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`General Library "System
`University oi Wisconsin ‘ Madison
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`The New Oxford Thesaurus of English
`
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`
`The New Oxford
`+ Thesaurus of English
`
`g
`
`IIIIIIIIIII
`
`OXFORD
`UNVR TY
`
`

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`Page 8 of17
`
`
`OXFORD
`UNIVERSITY PRESS
`
`Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6UP
`
`Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
`It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship>
`and education by publishing worldwide in
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`First published 2000
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
`stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
`without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press,
`or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed wlth the appropriate
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`outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department,
`Oxford University Press, at the address above
`
`You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover
`and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
`
`British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
`Data available
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`ISBN 0—19—860261—8
`
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`Typeset in Swift and Arial
`by Tradespools Ltd, Frome
`Printed in Italy
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`Page 9 of 17
`Page 9 of 17
`SHOW}?
`
`Contents
`
`Editorial staff vi
`
`Introduction
`
`vii
`
`How to use this thesaurus x
`
`The New Oxford Thesaurus of English 1
`
`

`

`Page 10 of 17
`Page 10 of 17
`
`
`Editorial stall"
`
`Chief Editor
`Patrick Hanks
`
`Associate Editor
`Maurice Waite
`
`Senior Editor
`Sara Hawker
`
`Senior Assistant Editors
`
`Catherine Bailey
`Martin Coleman
`
`Chris Cowley
`
`Awkward Synonyms and Confusables
`Lucinda Coventry
`David Edmonds
`
`Related Terms and Combining Forms
`Muriel Summersgill
`Valerie Fairhurst
`
`Project Coordinator
`Valerie Fairhurst
`
`

