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`I 1111111111111111 11111 1111111111 111111111111111 11111 111111111111111 IIII IIII
`
`US008924506B2
`
`02)United States Patent
`
`
`
`Levanon et al.
`
`US 8,924,506 B2
`
`(10)Patent No.:
`(45)Date of Patent:
`*Dec. 30, 2014
`
`(52)U.S. Cl.
`(54)OPTIMIZED IMAGE DELIVERY OVER
`
`CPC ............ G06F 3/1454 (2013.01);
`LIMITED BANDWIDTH COMMUNICATION
`G06T 3/4092
`
`(2013.01); G09G 2340102 (2013.01); G09G
`CHANNELS
`
`
`(2013.01) 2350/00
`
`
`
`
`USPC ........... 709/217; 709/203; 345/625; 382/232;
`
`382/305
`
`Isaac Levanon, Raanana, IL (US);(75)Inventors:
`
`
`
`
`
`Yonatan Lavi, Roanana, IL (US)
`
`(58)Field of Classification
`Search
`
`
`
`CPC ..... G06T 3/4092; G09G 2340/02; G06F 3/14
`
`
`(73)Assignee: Bradlum Technologies LLC, Suffern,
`
`
`USPC ................. 709/202, 203,217,230,246,247;
`NY(US)
`
`
`345/625; 382/232, 305
`( * ) Notice:Subject
`to any disclaimer, the term of this
`
`
`
`
`See application file for complete search history.
`
`
`
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`(56)
`
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 865 days.
`
`
`claimer.
`
`This patent is subject to a tenninal dis
`
`
`
`References Cited
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCillvIENTS
`
`5,929,860 A 7/1999 Hoppe
`
`
`
`6,182,114 Bl 1/2001 Yap et al.
`(Continued)
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`(21)Appl. No.: 13/027,929
`
`(22)Filed:
`Feb. 15, 2011
`
`(65)
`
`Prior Publication Data
`
`US 2011/0175914 Al Jul. 21, 2011
`
`Hoppe, H. "Progressive Meshes", SIGGRAPH '%: Proceedings of
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive
`
`techniques, 1996, pp. 99-108.
`- David Lazaro
`Primary E.,--.:aminer
`
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Continuation-in-part of application No. 12/619,643,
`(63)
`
`Acuity Law Group, P.C.
`
`filed on Nov. 16, 2009, now Pat. No. 7,908,343, which
`(57)
`ABSTR-\.CT
`
`
`
`is a continuation of application No. l 0/035,987, filed
`on Dec. 24, 2001, now Pat. No. 7,644,131.
`Large-scale images are retrieved over network communica
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`tions channels for display on a client device by selecting an
`
`
`
`
`(60) Provisional application No. 60/258,488, filed on Dec.
`
`
`
`
`
`update image parcel relative to an operator controlled image
`
`
`27, 2000, provisional application No. 60/258,489,
`
`
`
`
`
`viewpoint to display via the client device. A request is pre
`
`
`filed on Dec. 27, 2000, provisional application No.
`
`
`pared for the update image parcel and associated with a
`
`60/258,465, filed on Dec. 27, 2000, provisional
`
`
`
`request queue for subsequent issuance over a commm1ica
`
`
`application No. 60/258,468, filed on Dec. 27, 2000,
`
`
`
`
`tions charmel. The update image parcel is received from the
`
`
`provisional application No. 60/258,466, filed on Dec.
`
`
`
`
`communications channel and displayed as a discrete portion
`
`
`27, 2000, provisional application No. 60/258,467,
`
`
`
`
`of the predetermined image. The update image parcel opti
`
`filed on Dec. 27, 2000.
`
`
`
`
`mally has a fixed. pixel array size, is received in a single and or
`
`
`
`plurality of network data packets, and were the fixed pixel
`
`
`array may be constrained to a resolution less than or equal to
`
`
`
`the resolution of the client device display.
`
`(51)
`Int. Cl.
