`
`UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`
`____________________
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`
`____________________
`
`SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.
`Petitioner
`
`v.
`
`M & K HOLDINGS INC.
`Patent Owner
`
`____________________
`
`Patent No. 9,191,673
`____________________
`
`DECLARATION OF BENJAMIN BROSS IN SUPPORT OF PETITION
`FOR INTER PARTES REVIEW
`OF U.S. PATENT NO. 9,191,673
`
`
`
`
`
`
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`
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`Page 1 of 205
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`SAMSUNG EXHIBIT 1002
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`
`
`
`
`Declaration of Benjamin Bross
`U.S. Patent No. 9,191,673
`
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 
`I. 
`BACKGROUND AND QUALIFICATIONS ................................................. 2 
`II. 
`III.  MATERIALS REVIEWED ............................................................................ 5 
`IV.  PERSON OF ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART ........................................ 13 
`V.  OVERVIEW OF THE ’673 PATENT .......................................................... 14 
`VI.  TECHNICAL BACKGROUND & PRIOR ART CONSIDERED ............... 19 
`A. 
`Technical Background ......................................................................... 19 
`1. 
`Hybrid video coding ................................................................. 22 
`2. 
`Intra-picture prediction (intra prediction) ................................. 28 
`Budagavi .............................................................................................. 34 
`B. 
`Sole ...................................................................................................... 36 
`C. 
`D.  WD3-v1 ................................................................................................ 39 
`VII.  CLAIM CONSTRUCTION .......................................................................... 45 
`VIII.  EARLIEST EFFECTIVE FILING DATE OF THE ’673 PATENT ............. 46 
`IX.  THE PRIOR ART DISCLOSES OR SUGGESTS ALL OF THE
`FEATURES OF THE CHALLENGED CLAIMS ........................................ 49 
`Budagavi and Sole Disclose or Suggest the Features of Claims
`A. 
`1-3 ........................................................................................................ 49 
`Claim 1 ...................................................................................... 49 
`1. 
`a) 
`An image encoding method, comprising: ....................... 50 
`b) 
`determining, by an intra predictor, an intra
`prediction mode for image or video data; ....................... 52 
`generating, by the intra predictor, a prediction
`block according to the intra prediction mode; ................ 62 
`transforming and quantizing, by a
`transform/quantization unit, a residual block of the
`prediction block to generate a quantized block; ............. 63 
`
`d) 
`
`c) 
`
`i
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`Declaration of Benjamin Bross
`U.S. Patent No. 9,191,673
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`
`e) 
`
`f) 
`
`g) 
`
`inversely quantizing and inversely transforming,
`by an inverse quantization/transform unit, the
`quantized block to generate a restored residual
`block; and ........................................................................ 77 
`entropy-coding, by an entropy coder, quantized
`coefficients of the quantized block, ..............................102 
`wherein, when a size of the quantized block is
`equal to 8×8, the quantized coefficients of the
`quantized block are divided into a plurality of
`subsets, and the quantized coefficients of each
`subset and the plurality of subsets are scanned
`according to a scan pattern determined by the intra
`prediction mode. ...........................................................105 
`Claim 2 ....................................................................................127 
`The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of
`a) 
`subsets are scanned in a reverse direction. ...................127 
`Claim 3 ....................................................................................128 
`The method of claim 1, wherein the quantized
`a) 
`coefficients of each subset are scanned in a reverse
`direction. .......................................................................128 
`Budagavi, Sole, and WD3-v1 Disclose or Suggest the Features
`of Claims 4-7 .....................................................................................130 
`2. 
`Claim 4 ....................................................................................130 
`The method of claim 1, wherein the intra
`a) 
`prediction mode is coded using an upper intra
`prediction mode and a left intra prediction mode,
`and when the upper intra prediction mode or the
`left intra prediction mode is unavailable, the upper
`intra prediction mode or the left intra prediction
`mode is set to a DC mode. ............................................130 
`Claim 5 ....................................................................................148 
`The method of claim 1, wherein when the intra
`a) 
`prediction mode is a vertical mode, the scan
`pattern is a horizontal scan. ..........................................148 
`Claim 6 ....................................................................................161 
`The method of claim 1, wherein when the intra
`a) 
`prediction mode is a horizontal mode, the scan
`pattern is a vertical scan. ...............................................161 
`
`B. 
