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`OVER 500,000 SOLD
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`The Authoritative Resource for
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`Telecommunications, Networking.
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`the Internet and Information Technology
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`UpdatedmndExpanded Edition
`bYJjBH’Y Newton
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`"
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`__.
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`NEWTflN’s
`TELEBDIVI
`DIBTIIJNARY
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`LU“: .r’” ’ ' UL
`
`73"} K
`
`,5 i 0:2
`
`«PM
`@001
`NIW'I'ON'S TELECOM DICTIONARY M
`copyright © 2002 Harry Newton
`(3:)
`Email: Harry@HarryNeMOn.com
`ersonol web site: www.HarryNewton.com
`Business web site: www.Techno|ogylnvestor.com
`
`All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright conventions, including
`the right to reproduce this hook or portions thereof in any torn-r whatsoever.
`
`Published by CMP Books
`An imprint at CM? Media LLC.
`12 West 2] Street
`New York, NY 10010
`
`ISBN Number 1757820-1041-7
`
`February 2002
`
`Eighteenth Edition
`
`For individual orders, and tar intorrnation on special discounts tor quantity orders,
`please contact:
`
`CMP Books
`6600 Silacci Way
`Gilroy, CA 95020
`Tel: 1600-1300-6875 or 408-848-3854
`Fax: 408-848-5784
`Web: www.cmpbooks.com
`Email: cmp@rushorder.com
`
`This book is also sold through wwqumazomcom, ww.Fatbrain.oom and
`www.BarnesAndNol3le.com
`
`Distributed to the book trade in the U.SA and Canada by Publishers Group West
`1700 Fourth 53., Berkeley, CA 94710
`
`Manufactured in the United States of America
`
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`I/LWL'hLir/Igtgg
`r/;2,7eo7é
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`{{ {-r :f
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`7 m I! e C”? 2
`
`Table of Contents
`
`HELP MAKE THIS DICTIONARY EVEN BETTER
`- We offer a reel reward ............................................................. It
`
`I I9 BEST DOLLAR-SAVING TIPS
`- How To Save on Telecom, PC, Internet and Airline Expenses and Best Investment Tips ................... VII
`
`WHY IS IT SO HARD TO BUY?
`- The logic of call centers! customer cores, and buying on the Internet .............................. XII
`
`WHERE'S THE TECHNOLOGY GOING?
`- Cheaper, foster and more reliable ore obvious trends but there are other less obvious important ones also.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`. XVII
`
`DISASTER RECOVERY PLANNING
`— How to Make Sure Your Computing and Telecommunications Still Run ............................. XIX
`
`RULES FOLLOWED IN THIS DICTIONARY
`- How to figure our ordering of terms and our spellings ....................................... XXI
`
`ABOUT THE AUTHOR
`- Harry Newton does hove o life outside this dictionow ....................................... XXV
`
`ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTING EDITOR
`- Roy Horok teaches, consults and lives in Porodise ......................................... XXVII
`
`DICTIONARY
`
`Dictiononr begins with Numbers then goes onto Letters ......................................... I
`
`APPENDIX
`— Industry Stondards Organizations and their contoct information ................................. 850
`- Internotionol {oiling Codes ......................................................... 856
`- Standard Plugs and Connectors ..................................................... 858
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`and Zilog 1-30. were installed in 8-bit computers such as the ripple II, the hlStlI 0050, and
`the Covtvnodore 64.
`.00 the first “area code' for what MET originally cohd IIIWIITS service. See 000
`Service artd fill".
`800 Peerlellellltyr 800 Portability! refers to the fact thatyoucan takequ 500 cum-
`ber to any long distance center. it rose example, once I ha
`lBUiHJBtihtit. For many
`yertrs,1ltut ncmrberwas provieded MET. When portabibty canoe along, we were able to
`itfram but to Ithl and
`keep l-BOll-UllllthY, rodich'Is 8005427271800
`Ityis
`byoseriesolcomplexdatofmeathelocalalmnecompartiesurtdu
`t’a
`FCC mandate, have brrilt. 000 t'ar‘fabiity started an Hay l, W93 See 000 Service.
