001 comprised of any of its
`components alone would be a useful device, for example,
`pedometer 015 alone, or fitness prediction arrangement 019
`alone. Or several constituents could be present, while others 15
`are absent, for example, pedometer 015, fitness assessment
`arrangement 017, and fitness prediction arrangement 019
`would provide a useful fitness monitoring device employing
`some means of user interaction other than user interface 021
`as described herein. Similarly, pedometer 015 is not a
`requirement of the invention because other methods of
`detecting and reporting distance traveled, speed of traveling,
`or expended energy in general might be employed, such as
`global positioning systems or Doppler sound ranging tech(cid:173)
`niques. In a like manner, fitness prediction arrangement 019 25
`is not a requirement of the invention because the fitness
`monitoring function can be fully realized by computing and
`reporting the user's current fitness without regard to or need
`to predict the future trends in fitness.
`In summary, the constituent components of this invention 30
`can be assembled into numerous configurations by including
`some components and leaving others out. All such useful
`combinations would be consistent with the invention. On the
`other hand, the invention may be augmented with additional
`components without changing the nature of this invention. 35
`For example, the invention could include in its function(cid:173)
`ing access to sources of auditory programming, such as
`recorded audio, broadcasts, or digital text that could be
`translated to voice for presentation to the user. That is, the
`invention could include a component designed to provide 40
`the user with pager messages, email messages, and Internet
`information bulletins. Audio messages could also be used
`for encouragement, advice, and inspiration. A remote clin(cid:173)
`ic's computer could send fitness goals and a suggested
`exercise regimen to the fitness monitor 001, which could in 45
`turn report back on compliance with the regimen and fitness
`changes for review by clinic personnel.
`As another example of additional components, the fitness
`monitor 001, when combined with a personal digital assis(cid:173)
`tant scheduling program, could arrange times for the user to 50
`exercise. A home scale could supply body weight, which is
`needed by the fitness monitor 001 for many of its calcula(cid:173)
`tions. A kitchen appliance used for recipes, diet and menu
`planning could give an estimate of dietary fat, which the
`fitness monitor 001 could use in recommending fitness 55
`goals, and explaining fitness progress. The fitness monitor
`001 in turn could supply fitness and body weight to the
`dietary computer, which could use them to make dietary
`recommendations.
`While several examples have been cited of additional 60
`components to which the invention might be connected,
`these examples are only indicative of the range of inputs to
`and outputs from the invention described herein. Custom(cid:173)
`ized inputs for these components could be readily provided
`and/or user interface 021 could be designed to accommodate 65
`all of these components through one or more auxiliary
`inputs.
`
`6
`The principal advantage of the invention consistent with
`the embodiment as fitness mo