`
`2. 
`
`3. 
`
`3. 
`
`4. 
`
`ii
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`Declaration of Benjamin Bross
`U.S. Patent No. 9,191,673
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`Claim 7 ....................................................................................163 
`The method of claim 1, further comprising
`a) 
`generating, by the intra predictor, reference pixels
`when unavailable reference pixels exist. ......................163 
`X.  WD3-V1, SOLE, and ZHENG WERE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED
`AND PUBLICLY AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOAD ON THEIR
`UPLOAD DATE .........................................................................................177 
`XI.  DEMONSTRATIVES .................................................................................195 
`A.  Demonstrative A ................................................................................195 
`B.  Demonstrative B ................................................................................196 
`C.  Demonstrative C ................................................................................197 
`D.  Demonstrative D ................................................................................198 
`E. 
`Demonstrative E ................................................................................199 
`F. 
`Demonstrative F ................................................................................200 
`XII.  CONCLUSION ............................................................................................201 
`
`
`5. 
`
`
`
`iii
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`I, Benjamin Bross, declare as follows:
`
`Declaration of Benjamin Bross
`U.S. Patent No. 9,191,673
`
`
`I.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`1.
`I have been retained by Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (“Petitioner”)
`
`as an independent expert consultant in this proceeding before the United States
`
`Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”).
`
`2.
`
`I am being compensated at a rate of $350/hour for my work.
`
`3. My compensation is in no way contingent on the nature of my
`
`findings, the presentation of my findings in testimony, or the outcome of this or
`
`any other proceeding. I have no other interest in this proceeding.
`
`4.
`
`I have been asked to consider whether certain references disclose or
`
`suggest the features recited in the claims of U.S. Patent No. 9,191,673 (“the ’673
`
`Patent”) (Ex. 1001).1 My opinions are set forth below.
`
`5.
`
`I have also been asked to provide information regarding the
`
`procedures for publishing documents on the JCT-VC website. My factual
`
`testimony, which is separate and apart from my opinions, regarding such
`
`procedures is also set forth below in section X.
`
`
`1 Where appropriate, I refer to exhibits attached to the petition for Inter Partes
`
`Review of the ’673 patent.
`
`1
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`Declaration of Benjamin Bross
`U.S. Patent No. 9,191,673
`
`
`II. BACKGROUND AND QUALIFICATIONS
`6.
`I am an independent consultant. All of my opinions stated in this
`
`declaration are based on my own personal knowledge and professional judgment.
`
`In forming my opinions, I have relied on my knowledge and experience in
`
`designing, developing, researching, and
`
`teaching regarding video coding
`
`technology and information referenced in this declaration.
`
`7.
`
`I am over 18 years of age and, if I am called upon to do so, I would be
`
`competent to testify as to the matters set forth herein. I understand that a copy of
`
`my current curriculum vitae, which details my education and professional and
`
`academic experience, is being submitted by Petitioner as Ex. 1003. The following
`
`provides an overview of some of my experience that is relevant to the matters set
`
`forth in this declaration.
`
`8.
`
`I am a project manager at
`
`the Fraunhofer
`
`Institute
`
`for
`
`Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute (HHI) in the Video Coding and
`
`Analytics department, where I started in 2009 as a research associate.
`
`9.
`
`Since 2011, I have also been a part-time lecturer teaching a masters of
`
`engineering degree course entitled “Multimedia Communications” at
`
`the
`
`University of Applied Sciences for Engineering and Economics in Berlin (HTW).
`
`2
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`
`
`Declaration of Benjamin Bross
`U.S. Patent No. 9,191,673
`
`I was awarded a Dipl.-Ing. degree in Media Engineering from the
`
`10.
`
`Department of Electrical Engineering from RWTH Aachen University in 2008
`
`(comparable to a 5-years M.S. degree in the United States).