`800 Service A roll call paid tar by the called p,erty mllIer than the rating puny. dgener-
`'Ic artd common term for InWI‘ITS (Wide Area ielecornrrtrnicotions Service) senior pravided
`
`byaphunepttatte,cannrcerywhetlteralECliacol ErrclrmgeCorrieNarthCllrttereltdetrge
`Carrier). tn tlortitrltmer‘coortdinorderoltheirirtrodrrction, cl these In’r'liITSIerviceslIave
`800 “967), 883 “996187? (rivet, 066 [2000], at 055 {200” as their 'atea
`code.‘ (Note: Future 500 nbmbers will follow the convention 8th where bill are specific
`numbers which are identical Sudt 000 sentice is typically used by merchants altering to sell
`sometl‘irgsudroshotelreservatiocts, clothes, ormntolcarstheideaoltl'tefceeseniceisto
`errticeotstornerstocoldteorrrrber, widtthethearybeiogtl'tatdrttecalttnsntalculmel
`thereforeeorsttheorslomersorneth'
`haorshenidItbalessinciredtocdSrrppliersai
`800 services use various ways to
`' are Ind bill their 000 services
`800 Service works like this: You're somewhere in North America. You dial 1000, i-BBB,
`l0”. tens or t-BSS and seven oi
`'ts. The [EC {Local Exchange Canier‘to the local
`pltactecarnponytceetcaloflicesoes
`'l’_agondrecIriresllteaellastong denture. tt
`alsarecagrizeelhefitltlareooudeaadcprenea acerrtroltzeddolabasebetoresprac
`the (all further, with the query generaltymtaking place over a SS? tSlg'IaingSysternwill
`link. the centrdhcod database resides on a Service Management System lSMSt, which is
`a centralized computing platform, The database identifies the LEC or lllC{lnterErrcharrt'ap
`Carrier] ptavidrtg the filth rnrrrrber. Based on that information and assumin thattlte
`heerrrmberisassoriotedwithaniili, IhelECsvv-itchtoutesthecetttothe roperp|.t(C
`Once the Ith has been tanned the call, hprocesses the 300 rtttrttber, pepsrhafltranslating
`itinto a 'real”telephone numberInorderto route itcorrectly. Illtentathrely, the tilt: hate
`
`lures the 300 ham or into on internal, nonstandard l0digit number for further roofing to
`the terminating Central tiltice (C0) and trunk or trunk group.
`its a realite example. the [sidebar at his book has an 500 number, BDOiJStiAltY (or
`800-54 2-7279”. When you {all that whither, MC] routes that number to the first available
`channel on the dedicated i—l circuit whid't leased from MCI's and connecting the MCI flew
`York Uty POP (Point Of Presence) to the Cth New ‘lar’crmy attire
`Because 000 long distance service is essentially a database aalarp and translation service
`lor'Incoming phone calls,,ttrpr: cue endlessflsegces you can amau can p3;
`on true
`routing patterns
`rampanyto
`pnnnanent instructions ‘urto
`day dayat week. number called, number calling. Saree long distance cornpariesallowyou
`to dtenge your routing instructions from one minute to another. For example, you might
`have two call centers into which 000 phone calls are pmflfip ltlhen one gets busy, you
`may tell your long distance companynyto route all the 300
`and phone calls to the call
`center, which isn't busy. See Erglttl'iundred Service and Due Plumber Calling for more,
`itspeciblly allthe feahrresyau can now tort 000 service.
`lrrtrtuy of 1993 the KC mandated that a 000 {and by exteroiarr Ill 8th numbers become
`portable. that means “110 dreamers can take their 000 tetophone number from one i
`distance company to another, and still keep the some 000. See else 000 Parlabiity.
`000 Services are known internationally as 'Freefone Services." In other correlates the riot-
`irtg srltarne may vary, with example: being 0-000 and 0500. Such serviceselso go wider
`the name ”Greenlone.‘ In intro rm, the "lit approved the E169 standard llriversal
`lntemotionot Freetocte Number lUlFNt numbers, also known as 'Giobal 300.” mm will
`work across national boundaries, based on a standard numbering scheme at 300, 880 or
`871' plus an Bdigit telephone nrtrnber, See also Him and Vanity Numbers.
`I01 See 002 Standards.