`G06F 15116
`
`G06F 3/14
`
`G06T 3/40
`
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`
`Esq.;S. Weiser, (74)Attorney, Agent, or Finn -Anatoly
`
`
`
`21 Claims, 5 Drawing Sheets
`
`l))w,1lMt v"' 313
`
`0AlA
`f(lHVil:Siri•
`
`12
`
`P11!:--l'lloms1:o
`PA!KUl!AAEf PAU
`
`
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`Page 1 of 15
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`(56)
`
`
`References Cited
`
`
`
`
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`
`
`
`
`6,212,301 Bl
`
`
`6,314,452 Bl
`
`
`6,326,965 Bl
`
`
`
`
`
`4/2001 Warneret al.
`
`
`
`
`11/2001 Dekeletal.
`
`
`12/2001 Castelli et al.
`
`
`
`
`
`6,345,279 Bl
`
`
`6,346,938 Bl
`
`
`6,397,259 Bl
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`6,608,933 Bl
`
`
`6,704,024 B2
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`
`6,711,297 Bl
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`6,801,665 Bl
`
`
`
`
`2/2002 Li etal.
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`2/2002 Chan etal.
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`§/2002 Linckeetal.
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`8/2003 Dowell et al.
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`3/2004 Robotham etal.
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`3/2004 Changetal.
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`10/2004 Atsumiet al.
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`
`
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`U.S. Patent
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`Dec. 30, 2014
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`PRIORITY CLAIMS/RELATED APPLICATIONS
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`12/619,643 filed on Nov. 16, 2009 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,908,
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`60/258,465, 60/258,468, 60/258,466, and 60/258,467, all
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`munication Channels, Levanonetal., filed on Dec. 24, 2001
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`(now USS. Pat. No. 7,139,794 issued on Nov. 21, 2006 and
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`whichis assignedto the Assignee of the present Application.
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`FIELD
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`The disclosure is related to network based, imagedistribu-
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`tion systems and,in particular, to a system and methodsfor
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`efficiently selecting and distributing image parcels through a
`narrowbandor otherwise limited bandwidth communications
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`channel to support presentation of high-resolution images
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`subject to dynamic viewing frustums.
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`BACKGROUND
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`The Internet and or other network systems mayprovide a
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`unique opportunity to transmit for example complex images,
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`typically large scale bit-maps, particularly those approaching
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`photo-realistic levels, over large area and or distances. In
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`common application, the images may be geographic, topo-
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`graphic, and or other highly detailed maps. The data storage
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`requirements and often proprietary nature of such images
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`could be such that conventional interests may be to transfer
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`the images on an as-neededbasis.
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`In conventionalfixed-site applications, the image data may
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`be transferred over a relatively high-bandwidth network to
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`client computer systems that in turn, may render the image.
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`Client systems may typically implementa local image navi-
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`gation system to provide zoom andor pan functions based on
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`user interaction. As well recognized problem with such con-
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`ventional systems could bethat full resolution image presen-
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`tation may be subject to the inherent transfer latency of the
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`network. Different conventional systems have been proposed
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`to reduce the latency affect by transmitting the image in
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`highly compressed formats that support progressive resolu-
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`tion build-up of the image within the current client field of
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`view. Using a transform compressed imagetransfer function
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`increasesthe field of the image that can be transferred over a
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`fixed bandwidth network in unit time. Progressive image
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`resolution transmission, typically using a differential resolu-
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`tion method, permits an approximate image to be quickly
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`presented with image details being continuously added over
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`Tzou, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,698,689, describes a two-dimen-
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`sional data transform system that supports transmission of
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`2
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`differential coefficients to represent an image. Subsequent
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`transmitted coefficient sets are progressively accumulated
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`with prior transmitted sets to provide a succeedingly refined
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`image. The inverse-transform function performedbythecli-
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`ent computeris, however, highly compute intensive. In order
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`to simplify the transform implementation and further reduce
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`the latency of presenting any portion of an approximate
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`image,
`images are sub-divided into a regular array. This
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`enablesthe inverse-transform function on the client, which is
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`time-critical, to deal with substantially smaller coefficient
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`data sets. The array size in Tzou is fixed, which leads to
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`progressively larger coefficient data sets as the detail level of
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`the image increases. Consequently, there is an inherently
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`increasing latency in resolvingfiner levels of detail.