`
`11. Since my diploma thesis in 2008, where I investigated fast decoder-
`
`side motion vector derivation techniques with application to the H.264/AVC video-
`
`coding standard, I was working on hybrid video coding with a focus on inter-
`
`picture prediction techniques such as interpolation filters, motion data coding, and
`
`intra-picture prediction such as reference sample filtering and intra-picture
`
`prediction data coding.
`
`12. Since 2010, I have been actively involved with the Joint Collaborative
`
`Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) to develop the new H.265 | MPEG-H High-
`
`Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Standard. My involvement in the development
`
`and standardization process of HEVC included roles as a technical contributor
`
`and coordinator of core experiments. Consequently, I have been closely involved
`
`with the development of the Working Drafts of the HEVC Standard since the
`
`development of Working Draft 1 of the HEVC Standard specification around April
`
`2010. In particular, from April 2010 to July 2011 (corresponding to the
`
`development of Working Drafts 1 through 3), I was one of the vice-chairs of the
`
`JCT-VC’s HEVC Draft and Test Modeling editing Ad Hoc Group (AHG) that was
`
`responsible for developing and testing the HEVC Standard. From July 2011
`
`3
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`Page 7 of 205
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`Declaration of Benjamin Bross
`U.S. Patent No. 9,191,673
`
`onwards (i.e., from the beginning of development of Working Draft 4 onwards), I
`
`
`
`
`
`have been the chair of the HEVC Draft and Test Modeling editing AHG. In
`
`addition, in July 2011, I also became the lead author for the Working Drafts of the
`
`HEVC Standard. Further, at the HHI, I am currently responsible for the
`
`development of HEVC encoder and decoder software as well as investigating new
`
`video coding techniques for the next generation of video coding standards.
`
`13. As part of the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC), I
`
`received an Engineering Emmy Award at the 69th Engineering Emmy Awards on
`
`October 25, 2017. The JCT-VC was named a recipient of the Engineering Emmy
`
`award for its development of HEVC which has enabled efficient delivery of ultra-
`
`high-definition (UHD) content over multiple distribution channels (e.g., terrestrial,
`
`satellite, cable, fiber, wireless).
`
`14. Besides giving talks about the HEVC video coding standard, I am an
`
`author or co-author of several fundamental, highly cited HEVC-related
`
`publications covering inter- and intra-picture prediction techniques as well as
`
`transform coding, an author of two book chapters on HEVC and Inter-Picture
`
`Prediction Techniques in HEVC, and named as an inventor of at least nine patents
`
`related to video coding. A listing of these publications is included in my
`
`curriculum vitae (Ex. 1003).
`
`4
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`
`
`Declaration of Benjamin Bross
`U.S. Patent No. 9,191,673
`
`I am a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
`
`15.
`
`(IEEE) and have served as a reviewer for top tier journal and conferences for video
`
`compression like the IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video
`
`Technology (TCSVT),
`
`the IEEE International Conference on Consumer
`
`Electronics - Berlin (ICCE-Berlin), the IEEE International Conference on Image
`
`Processing (ICIP), and the IEEE Picture Coding Symposium (PCS).
`
`16.
`
`I received the IEEE Best Paper Award at the 2013 IEEE International
`
`Conference on Consumer Electronics – Berlin in 2013 and the SMPTE Journal
`
`Certificate of Merit in 2014.
`
`17.
`
`I am not an attorney and offer no legal opinions, but in the course of
`
`my work, I have had experience studying and analyzing patents and patent claims
`
`from the perspective of a person skilled in the art.
`
`III. MATERIALS REVIEWED
`18. The opinions in this Declaration are based on the documents I
`
`reviewed, my knowledge and experience, and professional judgment. In forming
`
`my opinions expressed in this Declaration, I have reviewed and considered the
`
`5
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`Declaration of Benjamin Bross
`U.S. Patent No. 9,191,673
`
`following documents and materials, and any other documents and materials that I
`
`
`
`
`
`reference in this declaration.2
`
`Ex. 1001
`Ex. 1004
`Ex. 1005
`Ex. 1006
`
`Ex. 1007
`
`U.S. Patent No. 9,191,673 issued on November 17, 2015
`Prosecution History of U.S. Patent No. 9,191,673
`U.S. Publication No. 2011-0170594 to Budagavi et al.