`802 Sleeved-eels 1119.302 Standards are a set of standout tor ltlil I{Local Area
`Network) and bull (Metropolitan Area Network) data con'ntunicatiors developed through
`the tEEE’s Protect 302. The two most important standards are 802st lb and 802.] i o. the
`standards also indude on overthrew of recommended networking ord'r‘tectares, approved ‘It
`1990. the 002 stardordstolow I] retinas numbering convention. A number followed by a
`capital letter denotes a standalone standard; a nrrmber followed by a lower case letter
`
`800 / 802.1“
`
`denotes either a supplement to a standard, or alpgrt at a nwltiple-nucnber standard leg.
`002.] 8 302.3). The 80? standards segment
`data link layer into two arblayers:
`i.AtItediaAcceer Cannot (MAD lfltfitthriir'tdrdesspea'iicmetttads tar gtiit'
`accessto
`the Lilli. these methods — such as Ettrerrtet’s random access method and T on liing's
`taken passictg procedure - are in the 802.3. 002.5 and 802.6 standards.
`2. it Logical link Control tttCt layer. described in the 802.2 standard, that provides for
`connection estottttshnrent, data transfer, and connection termination services. llC specifies
`tl'eee types of carrtrnunicatiam finks:
`" Art llnoctcnorrledged Cancrectirnless Link. where Ila sending and receiving devices do not
`set up a connection before transmitting. Instead. messages are sent on a 'best effort"
`basis, with rtn precision for ermr detection, error recovery. or message sequencing. This
`type of ink is best suited for applications where the higher layer protocols can provide the
`error conection and fractions, or where the loss at broadcast messages is not critical.
`*nCmmchmttIodeLmhwttereecannection betweenmeeeogesourceanddestinotion
`is established prior to amsmission. This type of but: works best in applications, suchoslile
`transfer, where large amounts of dIta are being transmitted at one time.
`* no hcknouvidedged [anmmgdrkismfln as itsnamedindicates,
`ravides for acknowl-
`edgecnent
`messages art
`II
`o
`evtces w maintaining a can-
`necion. Farttesreasrsn iisntostaftenusedfecaniicatiortsudmreacenhalpmcessar
`communicates with a let
`camber of devices with limited processirgcapacapabilitiea
`802.] IEEE standard or overall architecture at [hits and internetworking. See all the
`following definitions.
`802.] III 802.tio is actually an updated. big or, better, faster version of 001i lb
`(also oiled i‘r'iFil, which is now cannnortly icrstall
`in offices, airports, coffee shops, etc.
`Many laptops rtaw come with 002.?ib hit-in. the newer 002.] la, dso cet IIEE Sl'tltt-
`dord forwireless'ttttls, supportsspeedsupto 54 Mbps Bliltio ntrtsincr Sim-tritium
`cation in the 5 EH: range, which was olecuted by the FCC to support of UNII {the
`Unticensed National Information infrastructure). Specifically, 200 NIH: is allocated at 5. t 5-
`5.35MH1 for interiidrng applications, and 100 MHz at 5.72550 25 MHz ior outdoor use.
`ihisellocoted spectnrcn is divided mtothreewockingdomains. rlt 5.l55.25 MHz. maxi
`rrturn powerautput is restricted to 50thWintfiMatts).5.25-5.3510250ml'l, cmd 5.725
`5.825 to l
`Irilatt. Hittite has been dubbed iii-HS l't‘fireless Fidelity 5 MHz) by the
`Wireless Ethemet Compatittifity trllionce t‘t‘t'ECrtt.
`802.1 to Lees Coded Unhoganel Fteocancy Division Multiplexing tCOFDlrti as the s’ not
`modulation mdtrtiqcre. COFDMsendsastreentol data mars inarnassively parallel
`str-
`ion. with muitiple subcarriers (i.e.. smol slices of fit, or llodra Spectrum. vridtin the deaig
`noted carrier lreqrrency band. Each center channel is 20 MHZ wide. and is subdivided into
`52 subcarrier channels each of which is approximately 300 lift: wide; 43 of the subcor-
`tier channels are used tor data transmission. and the remaining foul for error cannot.
`Through the application of a coding technique. each symbol comprises multi datumbits.