`

`Page 11 of 17
`Page 11 of17
`
`
`
`
`Introduction
`
`
`
`The New Oxford Thesaurus ofEnglish (NOTE) has been compiled using
`new evidence in new ways, in order to create an original work of refer
`ence that will be most useful to a wide range ofusers for many different
`purposes. It is an independent work of reference in its own right, but
`may also be viewed as a companion volume to the New Oxford Diction‘
`ary ofEnglish (NODE). Where NODE presented a new, more accurate
`picture of the language than had previouslybeen possible, NOTE elab-
`orates the theme, with lists of words grouped together according to
`their similarity in meaning and checked against the evidence for actual
`usage, as found in the British National Corpus and the database of the
`Oxford Reading Programme. It is an essential companion for anyone
`who wants to expand their vocabulary and improve their creative writ-
`ing skills, and for aficionados ofword games.
`The word thesaurus comes from a Greek word meaning ‘treasure
`house’. All thesauruses contain lists of words that are linked by having
`a similar meaning, but this thesaurus goes much further: it also con—
`tains antonyms (words with opposite meanings), related terms, noun
`lists, detailed studies of closely related synonyms, advice on confusable
`words, and other features. A common everyday use for a thesaurus is as
`an aid in solving crossword puzzles, and such users will find that the
`coverage in this book is fuller and more focused than most. But this is
`by no means the only function of an alphabetical thesaurus. Some
`people will use this book to look up a familiar word, in order to find a
`less familiar word which may be on the tip of their tongue. Others will
`use it for guidance in choosing le mot juste, to help improve the com—
`municative power and accuracy of their writing, in an essay or report
`for example. Whatever the purpose, the reader can be assured of
`finding a rich and varied selection of words with similar meaning, a
`selection that has been systematically enhanced by computerized
`checking and cross-checking.
`
`Selection of entries
`
`The primary purpose ofNOTE is to give lists ofsynonyms for the com-
`mon everyday words ofEnglish: words with roughly the same meaning
`as the entry word or ‘headword’. Not every word has synonyms. Some
`words, especially terms denoting kinds of animals, plants, and physical
`objects, have no synonyms, so they do not get entries in a thesaurus.
`The reader will look in vain for synonyms of gerbil and geranium.
`There is an entry for squirrel, but it is not there for the noun denoting
`the animal, which has no synonym. The entry is there in order to give
`Synonyms for the phrasal verb squirrel something away, and as a refer—
`ence point for a table ofdifferent kinds ofsquirrels and related rodents.
`The words selected as entries are general words that non-specialists
`are likely to want to look up. It is the job of a dictionary, not a the
`saurus, to explain the meanings of unusual words, such as supereroga‘
`tory, so such words do not get an alphabetical entry here. However,
`supererogatory is given as a synonym at entries for the more familiar
`words inessential, needless, and unnecessary. A thesaurus can thus lead
`
`the user from the familiar to the unfamiliar, improving his or her word
`power.
`
`Tables
`
`A special feature of NOTE is its 480 tables, which are included
`throughout the book to give additional information relevant to par
`ticular headwords. They range from lists ofdifferent breeds or kinds of
`animals, birds, and plants to lists of famous artists, architects, and sci—
`entists. For example, at the entry for actor/actress there is a selection of
`synonyms for the words themselves, together with a comprehensive
`list ofwell-known actors and actresses ofboth stage and screen.
`Certain headwords are included despite the fact that they have no
`synonyms, in order to direct the reader to a table. For example, at the
`entry for volcano the reader will find no synonyms but instead a
`pointer to a list of major volcanoes, together with their location and
`the date of their most recent eruption. Tables covering the essential
`vocabulary ofsuch fields as art, economics, computing, and cricket are
`also included. The provision ofthese tables makes NOTE an invaluable
`aid to crossword-solving and a fascinating source of encyclopedic
`information on subjects as diverse as marsupials and military leaders.
`
`Homonyms
`
`Homonyms are words that are written the same but which have com-
`pletely different and unrelated meanings. For example, the bark of a
`dog is a completely different word from the bark of a tree. There are
`three different words spelled bay, and four spelled sound. Some words
`that are written with the same spelling are pronounced differently. In
`such cases, a note on pronunciation is given, either by giving a word
`that rhymes with the headword, e.g.
`
`wlncl1 (rhymes with ‘tinned’) b noun
`wind“ (rhymes with ‘mind‘) b verb
`
`or by stating where the stress falls, e.g.
`
`defect‘ (stress on first syllable) b noun
`defect: (stress on second syllable) > verb
`
`Synonyms
`
`It is sometimes argued that no two words have exactly the same'mean‘
`ing. Even words as similar in meaning as close and shut may have
`slightly different nuances. Closing a shop implies that the shop is no
`longer open for business, so no one can come in. On the other hand,
`shutting a shop implies that the shop is being made secure, so nothing
`can be taken out. A similar distinction is found between strong and
`powerful: powerful enemies may threaten from outside, but a strong
`
`