`JCTVC-E335 (version 3), Unified scans for the significance
`map and coefficient level coding in high coding efficiency, Joint
`Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T SG16
`WP3 and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (5th Meeting: Geneva,
`CH, 16-23 March, 2011) (http://phenix.int-
`evry.fr/jct/doc_end_user/documents/5_Geneva/wg11/JCTVC-
`E335-v3.zip)
`
`JCTVC-E603 (version 1), WD3: Working Draft 3 of High-
`Efficiency Video Coding, Joint Collaborative Team on Video
`Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T SG16 WP3 and ISO/IEC
`JTC1/SC29/WG11 (5th Meeting: Geneva, CH, 16-23 March,
`2011) (http://phenix.int-
`evry.fr/jct/doc_end_user/documents/5_Geneva/wg11/JCTVC-
`E603-v1.zip)
`
`
`2 I understand that the documents and materials I reviewed and refer to herein are
`
`being submitted as exhibits attached to the petition for Inter Partes Review of the
`
`’673 patent.
`
`6
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`Declaration of Benjamin Bross
`U.S. Patent No. 9,191,673
`
`
`JCTVC-D393 (version 4), CE11: Mode Dependent Coefficient
`Scanning, Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC)
`of ITU-T SG16 WP3 and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (4th
`Meeting: Daegu, KR, 20-28 January, 2011) (http://phenix.int-
`evry.fr/jct/doc_end_user/documents/4_Daegu/wg11/JCTVC-
`D393-v4.zip)
`
`Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, The
`Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standard Terms (7th Ed.,
`IEEE Press 2000)
`Overview of the H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard, Wiegand
`et. al, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video
`Technology, Vol. 13, No. 7, pp. 560-576, July 2003.
`
`U.S. Publication No. 2011-0038415 to Min et al.
`Certified English language translation of priority document
`(PCT application no. PCT/KR2011/002972), copy of priority
`document, and translation certificate.
`
`Certified English language translation of priority document
`(Korean application no. 10-2010-0038158), copy of priority
`document, and translation certificate.
`
`JCTVC-A116 (version 1), Description of video coding
`technology proposal by Fraunhofer HHI, Joint Collaborative
`Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T SG16 WP3 and
`ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (1st Meeting: Dresden, DE, 15-23
`April, 2010) (http://phenix.int-
`evry.fr/jct/doc_end_user/documents/1_Dresden/wg11/JCTVC-
`A116.zip)
`
`“JCT-VC” webpage (http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-
`T/studygroups/2013-2016/16/Pages/video/jctvc.aspx)
`
`Ex. 1008
`
`Ex. 1009
`
`Ex. 1010
`
`Ex. 1011
`Ex. 1012
`
`Ex. 1013
`
`Ex. 1014
`
`Ex. 1015
`
`7
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`
`
`Declaration of Benjamin Bross
`U.S. Patent No. 9,191,673
`
`
`Terms of Reference of the Joint Collaborative Team on Video
`Coding Standard Development (Kyoto, January 2010)
`(http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-
`t/oth/46/01/T46010000010001PDFE.pdf)
`“About ITU” webpage
`(http://www.itu.int/en/about/Pages/default.aspx)
`“ITU-T in brief” webpage (http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-
`T/about/Pages/default.aspx)
`
`“Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG)” webpage
`(http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/studygroups/2013-
`2016/16/Pages/video/vceg.aspx)
`“About ISO” webpage (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/about.htm)
`“About the IEC” webpage (http://www.iec.ch/about/?ref=menu)
`“ISO/IEC JCT 1” webpage
`(“http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_i
`so_technical_committees/jtc1_home.htm”)
`“ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29” webpage
`(http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_technical_committee?commid=4531
`6) (Structure tab)
`
`“SC 29 Structure” webpage
`(https://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w12900.htm)
`“SC 29/WG 11 Structure” webpage
`(https://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w12911.htm)
`“JCT-VC All Meetings” webpage (http://phenix.int-
