APPENDIX C
`
`APPENDIX C
`
`Apple 1122 (Part 4 of 5)
`Apple v. USR
`|PR201 8-00813
`
`493
`
`493
`
`Apple 1122 (Part 4 of 5)
`Apple v. USR
`IPR2018-00813
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`

`

`
` ° nvrroannnl
`
`
`
`Learn how secure data—encryption
`techniques work
`
`Protect confidential information
`on your network
`
`Get efficiai current cryptography
`grandaros on enclosed CD-ROM
`
`
`
`494
`
`

`

`
`
`OsbornaMcGraW-Ifill
`New York Chicago San Francisco
`Lisban Lamina Madrid Mexico City
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`495
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`495
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`

`
`
`OsborneMcGraW-Hill
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`2600 Tenth Street
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`USA.
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`raisers, please contact OshomefMeGraw-Hill at the above address. For
`information on translations or book distributors outside the U.S.A., please see
`the International Contact Information page immediately following the inéex of
`this book.
`
`BSA Security’s Official Guide to Cryptography
`
`Copyright © 2001 by The McGraw—Ifill Companies. All rights reserved, Printed
`in the United States ofAmez'ica. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of
`1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or
`by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior
`written permission of the publisher, with the exception that the program listings
`may be entered, stereo, and executed in a computer system, but they may not be
`reproduced for publication.
`
`234567890 FGR FGR 01987654321
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`Book pin 0437-2131384 and CD p/n 0-07-213137~3
`parts of
`ISBN 0477-2131394:
`
`Publisher
`Brandon Al Nordin
`Vice President &
`
`Associate Publisher
`Scott Rogers
`Executive Editor
`Steven Elliot
`Senior Project Editor
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`Information has been obtained by Osborne/McGraw-Hili (ion; sources believed to be reli»
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`ClsbomechGraw-Hill, or others, OsbomeMcGraw—Hill does not guarantee the accuracy,
`adequacy, or completeness of” any information and is not responsible for any errors or omis—
`sions or the results obtained from use of such information.
`
`496
`
`496
`
`

`

`To Fae-Chi, Gwen, Ray, Satomi, Michelle, Alexander,
`Warren, Maria, Daniel, and Julia
`
`“Steve Burnett
`
`To Danielle, thanks for understanding While I worked on
`this back
`
`To Alexis and Elizabeth, a father could not ask for better
`children
`
`w—Stephen Paine
`
`497
`
`497
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`Credits
`Foreword
`Acknowiedgmenrs
`Preface
`About the Authors
`
`Chapter 1 Why Cryptography?
`
`Security Provided by Computer Operating Systems
`How Operaiing Systems Work
`Default 05 Security: Permissions
`Attacks on Passwords
`Attacks That Bypass Operating Systems
`Data Recovery Atrack
`Memory Reconstruction Attack
`Adored Protection Through Cryptography
`The Roie of Cryptography in Data Security
`
`Chapter 2
`
`Symmetric—Key Cryptography
`
`Some Crypto Jargon
`What is a Key?
`Why is a Key Necessary?
`Generating a Key
`A Random Number Generator
`A Pseudo-Random Number Generator
`Attacks on Encrypted Data
`Attacking the Key
`Breaking the Ngorithm
`
`Measuring the Time it Takes to Break Your Message
`Symmetric Aigorithms: The Key Ta Die
`Symmetric Algorithms: Biock Versus Stream Ciphers
`Biock Ciphers
`Stream Ciphers
`Biocic Versus Stream: Which is Berrer?
`Digitai Encryption Standard
`Triple DES
`Commercial DES Repiacements
`Advanced Encwprion Standard
`
`498
`
`L
`
`:1.
`
`
`
`xiii
`xv
`xvii
`xix
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`47
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`50
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`498
`
`