`

`Page 12 of 17
`Page 12 of 17
`VIII
`Introduction
`
`defence on the inside will deter them from attacking. However, these
`are unusually subtle distinctions. For most practical purposes, close
`and shut have the same meaning, as do strong and powerful. Other
`symonyms are more distant, or emphasize different aspects of the
`meaning. For example, another close synonym of strong is muscular,
`but it places much more emphasis on physical strength. By contrast,
`stalwart and staunch are synonyms that emphasize more abstract
`aspects ofthis meaning ofstrong. Forceful, secure, durable, loud, intense,
`bright, and alcoholic are other close synonyms ofstrong, but all in quite
`different senses. They are not, of course, synonyms of each other.
`In this book, the broadest possible definition ofthe term ‘synonym’
`has been adopted, as being the one that will be most useful to users.
`Even words whose meaning is quite distantly related to that of the
`headword are listed if they can be used to get the same message across
`in appropriate contexts. Synonyms are not restricted to single words,
`and some expressions can be quite colourful: for example, the sync,
`nyms for tinker include not onlyfiddle (with) and try to mend, but also
`rearrange the deckchairs on the Titanic.
`The synonyms in each entry are grouped together in synonym sets.
`Major synonym sets correspond roughly to different senses of a word
`in a dictionary. Each major synonym set is numbered, and many have
`more delicate subdivisions, which are separated by semicolons.
`At the start of almost every synonym set is a ‘core synonym’: the
`term which is closest in meaning to the headword in that particular
`sense. Core synonyms are printed in BOLD SMALL CAPITALS. Only a
`very few words have no core synonym. Some synonym sets have more
`than one core synonym; for example at avant—garde (adjective), both
`innovative and advanced are very close in meaning to the headword, so
`both are given as core synonyms. Two different core synonyms within
`the same sense group may emphasize slightly different aspects of the
`meaning of the headword. For example, at dutiful, the first core syno-
`nym given is conscientious, followed by a group ofwords closely related
`to this aspect of its meaning. Then, after a semicolon, a second core
`synonym, obedient,
`is given, with a further group of synonyms
`grouped around that aspect of the meaning.
`Synonyms whose usage is restricted in some way, for example
`regionalisms or very formal or informal words, are placed at the end of
`each major synonym set and labelled accordingly. See Register below.
`
`Illustrative examples
`
`Almost every synonym set in NOTE is illustrated with a carefully
`chosen example of the word in use in the relevant sense. These are
`authentic examples of natural usage taken from the British National
`Corpus and the files of the Oxford Reading Programme (see Linguis-
`tic evidence below). They have occasionally been lightly edited to
`make the sense more apparent or to eliminate digressions. The ex—
`amples can therefore be trusted for guidance on using unfamiliar
`words in an idiomatic way.
`Where part of an example is printed in bold italic type, this indi-
`cates that some or all of the synonyms can be substituted for that par
`ticular phrase, not just for the headword alone. Thus at attached, the
`example given is:
`
`she was very attached to her brother.
`
`In this case the synonyms are all equivalent to attached to:
`
`FOND 0F, devoted to, full of regard for, full of admiration for; affec-
`tionate towards, tender towards, caring towards; informal mad about,
`crazy about, nuts about.
`
`In the entry for impute, the example given is:
`
`he imputes selfish views to me.
`
`This is followed by the synonym set:
`