`Thespec‘rftedcoding tecfetiquesareideiaratasspecilied llllflfxlitltlfllls‘l
`by802.llcocnpliontproducts, include ltt’SKlliinonPlaseShlttlfeyinglatl25lllrasllbpsppr
`channel for a total of 6 tribes across all 40 data channels OPSK {Quadrature Phase 5 ill
`Key'|ctgl at for 250 ltbpspar channel for a total at 12 hlbps. and loflhhl tldlevel
`Quadrature Amplitude Modulation] at 500 libps per channel tor a total at 24 Mbps. The
`standard Idso allows more camptex modulation schemes, that alter inueased data rates.
`Currently. the mostcomptetr actd fastest is 640er lad-level 0M1). at 1325 tribes per
`channel for a total at 54 Mbps.
`the symbol rate is slowed down enough that each symbol transmission is longer died the
`delayspread. The delay spreadIs the variationIn timing between receipt of the signals
`assacietedwithe
`ivensymlral withthedelayflspreadcarsedbymultipethfeding.
`Multipalhfodingis
`phenomenonvrherebytheltf sigmiscorryirtgopivendotusym
`ant-reel the receivecatsi‘rghttydrfierenttimes. This‘rsbecrntse the sigcra spreodsoutlram
`the transmitter, with certain portions attire signal reacting the receiver more or less direct-
`ly. while other portions of the signal bounce around all of walls. lumiture, your cowork-
`er's pointy bead, and such. flow. each at the
`bots contains multiple bits, vrlttdt are
`imposedanittltraughthecorhng pracecsesfien'
`abovehsthemaitiplesyrnbolsreodt
`ttrereceitrer, ttteyoresonedaotaretdecoded. withthedecading process pmviringsome
`addriionoi time for the receiver to adust for the delay spread and to get ready to receive
`the next symbol Both 302 tie and 002. I iii are designed to becompontrte with Ethemet
`[hits using the MAC Media tlcoess Control]
`techninue of [Slab/Cit
`(Carrier Sense
`Multiple Access with Collision Itvaidancel.
`ltdtissoundsgeamltot’sbecoaseitisgreat.tfttissavndstaagaodtobetme, that's
`
`l?
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`302.1"! / 802.10
`
`because it gets a little more complicated. While the 5 Gil: spectrum is pretty clear in the
`05, it's not so readily available elsewhere. Military and govemmem installations use per-
`tions of this band overseas.
`in Japan, only the 5.15-5.25 MHz spectrum is Ivailable.
`in
`Europe, the 5725-5025 MHz spectrum is already allocated for atlter uses. In Europe, ETSI
`(European Telecommunications Standards Institute) requires that two additional protocols
`be used in coniunctian with 002.11o in order to protect incumbent applications and sys-
`tems running over previously allocated shared spectrum. DES (Dynamic Frequency
`Selection) allows inn 302.11a s stem to dynamically shift frequency channels and TPC
`Clmnsmissiun Pewer Camral) r
`aces the power level. In combination, these protocols
`serve to eliminate interference issues with incumbent signals. See also 302.1 lb,
`802.1 lg, BPSK, CSMA/Ch, MAC, DFDM, 0AM, OPSK, WECA and lift-Fl.
`802.1 111 802.11b is now the most common wireless local area network. 3021 lb
`lalso called Witt) is new commonly installed in offices, airports, coffee shops, etc. Many
`laptops now come with 802.11b built-in. 302.11b has been dubbed Wr-Fi (Wireless
`Fidelity) by the Wireless Ethentet Compatibility hlliance (WECA). 802.) 1b defines bath the
`Physical
`(PHY) and Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols. Specifically,
`the PHY spec
`includes three transmission options — one It (lntmred), and two RF (Radio Frequency).