`

`VI
`
`Contents
`
`Summary
`{Zeal-World Exampie: Grade Databases
`
`Chapter 3
`
`Symmetric—Key Management
`
`The Key Distribution Problem and Pubiic—Key Cryptography 81
`
`Password—Based Encryption
`Programming Convenience
`Braking PBE
`Sowing Dawn an Attack or: a Password
`Good Passwords
`Password Generamrs
`Hardware-Based Key Storage
`Tokens
`Crypro Accelerators
`Hardware Devices and Random Numbers
`Biemetrics
`Summary
`ReaLWoer Examples
`Keen Desktap
`Other Products
`
`Chapter 4
`
`Sharing Keys in Advance
`rrobrems mm This Scheme
`
`51
`5!
`
`53
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`54
`59
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`65
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`76
`76
`77
`79
`
`83
`84
`
`Using a Trusted Third Party
`Problems Wrth This Scheme
`
`Public~i<ey Cryptography and the Digiraf Envelope
`Security issues
`Breaking a PublieKey Algarithm
`Some History of Puma—Key Crypzography
`How Public—Key Cryptography Works
`The RSA Ngerithm
`The DH Algorithm
`The ECDH Algorithm
`Comparing the Ngorithms
`Securfty
`Key Sizes
`Performance
`Transmission Size
`interoperabifiry
`
`3
`
`85
`86
`
`88
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`
`
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`
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`Contents V"
`
`Protecting Private Keys
`Using the Digital Envelope for Key Recovery
`Key Recovery via a Trusted Third Party
`Key Recovery via a Group of Trustees
`Key Recovery via Threshoid Schemes
`How 2: Threshold Scheme Works
`Summary
`Real-Worm Example
`
`Chapter 5
`
`The Digital Signature
`
`The Uniqueness of a Digital Signature
`Message Digests
`Collisions
`The Three important Digest Algorithms
`A Representative of Larger Data
`Data integrity
`Back to Digital Signatures
`Trying to Cheat
`
`impiementing Authentication, Data integrity, and Nonrepudiation
`Undersranding the Aigorirhms
`RSA
`BSA
`ECDSA
`Comparing the Algorithms
`Security
`Performance
`Transmission Size
`interoperability
`Protecting Private Keys
`introduction to Certificates
`Key Recovery
`Summary
`Reai~Worio Example
`
`Chapter 5
`
`Pubiic—Key infrastructures and the X509 Standard
`
`PubiiC-Key Certificates
`Unique identifiers
`Standard Version 3 Certificate Extensions
`Entity Names
`
`iZZ
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`‘
`Contents
`V] H
`WW
`
`ASNJ Notation and Encoding
`The Components of a PK!
`Certification Authority
`Registration Authority
`Certificate Directory
`Key Recovery Server
`Management Protocois
`Operational Protocois
`Registering and issuing Certificates
`Revoking a Certificate
`Certificate Revocation Lists
`Suspendéng a Certificate
`Authority Revocation Lists
`Trust Modeis
`Certificate Hierarchies
`Crossfiertification
`X509 Certificate Chain
`The Push Model Versus the Full Mode!
`Managing Key Pairs
`Generating Key Pairs
`Protecting Private Keys
`Managing Muitipie Key Pairs
`Updating Key Pairs
`Keeping a History of Key Pairs
`Depioying 3 PK!
`The Future of PK!
`Roaming Certificates
`Attribute Certificates
`Certificate Policies and Certification Practice Statements
`Summary
`Reai~Worid Exampies
`Keon Certificate Server
`Kean Web PassPort
`
`Network and Transport Security Protocois
`Chapter 2?
`internal: Protocol Security
`i? Security Nchétecture
`WEEK Services
`The Authentication Header Protocol
`Integrity Check Vaiue Caicutation
`
`179
`379
`#80
`3 80
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`1 82
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`183
`186
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`190
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`1XW
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`Contents
`
`2 i 3
`2 l S
`2 i e
`2] 7
`2 l 8
`2 i 9
`220
`222
`222
`223
`224
`227
`22 7
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`230
`231
`232
`233
`234
`235
`236
`236
`237
`237
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`239
`239
`2‘40
`Z40
`240
`24!
`242
`
`,i'
`
`:
`a
`
`
`
`
`
`Transport and Tunnel Modes
`The Encapsulating Security Payload Protocol
`Encryption Algorithms
`ESP in Transport and Tunnel Modes
`Security Associations
`Combining Security Associations
`Security Databases
`Security Policy Database
`Security Association Database
`Key Management
`internet Key Exchange
`Secure Sockets Layer
`The History of SSL
`Session and Connection States
`The Record Layer Protocol
`The Change Cipher Spec Protocol
`The Alert Protocol
`The Handshake Protocol
`The Client Hello Message
`The Server Hello Message
`The Server Certificate Message
`The Server Key Exchange Message
`The Certificate Request Message
`The Sewer Hello Done Message
`The Client Certificate Message
`The Client Key Exchange Message
`The Certificate Verify Message
`The Finished Message
`Ending a Session and Connection
`Resuming Sessions
`Cryptographic Computations
`Encryption and Authentication Algorithms
`Summary
`Real—World Examples
`
`Chapter 8
`
`Application-Layer Security Protocols
`
`SfMlME
`Overview
`S/MIME Functionality
`Cryptographic: Algorithms
`
`243
`
`243
`244
`245
`245
`
`502
`
`502
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`S/MlME Messages
`Enhanced Security Services
`interoperability
`Secure Electronic Transaction {SET}
`Business Requirements
`SET Features
`
`SET Participants
`Dual Signatures
`SET Certificates
`
`Payment Processing
`Summary
`Real-World Examples
`
`247
`252
`253
`253
`254
`255
`
`256
`257
`258
`
`260
`2&4
`265
`
`Chapter 9
`
`Hardware Solutions: Overcoming Software Limitations
`
`267
`
`Cryptographic Accelerators
`Authentication Tokens
`Token Form Factors
`Noncontact Tokens
`Contact Tokens
`Smart Cards
`Smart Card Standards
`
`Types of Smart Cards
`Readers and Terminals
`JavaCards
`
`History and Standards
`JavaCard Operations
`Other Java Tokens
`Biometrics
`Biometric Systems Ovewiew
`Recognition Methods
`Biometric Accuracy
`Combining Authentication Methods
`Summary
`Vendors
`
`Chapter 10 Digital Signatures: Beyond Security
`
`Legislative Approaches
`Legal Guidelines from the American Bar Association
`iogal Concepts Related to Digital Signatures
`
`2637
`269
`270
`2 70
`27S
`275
`276
`
`276
`278
`279
`
`279
`280
`2.8 l
`282
`282
`285
`288
`289
`291
`29l
`
`293
`
`295
`295
`2%
`
`503
`
`503
`
`