`ATTRIBUTE, ascribe. assign, credit, accredit. Chalk up; connect with,
`associate with, lay on, lay at the door of: informal pin on, stick on.
`
`The synonyms up to the first semicolon are synonyms for impute, and
`those after it are synonyms for impute to.
`
`Linguistic evidence
`
`The compilers of NOTE have had access to two major linguistic
`resources, the British National Corpus and the files of the Oxford
`Reading Programme. The British National Corpus is a body of 100
`million words of English books, newspapers, and transcribed speech
`in machine—readable form, used for linguistic and lexicographical
`research. The Oxford Reading Programme is a database of citations
`collected by Oxford’s international network of readers, currently
`amounting to over 60 million words and increasing by about 7 million
`words every year.
`In both these resources, the context of every occurrence of a given
`word can be viewed in a few seconds, making it possible to see more
`clearly than ever before how words are actually used. This method was
`used not only to confirm whether a word has senses for which there are
`suitable synonyms and to check the sense of words being selected as
`synonyms but also to actively find synonyms which have not previ'
`ously been recorded. The British National Corpus, in particular, was
`also used to obtain the sentences and phrases given as examples of
`usage.
`
`Phrasal verbs and idiomatic phrases
`
`English is full of idiomatic expressions—phrases whose meaning is
`more than the sum of their parts. For example, a shot in the dark means
`‘a guess’, while a shot in the arm means ‘a boost’. Neither of these mean'
`ings has very much to do with more literal meanings ofshot. In this the-
`saurus, particular care has been given to make a full selection of
`idiomatic expressions and to give synonyms for them. If a word is used
`as both a noun and a verb, the idiomatic expressions are listed as
`subentries under the part of speech in which the word is used. Thus by
`the book is given under the noun senses of book, while book in is given
`under the verb senses.
`
`Full coverage is also given to phrasal verbs in this thesaurus. Phrasal
`verbs are expressions such as book in and turn out, consisting of a verb
`plus a particle. The meaning of a phrasal verb is often very different
`from that of the basic verb; for example, the meanings of take of are
`quite distinct from the meanings of take. Phrasal verbs are listed as
`idiomatic expressions under the main verb entry.
`
`Register: standard vs informal and regional
`Engflsh
`
`Informal usage is more prevalent than it was a few years ago. Even in
`quite formal contexts, people may be heard using slang expressions,
`while the use of swear words and taboo words is on the increase.
`
`Taboos generally are weakening, though more so in Australia, where
`bastard is almost equivalent to British chap, and less so in the USA,
`where taboos are still strong in southern States such as Texas. This the—
`saurus contains a rich selection of informal and rude synonyms for
`more formal expressions. Users who wish to avoid offensive words may
`treat the restrictive labels as warning notices.
`Most ofthe synonyms given are, ofcourse, part ofstandard English;
`that is, they are in normal use in both speech and writing everywhere
`in the world, at many different levels offormality, ranging from official
`documents to casual conversation. These general synonyms are given
`first in each synonym set. Some words, however, are appropriate only
`in particular contexts, and these are placed after the standard expres—
`sions and labelled accordingly. The technical term for these differences
`in levels of usage is ‘register’. The main register labels used in this the—
`saurus are the following:
`
`