`802.11b uses 0555 (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) madalationfor digital communi-
`cation. DSSS involves the transmission of a stream of ends and cards, which is modulat-
`ed with the llarker code chipping sequence. Barker code is an 1 11bit sequence [e.g.,
`101101 11000) that has advantages in wireless transmission. Each bit is encoded into on
`11-bit Barker code, with each resulting data ahiecr forming a “chip.“ The chip is put on a
`water frequency in the 2.4 EH: range (2.42.403 EH2), and the waveform is modulated
`using one of several techniques. 302.11 systems running at 1 Mbps make use of BPSIC
`(Dinuty Phase Shift Keying). Systems running at 2 Mbps make use of 0PStl (Quaternary
`Phase Shift lieying). Systems running at 1 1 Mbps make use of (Cit (Complementary Code
`Keying), which involves 64 unique code sequences, which technique supports six bits per
`code word. The CCII code word is then modulated onto the RF carrier using 0PSli, which
`allows another nvo bin to be encoded for each 6410 symbol. Therefore, each 6-bit s at-
`tel contains eight bits. Power output is limited by the FCC to 1 watt ElRP fErtuivallent
`lsohapically Radiated Power). At this low power level, the physical distance between the
`transmitting devices becomes an issue, with error performance suffering as the distance
`increases. literature, the devices adoptto longer distances by asin a less complex encod
`ing technique, and a resulting lower signaling speed, which trans
`tes into a lower data
`rate. For example, a system maning at 11 tribes using CCll and 0951i, might throttle back
`to 5.5 Mbps by halving the signaling rate as the distances increase and error pedarmance
`drops. is the sihretton gets worse, it might throttle back to 2 Mbps using only GPSIC, and
`1 Mbps using BPSK. Also to be considered in this equation is the fact that the 2.4 EH:
`mega is in the unlicensed 1510 (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band, which is shared by
`garage door openers, microwave ovens, bar code scanners, cordless phones, Diuetooth
`LANs, and a wide variety of other devices. As a result, this slice of spectrum can be heavi-
`ly congested at times, and performance can drop considerably. 302.1 I divides the avail-
`able spectrum into 14 channels. lathe US, the HI allows the use of l 1 channels. Eaar
`drannels are available in France, 13 in the rest of Europe, and only one in Japan. There
`also is overlap between ad‘acent channels ie.g., channels one and two), which fact funher
`affects perfonnunce; therefore, any given system must maintain maximum channel sepa-
`ration from other systems in proximity.
`Bath 002.11g and 302.1 lb are designedto be compatible with Ethernet Ihtls. 302.1 lb uses
`a variation of the MAC (Media tlccess Control) technique of (Sikh/Ch (Carrier Sense Multiple
`hcces with Collision hvoidance), which iscoed iaseme wired Ethemets, aswell. hdevice seek-
`ing to transmit over the shared medium (in this case, a shared RF channel) listens to the net—
`work. If it senses no activity over the carrier frequency for a mirin'ram period of time known
`as the DIFS (DCF (Distributed Coordinated function) lnturfrarne Spa ‘
`), itrequests access
`byfirst transmitting a RIS lkequest la Send) packet. The R15 pocket in odes both the source
`li.e., transmitter) and destination (to, intended rece‘nrer) addresses, the dumtian afthe intend
`ed session lie, transmission), and theACli iriCltnowledgement) associated with it. If the net
`wads is available, the destination device responds with {15 (Clear To Send), repeating both the
`duration and the llCll. 101 other devices back off the network until the session is concluded. If
`the network, on the utter hand, is busy, the device waits a period of time equal to the DlES,
`plus a modem number of slot times, as calculated with several backafl timers. lire “listening”
`pmcess takes several loans. CAM [Constant hccess Metlvtd), the default method, involves cort-
`stant monitoring of the anionic. Since [MA creates a power consumption issue for battery
`powered devices, PM (Failed ticcess Made) can be substituted. PAM calls forah dient devices
`
`to go into sleep mode, (if awaking at regular intervals, at the exact same time, to Esten for
`network activity. On impary 3, 2000 the 802.11 technologyugot another boost when
`Microsoft and Stadroclcs announced that they were to ioin forces to
`er wireless access, using
`3021 lb among other standards, in most of Starbcnks‘ coffee outiets everthe nevi nrroycmrs.
`the deal, some analysts say, a a tunher sign that 802.1 lb raid becorrna serious compett
`tar to better known wireless technologies such as Bluetooth, HarneRF, or even neittgenemtion
`cellular networks. ripple was the list to launch on 802.1 lb product line (coiled hirPert). All
`Apple computers now include a bailtin antenna which, in coairmction with a networking card,
`can exchange data with a small base station plugged into a broadband imemetcanaection up
`to 45 metres (150 feet) away. Although same PC laptops rrowcome preeguipped with wire
`less hardware, most users buy a PCMClrl card, or PC card, that serves as a wireless modem
`and antenna. See also 002.101, 002.1 lg, Illuetoath, EPSIf, Chip, [SIM/CA, 055$, Ellii’,
`Ethernet, HomeRF, MAC, 0PSI(, Spread Specacrn, WECA and Witt.