`

`
`
`Contents XIWW
`
`2%
`298
`29‘}
`299
`300
`300
`300
`302
`3GB
`306
`307
`307
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`309
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`3 i 7
`3 28
`3 i 9
`320
`32?
`322
`
`323
`
`324
`324
`
`Nontepudiation
`Authenticatien
`Written Versus Digitai Signatures
`Requirements fer the Use of Digital Signatures
`Fubiic Key infrastructures
`Centre! of Key Revacatfon
`”time-Stamping
`Current and Pending Legisiatiori
`The E—SIGN Act
`Dealing with Legai Uncertainties
`Summary
`Reai~Worid Examples
`
`Chapter I 1 Doing it Wrong: The Break—ins
`
`Measuring Losses
`Types of Security Threats
`Unauthorized Sisciosure of Data
`Unauthorized Modification of Data
`Unauthurized Access
`Disciasure of Network Traffic
`Spoofing of Network Traffic
`identifying intruders
`insiders
`Hackers
`Terrorists
`Foreign inteiiigence Services
`Hactivists
`intruder meiedge
`Case Studies
`Data in Transit
`Data at Rest
`Authenticatien
`impiementation
`Information Security: Law Enforcement
`Summary
`
`Chapter 12 Doing it Right: Following Standards
`
`Security Services and Mechanisms
`Authentication
`
`504
`
`504
`
`

`

`XII
`
`Contents
`
`Confidentiality
`Integrity
`Nonrepudiation
`
`Standards, Guidelines, and Regulations
`The Internet Engineering Task Force
`ANSI X9
`
`National Institute of Standards and Technology
`Ccmmon Criteria
`
`The Health Insurance Portability Act
`Developer Assistance
`Insurance
`
`Security Research
`Case Studies
`
`Implementation
`Authentication
`Data at Rest
`Data in Transit
`
`Summary
`
`Appendix A Bits, Bytes, Hex, and ASCII
`
`Appendix B A Layman's Guide to a Subset ofASN. I, BER, and DER
`
`Appendix C Further Technical Details
`
`Index
`
`326
`326
`327‘
`327
`327
`328
`328
`330
`330
`33V
`332
`332
`333
`333
`334
`335
`336
`336
`
`339
`
`347
`
`387
`
`407
`
`505
`
`505
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`