`

`Page 13 of 17
`Page 13 of 17
`IX
`Introduction
`
`informal: normally only used in contexts such as conversations or let
`ters between friends, e.g. swig as a synonym for drink.
`
`vulgar slang: informal language that may cause offence, usually
`because it refers to bodily functions.
`
`formal: normally only used in writing, in contexts such as official
`documents, e.g. dwelling as a synonym for home.
`
`technical: normally only used in technical and specialist language,
`though not necessarily restricted to any specific field, e.g. littoral as a
`synonym for beach. Words used in specific fields are given appropri-
`ate labels, e.g. medicine, Christianity.
`
`poetic/literary: found only or mainly in poetry or in literature writ
`ten in an ‘elevated’ style, e.g. ambrosial as a synonym for delicious.
`
`dated: still used, but normally only by the older generation, e.g.
`measure one’s length as a synonym forfall down.
`
`historical: still used today, but only to refer to some practice or article
`that is no longer part of the modern world, e.g. crinoline as a synonym
`for petticoat.
`
`humorous: used with the intention of sounding funny or playful, e.g.
`terminological inexactitude as a synonym for lie.
`
`archaic: very old-fashioned language, not in ordinary use at all today,
`but sometimes used to give a deliberately old-fashioned effect or found
`in works of the past that are still widely read, e.g. aliment as a synonym
`forfood.
`
`rare: not in common use, e.g. acclivitous as a synonym for steep.
`
`World English
`
`It is an oft—repeated truism that English is now a world language. In this
`thesaurus, particular care has been taken to include synonyms from
`every variety ofEnglish, not just British, and when these are exclusively -
`or very strongly associated with a region of the world they are labelled
`as such.
`
`The main regional standards are British (abbreviated to Brit. ) , North
`American (N. Amer), Australian and New Zealand (Austral. /NZ), South
`African (S. African), Indian (in the sense of the variety of English found
`throughout the subcontinent), and West Indian (W Indian). Only if the
`distinction is very clear is any finer labelling used, as with beer parlour,
`a Canadian synonym for bar.
`Scottish, Irish, and Northern English are varieties within the
`British Isles containing distinctive vocabulary items of their own. The
`main synonyms found as regional terms of this kind are listed here and
`labelled accordingly.
`The term for something found mainly or only in a particular coun'
`try or region (although it may be mentioned in any variety of English)
`is identified by an indication such as ‘(in France)’. An example is gite (as
`a synonym for cottage).
`Many regionally restricted terms are informal, rather than being
`part of the standard language. Writers in the northern hemisphere in
`search of local colour may be delighted to learn that an Australian
`synonym for sordid is scungy, while Australian writers may find it
`equally useful to be given the equivalent terms in Britain, manky and
`grotty.
`
`Opposites
`
`Many synonym sets are followed by one or more words that have the
`opposite meaning from the headword, often called ‘antonyms’. There
`are several different kinds of antonym. True and false are absolute
`antonyms, with no middle ground. Logically, a statement is either true
`or false, but cannot be slightly true or rather false. Hot and cold, on the
`Other hand, are antonyms with gradations of meaning: it makes perr
`
`fectly good sense to say that something is rather hot or very cold, and
`there are a number ofwords (warm, tepid, cool) which represent inter—
`mediate stages. It makes sense to ask about something “How hot is it?”
`but that commits the speaker to the notion that it is hot at least to some
`extent. So hotand cold are at opposite ends of a continuum, rather than
`being absolutes.
`For many words, there is no single word that counts as an antonym,
`but there may be a phrase that gets the opposite meaning across. For
`example, what is the opposite of senile? There is no exact antonym, but
`the phrase in the prime oflife gets the opposite meaning across. In this
`book the broadest possible definition has been adopted, giving the
`maximum amount of information to the user. In some cases, a phrasal
`antonym is given for a phrasal subentry, e.g. bottle things up as an
`antonym for let ofi‘steam.
`The antonyms given in this book are not the only possible oppos—
`ites, but they are usually the furthest in meaning from the headword.
`By looking up the ‘opposite’ word as an entry in its own right, the user
`will generally find a much larger range of antonyms to choose from.
`For example, at the entry for delete the user will find:
`opposr'rras: add, insert.
`
`Both add and insert are entries in their own right.
`
`Related terms
`
`A special feature ofNOTE is that it gives not only synonyms and oppos‘
`ites but also other related terms, especially for concrete nouns such as
`milk (where lactic is not a synonym, but aword with a related meaning)
`and town (municipal, urban, and oppidan). There are two types of
`related words: the first are adjectives which usually mean ‘relating to’
`the headword but have a different origin (e.g. lactic for milk) and which
`may therefore not spring to mind as quickly as a straightforward dev
`rivative such as milky. The second type is typically a word very closely
`associated with the headword, but with a different meaning. For exam’
`ple, a related word may denote a part of the thing denoted by the head—
`word, or it may denote a particular form of this thing. Thus, at barrel,
`the related words given are cooper, stave, and hoop—a maker of
`barrels, and two important components of a barrel.
`
`Combining forms
`
`Combining forms are given after related terms. These are very similar
`to the first kind ofrelated terms, but in the form ofa prefix or suffix that
`is used in combination with other elements, e.g. oeno- with the sense
`‘wine’, as in oenology, or —Vorous with the sense ‘eat’, as in carnivorous.
`
`Awkward synonyms and confusables
`
`One thing a plain list of synonyms cannot do is help the reader choose
`between them by describing their nuances and connotations. For
`instance, the words blunt, candid, forthright, frank, and outspoken are
`all given as synonyms of each other, because they all have roughly the
`same meaning. But there are subtle differences. This set (at candid)
`comprises one of the 120 studies of ‘Awkward Synonyms’ in NOTE,
`devoted to explaining the differences in meaning between close syno'
`nyms. The distinctions are based on careful analysis of actual usage as
`recorded in the British National Corpus, and examples oftypical usage
`are given, selected from the British National Corpus and the citation
`collection of the Oxford Reading Programme.
`The other type of article printed as a boxed feature, ‘Confusables’,
`compares words which may cause difficulty for the opposite reason to
`‘awkward synonyms’: they are usually similar in form, as are militate
`and mitigate, and sometimes even pronounced the same, as are princi'
`pal and principle, but are very different in meaning.
`
`