`802.12 Standard for 1001'iiuhnytntl. Addresses 100 Mbps demandpriority access
`method physical-layer and repeater specifications. Approved in 1995.
`802.15 A developing lEEE standard for Wireless Personal Area Networks iWPllrttsl. the
`802.15 Working Group (190) comprises four task Gm
`(109.151 is denvin e WPrltl
`standard based on the Bluetooth specifications. 162 is
`evelopiag recommend
`practices
`to tecihtote the coexistence of 002.15 10?th and 002.11 Wlhtls (Wireless Local Area
`Networks). 103 is chartered to draft a new standard for high-rate )0?th running at 20
`Mbps or better. Development is focusing on the 2.4 GHz hand, using 00PSK (Orthogonal
`Quaternary Phase Shift Keying) as the modulation technique. 104 is charged with investi-
`gating a low data mte WPhN solution running atna more than 200 Kbps in support of appli-
`cations such as wireless interactive rays, serrson, automation, and smart tags and badges,
`802.16 it developing lEEE standard for broadband wireless access.
`lhe 302.16
`Woricing Group (WE) is working on a vadety affixed wireless standards intended to serve
`high-speed applicators.
`002.10 Standard for lhtlfllihll management, approved in 1992; along with 3021):,
`became the basis of ISO/IEC 15002-2.
`802.10 lEEE standard for interconnecting 1th thraa h MAC bridges (specifically
`between 002.3, 302.4, and 002.5 nenuarks). The standa was approved in 1990, and
`was incorporated into ISO/IEC 10033. Works at the Milt level.
`802.1! lEEE standard for LAN and Milli load protocols. Approved in 1990, leaned the
`basis for 150/IEC 15802-4.
`002." Standard for defining network mlnagement information specified in 302
`umbrella standards. Ihpproved in 1993.
`002.10 A developing standard for remote bridging at the MAC layer.
`802.111 lEEE pmctices recommended for bridging Ethernet Lhtls at the MAC layer.
`hpptoved in I995.
`002.11 iEEE standard for using FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data interface) as a MltC-layer
`bridge. Approved in 1992, the standard was incorpamred into lSU/‘lEC 10030.
`802.11 lEEE standard for bill connectivity using MAC-layer bridges. A supplement to
`802.10, it was approved in 1996.
`802.111 lEEE standard for the discovery and dynamic control of network management
`infornrotian. Approved in 1993.
`In conjunction with 302.10, was the basis for lSD/IEC
`158022.
`802.118 It conformance statement for 302.1 E, it addresses definitions and protocols for
`system land management. Approved in 1993, it was incorporated into lSD/lEC 15302-4.
`002.1 P lEEE extension of 802.10. Specification for the use of MAC-layer bad es in filter-
`ing and eraseditiag maiticast traffic. Prioritization at traffic is accomphshed throng the addi
`tion of a Erbit, priority value in the home header. Eight topalogyindependent priority values
`(07) are specified, with all eight values mapping directly into 3024 and 002.6. Switches
`that support 002.1P and 802.10 pmvide a homework for bandwidth prioritization.
`Essentially what all these words mean is that you can assign a priority to the type of traf-
`fic with lEEE 302.1p class-ef-servico ((eS) wines and these allow network devices along
`the way to recognize and deliver highpriority traffic in a predictable manner. When can-
`glesticérarzuclcurs, 09$ drops lawpriarity traffic to allow delivery of higlrpriority traffic. See
`a so
`. 0.
`802.10 lEEE specification for implementation of ‘rllfitls in layer 2 LAN switches, with
`emphasis an Ethernet. Similar to 802.1P, prioritization of traffic is accomplished through
`an additional four bytes of data in the frame header. Most data fields in this addition to
`the header are specific to llLAhl apemtion. Also included is a field which provides the same
`3-bit priority flog specified in 002.1 P’s priorityvnapping scheme.
`in addition to canven
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