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`An imagevisualization system proposed byYapet al., U.S.
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`Pat. No. 6,182,114, overcomes someof the foregoing prob-
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`lems. The Yapet al. system also employs a progressive encod-
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`ing transform to compress the image transfer stream. The
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`transform also operates on a subdivided image, but the divi-
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`sion is indexed to the encoding level of the transform. The
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`encoded transform coefficient data sets are, therefore, of con-
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`stant size, which supports a modest improvementin the algo-
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`rithmic performance of the inverse transform operation
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`required on the client.
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`Yap et al. adds utilization of client image panningor other
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`image pointing input information to support a foveation-
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`based operator to influence the retrieval order of the subdi-
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`vided image blocks. This two-dimensional navigation infor-
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`mationis used to identify a foveal region that is presumed to
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`be the gaze point of a client system user. The foveation opera-
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`tor defines the corresponding imageblock as the center point
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`of an orderedretrieval of coefficient sets representing a vari-
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`able resolution image. The gaze point image block represents
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`the area of highest image resolution, with resolution reduc-
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`tion as a function of distance from the gaze point determined
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`by the foveation operator. This technique thus progressively
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`builds image resolution at the gaze point and succeedingly
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`outward based on a relatively compute intensive function.
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`Shifts in the gaze point can be responded to with relative
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`speed by preferentially retrieving coefficient sets at and near
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`the new foveal region.
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`Significant problems remain in permitting the convenient
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`and effective use of complex images by manydifferent types
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`of client systems, even with the improvements provided by
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`the various conventional systems. In particular, the imple-
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`mentation of conventional image visualization systems is
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`generally unworkable for smaller, often dedicated or embed-
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`ded, clients where use ofimagevisualization would clearly be
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`beneficial. Conventional approacheseffectively presume that
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`client systems have an excess of computing performance,
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`memory and storage. Small clients, however, typically have
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`restricted performanceprocessors with possibly no dedicated
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`floating-point support, little general purpose memory, and
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`extremely limited persistent storage capabilities, particularly
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`relative to common imagesizes. A mobile computing device
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`such as mobile phone, smart phone, tablet and or personal
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`digital assistant
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`is a characteristic small client.
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`Embedded, low-cost kiosk, automobile navigation systems
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`and or Internet enabled/connected TV are other typical
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`examples. Such systemsare not readily capable,if at all, of
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`performing complex, compute-intensive Fourier or wavelet
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`transforms, particularly within a highly restricted memory
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`address space.
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`As a consequence of the presumption that the client is a
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`substantial computing system, conventional image visualiza-
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`tion systems also presume that the client is supported by a
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`complete operating system. Indeed, many expect and require
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`Unified Patents Exhibit 1002
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`Page 8 of 15
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`Unified Patents Exhibit 1002
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`3
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`an extensive set of graphics abstraction layers to be provided
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`by the client system to support the presentation of the deliv-
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`ered imagedata. In general, these abstraction layers are con-
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`ventionally considered required to handle the mapping of the
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`imagedata resolutionto the display resolution capabilities of
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`the client system. That is, resolution resolved image data
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`providedto the client is unconstrained by anylimitation in the
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`client system to actually display the corresponding image.
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`Consequently,
`substantial processor performance
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`memory can be conventionally devoted to handling image
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`data that is not or cannotbe displayed.