`

`Page 14 of 17
`Page 14 of 17
`
`
`How to use this thesaurus
`
`
`
`semicolon marking subdivision of label indicating specialistlfieldIn which
`
`core synonym
`
`headword
`
`synonym set
`
`following synonym is used
`
`vant; rare adminicular
`-counmmc 12mm: para.
`
`
`
`
` example of use
`work. publication. title, opus. treanse. novel, storybook; manual hand—
`book. guide. common.reference bookparerbackhardback softback
`
`cross-reference to lists of words for different
`typesof book
`
`prefix with the sense of the headword _
`
`.1
`
`.
`‘
`diary, daybook; But. jotter. pocketbook; N. Amer scratch pad:F
`form ofthe headword fOTWh'Ch
`label indicating origin of following synonym
`&(books_)_§the council had to balance its books Accouu'rs, records, archives; ac—
`synonyms are 9W9"
`k, record book. ledger. log. balance sheet financial statement.
`noun phrase entered under noun sectIon
`
` legally. legitimately. licitly; honestly. fairly, openly: label indicating informalityoffollowing
`
`
`the u ”and up. fair and square.
`synonyms
`
`
`-
`ewe booked a number ofevents in the Wellington Festival ARRANGE. programme.
`Le, timetable, line up. secure, fix up, lay on; N. Amer slate.
`
`label indicating currency of following
`synonyms
`
`
`pronunciation
`
`headword
`
`ehe was removing the lead from the man’s chest BULLET, pellet. ball, slug; shot,
`buckshot, ammunition.
`
`peculiar badlective 0 something even more peculiar began to happen STRANGE.
`unusual, odd. funny, curious. bizarre, weird. uncanny, queer. unexpected.
`unfamiliar. abnormal, atypical, anomalous, untypical, different. out of the
`ordinary, out of the way; exceptional. rare, extraordinary. remarkable; puz—
`zling. mystifying, mysterious. perplexing. baffling, unaccountable, incon-
`gruous, uncommon, irregular. singular, deviant, aberrant. freak, freakish:
`
`suspicious. dubious, questionable; eerie- unnamal' SW5” unc0' Hem”
`fennel fishy. creepy. spooky: Bn'l. infoflmil rum '
`
`'
`
`
`
`idiosyncratic, unconventional, out-
`queer, fimny. unusual, abnormal,
`landish. offbeat, freakish. quirky. quaint, droll. zany. off-centre; informal
`wacky, freaky, kooky, screwy, kinky, oddball, cranky; N. Amer informal off the
`.....................................................................................Wall- “950; A"still-Ii” informal 48'“ dillY-
`label indicating that this sense ofpeculiar
`is used in informal language
`
`cross-reference to article that helps with
`choice of strange, odd, curious, or peculiar
`
`weather, below par, not up to par, funny. rough, lousy,
`
`label indicating regional use of following
`ble, dreadful crummy. seedy; Brit informal grotty. ropy:
`synonyms
`
`.............................................................................peelywallyMWiNZinfoml crook: m peaked peakis
`ithe islanders cmmcremsnc 0F, typi—
`phrase for thch synonyms are given
`eathudes and mannerisms
`cal of, representative of, belonging to. indicative of. symptomatic of, sug-
`gestive of, exclusive to, like, in character with.
`@Elena added her own peculiar contribution msnncnve. characteristic, dis-
`tinct, different. individual, individualistic, distinguishing, typical, special,
`specific, representative, unique, idiosyncratic, personal, private, essential,
`natural. identifiable. unmistakable. conspicuous, notable, remarkable, rare
`singular.
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`/, j/gyg.
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`NT“.V
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`REFERENCE COLLECTION
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`MEMORIAL LIBRARY
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`NON-CIRCULATING
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`HWWJWHIIIII.
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