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`LIMITED WARRANTY
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`RSA Security warrants the (ID-ROME) enclosed herein to be free of defects in materials and workmanship for a
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`
`
`RSA PRf—Jisgj
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`Understand X509 certificates r,
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`standards and technoleg'ya
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`ineiudiag iPSec, SSL and SE:
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`unsecure channeis using
`public-key technoiogy
`
`Use public-key technology for
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`non-repudiation
`
`Recognize how corporations use
`cryptography to improve security
`through teak—world case studies
`
`1.2»?
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`STEVE QUHNETThas degrees iii math from‘erinheii Ceiiege in Ema 332d iii
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`Sshool in California. He has spent most of hie career com/shiny math 2mm:
`at intergraph Corpmai on and now With BSA Seouhty A freoeerit weaker at 3113:5333
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`STEPHEN mm: has worked in the secuhiy field throughwi mes: of his shes:
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`
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`
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`
`
`
`
`Crypiography is one of the smartest
`
`ways to protect the information on your
`
`network and reduce the risk of security
`
`breaches and attatks from hackers.
`And because impiemehtihg cryptography ,
`is a oompiexprocess, you need the >
`practiced advice and proven techniques
`contained inside this ofticiai guide.
`
`
`
`Written by insiders at RSA Security,
`
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`"X509 affect security, how the RSA
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`APPENDIX D
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`APPENDIX D
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`509
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`509
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`

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`RSA security's official guide to cryptography
`
`:r
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`:
`
`:
`
`Author:
`
`Steve Burnett; Stephen Paine
`
`”T ”7' "’7 f“ "7 ""7”“ 7‘
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`AbeBooks
`$1.72 ‘
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`$71.21 .-
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`77-
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`Publisher:
`New York : Osborne/McGraw—Hill, cop. 2001.
`cmmnflflnpm Edition/Format: ' Print book : English View all editions and formats
`Summary:
`Helps in implementing cryptography, the most
`secure form of data encryption. This work, with
`case studies, is written in conjunction with "RSA
`Security". It is a part of the "RSA Press Series“.
`
`I 1.5»,
`
`Rating:
`SUbJ'eC'iS
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`(not yet rated)
`Computer networks -- Security measures.
`A
`Data encryption (Computer science)
`erpLogtallhy.
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`https://www.worldcat.org/title/rsa-securitys—official-guide-to—cryptography/oclc/782997409?referer=br&ht=edition
`
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`4/7/2019
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`RSA security's official guide to cryptography (Book, 2001) [VVorldCat.org]
`
`s.
`
`Bowie State University
`Thurgood Marshall Library
`Bowie, MD 20715 United States
`
`,
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`<€First<Prev12§fl§xj> Last»
`
`.1 Details
`
`Genre/Form:
`
`Handboeken (vorm)
`
`Material Type:
`
`Internet resource
`
`Document Type:
`
`Book, Internet Resource
`
`All Authors/
`Contributors:
`
`Steve Burnett; S_tephen Paine
`
`.
`_
`,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
`Find more information about: Steve Burnett 7 £93
`
`ISBN:
`
`007213139X 9780072131390 0072131381 9780072131383 0072131373 9780072131376
`
`OCLC Number:
`
`782997409
`
`Notes:
`
`Includes index.
`
`Description:
`
`xxi, 419 p. : ill.
`
`; 24 cm + CD—ROM v.d.t.: RSA security's complete cryptography
`
`Contents:
`
`Chapter 1: Why Cryptography? Chapter 2: Symmetric-Key Cryptography. Chapter 3: Symmetric-Key
`Management. Chapter 4: The Key Distribution Problem and Public-Key Cryptography. Chapter 5: The
`Digital Signature. Chapter 6: Public-Key Infrastructures and the X509 Standard. Chapter 7: Network and
`Transport Security Protocols. Chapter 8: Application-Layer Security Protocols. Chapter 9: Hardware
`Solutions: Overcoming Software Limitations. Chapter 10: Digital Signatures: Beyond Security. Chapter 11:
`Doing It Wrong: The Break-Ins. Chapter 12: Doing It Right: Following Standards. Appendix A: Bits, Bytes,
`Hex, and ASCII. Appendix B: A Layman's Guide to a Subset of ASN.1, BER, and DER. Appendix C: Further
`Technical Details.
`
`Other Titles:
`
`Cryptography
`RSA security's complete cryptography
`
`Responsibility:
`
`Steve Burnett and Stephen Paine.
`
`More information:
`
`catdir.loc.gg
`
`catdirJocgg
`
`catdir.|oc.ggy
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`RSA security's official guide to cryptography (Book, 2001) MorldCat.org]
`
`/7/2019
`
`Computer networks -- Security measures.
`
`Data encryption (Computer science)
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`
`C_FY.Pt_09rafie.
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`: Linked Data
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`httos://www_wor|dcafnm/tifle/rsa-semiritvs—nffinial—m Iide—fn—nrvnfnn r2nhvlnnlnl7899974099mf9mr=hr8 hf=editinn
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