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`Another problem is that small clients are generally con-
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`strained to generally to very limited network bandwidths,
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`particularly when operating under wireless conditions. Such
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`limited bandwidth conditions may exist due to either the
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`direct technological constraints dictated by the use of a low
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`bandwidth data channel or indirect constraints imposed on
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`relatively high-bandwidth channels by high concurrent user
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`loads. Cellular connected PDAs and webphonesare examples
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`of small clients that are frequently constrained by limited
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`bandwidth conditions. The conventionally realizable maxi-
`mum network transmission bandwidth for such small devices
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`may range from below one kilobit per secondto several tens
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`the
`of kilobits per second. While Yap et al. states that
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`described system can work over low bandwidth lines, little
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`more than utilizing wavelet-based data compression is
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`advancedas permitting effective operation at low communi-
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`cations bandwidths. While reducing the amountof data that
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`mustbe carried from theserverto the client is significant, Yap
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`et al. simply relies on the data packet transfer protocols to
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`provideforanefficient transfer ofthe compressed image data.
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`Reliable transport protocols, however, merely mask packet
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`losses and the resultant, sometimes extended, recovery laten-
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`cies. When such covered errors occur, however, the aggregate
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`bandwidth of the connection is reduced andthe client system
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`can stall waiting for further image data to process.
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`Consequently, there remains a need for an image visual-
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`ization system that can support small client systems, place
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`few requirements on the supporting client hardware andsoft-
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`ware resources, andefficiently utilize low to very low band-
`width network connections.
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`SUMMARY
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`Thus, a general purpose of the present inventionis to pro-
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`vide an efficient system and methodsof optimally presenting
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`imagedata on client systems with potentially limited process-
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`ing performance, resources, and communications bandwidth.
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`This is achieved in the present invention by providing for
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`the retrieval of large-scale images over network communica-
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`tions channels for display on a client device by selecting an
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`update image parcel relative to an operator controlled image
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`viewpoint to display via the client device. A request is pre-
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`pared for the update image parcel and associated with a
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`request queue for subsequent issuance over a communica-
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`tions channel. The update image parcel is received from the
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`communications channel and displayed as a discrete portion
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`of the predetermined image. The update image parcel opti-
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`mally hasa fixed pixelarray size, is received in a single and or
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`plurality of network data packets, and were the fixed pixel
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`array may be constrainedto a resolution less than or equal to
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`the resolution ofthe client device display.
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`An advantage of the present invention is that both image
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`parcel data requests and the rendering of image data are
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`optimized to address the display based on the display resolu-
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`tion of the client system.
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`US 8,924,506 B2
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`Another advantage of the present invention is that the pri-
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`oritization of image parcel requests is based on an adaptable
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`parameter that minimizes the computational complexity of
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`determining request prioritization and, in turn, the progres-
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`sive improvement in display resolution within the field of
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`view presented on a client display.
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`A further advantage of the present invention is that the
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`client software system requires relatively minimalclient pro-
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`cessing power and storage capacity. Compute intensive
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`numerical calculations are minimally required and image
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`parcel data is compactly stored in efficient data structures.
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`The client software system is very small and easily down-
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`loaded to conventional computer systems or embedded in
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`conventional dedicated function devices, including portable
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`devices, such as PDAs, tablets and webphones.
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`Still another advantage of the present invention is that
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`image parcel data requests and presentation can be readily
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`optimized to use low to very low bandwidth network connec-
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`tions. The software system of the present invention provides
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`for re-prioritization of image parcel data requests and presen-
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`tation in circumstances wherethe rate of point-of-view navi-
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`gation exceeds the data requestrate.
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`Yet another advantage ofthe present invention is that image
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`parcel data rendering is performed without requiring any
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`complex underlying hardware or software display subsystem.
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`The client software system ofthe present invention includes a
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`bit-map rendering engine that draws directly to the video
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`memory ofthe display, thus placing minimal requirements on
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`any underlying embeddedor disk operating system and dis-
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`play drivers. Complex graphics and animation abstraction
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`layers are not required.
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`Still another advantage of the present invention is that
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`image parcel block compression is used to obtain fixed size
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`transmission data blocks. Image parcel data is recoverable
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`from transmission data using a relatively simple client
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`decompression algorithm. Usingfixed size transmission data
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`blocks enables image data parcelsto be delivered to the client
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`A yet further advantage of the present invention is that
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`multiple data forms can be transferred to the client software
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`system for concurrent display. Array overlay data, correlated
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`positionally to the image parcel data and generally insensitive
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`to image parcel resolution, can be initially or progressively
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`providedto the client for parsing and parallel presentation on
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`a client display image view.
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`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
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`These and other advantages and features of the present
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`invention will become better understood upon consideration
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`of the following detailed description of the invention when
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`considered in connection with the accompanying drawings,
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`in which like reference numerals designate like parts through-
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`out the figures thereof, and wherein:
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`FIG. 1 depicts a preferred system environment within
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`which various embodiments of the present invention can be
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`utilized;
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`FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating the preparation of
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`imageparcel and overlay data set that are to be stored by and
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`served from a network server system in accordance with a
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`preferred embodimentofthe present invention;
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`FIG.3 is a block diagram of a client system image presen-
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`tation system constructed in accordance with a preferred
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`embodimentof the present invention;
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`Unified Patents Exhibit 1002
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`Page 9 of 15
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`Unified Patents Exhibit 1002
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`6
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`defined coordinates relative to the source image data 32. In
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`the preferred embodiments of the present invention, image
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`annotations include, for example, street, building and land-
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`mark names, as well as representative 2 and 3D objects,
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`graphical icons, decals, line segments, and or text and or other
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`characters, graphics and or other media.
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`The network image server system 30 preferably pre-pro-
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`cesses the source imagedata 32 and or source overlay data 34
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`to forms preferred for storage and serving by the network
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`server 12, 22. The source image data 32 is preferably pre-
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`processedto obtain a series K.sub.1-N ofderivative images of
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`progressively lower imageresolution. The source image data
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`32, corresponding to the series image K.sub.0, is also subdi-
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`vided into a regular array such that each resulting image
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`parcel ofthe array has for example a 64 by 64 pixel resolution
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`where the image data has a coloror bit per pixel depth of 16
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`bits, which represents a data parcel size of 8K bytes. The
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`resolution of the series K.sub.1-N of derivative images is
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`preferably related to that of the source image data 32 or
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`predecessor image inthe series by a factor of four. The array
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`subdivision is likewise related by a factor of four such that
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`each imageparcelis of a fixed 8K byte size.
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`In the preferred embodimentof the present invention, the
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`imageparcels are further compressed and stored by the net-
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`work server 12, 22. The preferred compression algorithm
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`may implements for example a fixed 4:1 compression ratio
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ONE OR MORE
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`such that each compressed and stored image parcel has a fixed
`EMBODIMENTS
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`2K byte size. The imageparcels are preferably stored inafile
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`of defined configuration such that any image parcel can be
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`located by specification of a K.sub.D, X, Y value, represent-
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`ing the imageset resolution index D and corresponding image
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`array coordinate.
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`the image array dimensions
`In other implementations,
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`(which as 64x64 above) may be powers of two so that the
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`image array can be used in texture mappingefficiently. To
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`accommodate different data parcel size than the 2 KByte
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`associated with 64x64 pixel parcel dimension described
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`above and other communication protocol and overhead
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`requirements, to accommodate transmission through other
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`than a 3 KByte per second transmission channel, the present
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`invention may use larger compression ratios that takes, for
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`example, a 128x128 or 256x256 pixel parcel dimension and
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`compresses it to meet the 3 KByte per second transmission
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`channel, or other communication bandwidth used to stream
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`the parcel.
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`The system may also accommodate different and larger
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`data parcel sizes as transmission protocols, compressionratio
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`achieved and micro-architectures of the client computers
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`change. For purposes above, the data content was a pixel array
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`representing image data. Where the data parcel content is
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`vector, text or other data that may subject to different client
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`system design factors, other parcel sizes may be used. Fur-
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`thermore,the parcel sizes can be different between the server
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`and the client. For example the server may create parcels or
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`hold parcels, for streaming with 256x256 pixel parcel dimen-
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`sion and the client my render them as 64x64. In addition,
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`parcels sizes on different servers may vary from oneserver to
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