`evry.fr/jct/doc_end_user/all_meeting.php)
`
`Ex. 1016
`
`Ex. 1017
`
`Ex. 1018
`
`Ex. 1019
`
`Ex. 1020
`Ex. 1021
`Ex. 1022
`
`Ex. 1023
`
`Ex. 1024
`
`Ex. 1025
`
`Ex. 1026
`
`8
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`Ex. 1027
`
`Ex. 1028
`
`Ex. 1029
`
`Ex. 1030
`
`
`
`
`
`Declaration of Benjamin Bross
`U.S. Patent No. 9,191,673
`
`
`JCTVC-D500 (version 2), Meeting report of the fourth meeting
`of the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC),
`Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T
`SG16 WP3 and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (4th Meeting:
`Daegu, KR, 20-28 January, 2011) (http://phenix.int-
`evry.fr/jct/doc_end_user/documents/4_Daegu/wg11/JCTVC-
`D500-v2.zip)
`
`JCTVC-A200 (version 1), Meeting report of the first meeting of
`the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC), Joint
`Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T SG16
`WP3 and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (1st Meeting: Dresden,
`DE, 15-23 April, 2010) (http://phenix.int-
`evry.fr/jct/doc_end_user/documents/1_Dresden/wg11/JCTVC-
`A200.zip)
`
`JCTVC-B200 (version 1), Meeting report of the second meeting
`of the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC),
`Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T
`SG16 WP3 and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (2nd Meeting:
`Geneva, CH, 21-28 July, 2010) (http://phenix.int-
`evry.fr/jct/doc_end_user/documents/2_Geneva/wg11/JCTVC-
`B200.zip)
`
`JCTVC-C400 (version 1), Meeting report of the third meeting of
`the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC), Joint
`Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T SG16
`WP3 and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (3rd Meeting:
`Guangzhou, CN, 7-15 October, 2010) (http://phenix.int-
`evry.fr/jct/doc_end_user/documents/3_Guangzhou/wg11/JCTV
`C-C400-v1.zip)
`
`9
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`Ex. 1031
`
`Ex. 1032
`
`Ex. 1033
`
`Ex. 1034
`
`
`
`
`
`Declaration of Benjamin Bross
`U.S. Patent No. 9,191,673
`
`
`JCTVC-E600 (version 3), Meeting report of the fifth meeting of
`the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC), Joint
`Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T SG16
`WP3 and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (5th Meeting: Geneva,
`CH, 16-23 March 2011)
`(http://phenix.int-
`evry.fr/jct/doc_end_user/documents/5_Geneva/wg11/JCTVC-
`E600-v3.zip) (Original document may include track changes
`and highlighting. Any additional annotations to the document
`for demonstrative purposes are identified herein)
`JCTVC-F800 (version 1), Meeting report of the sixth meeting of
`the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC), Joint
`Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T SG16
`WP3 and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (6th Meeting: Torino, IT,
`14–22 July 2011)
`(http://phenix.int-
`evry.fr/jct/doc_end_user/documents/6_Torino/wg11/JCTVC-
`F800-v1.zip) (Original document may include track changes
`and highlighting. Any additional annotations to the document
`for demonstrative purposes are identified herein)
`JCTVC-G1100 (version 1), Meeting report of the seventh
`meeting of the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-
`VC), Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of
`ITU-T SG16 WP3 and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (7th
`Meeting: Geneva, CH, 21–30 Nov 2011)
`(http://phenix.int-
`evry.fr/jct/doc_end_user/documents/7_Geneva/wg11/JCTVC-
`G1100-v1.zip) (Original document may include track changes
`and highlighting. Any additional annotations to the document
`for demonstrative purposes are identified herein)
`
`Document Register of JCTVC 5th Meeting: Geneva, CH (from
`JCTVC site) (http://phenix.int-
`evry.fr/jct/doc_end_user/current_meeting.php?id_meeting=148
`&search_id_group=1&search_sub_group=1)
`
`
`10
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`Ex. 1035
`
`Ex. 1036
`
`Ex. 1037
`
`Ex. 1038
`
`Ex. 1039
`
`Ex. 1040
`
`Ex. 1041
`
`Ex. 1042
`
`Ex. 1043
`
`Ex. 1044
`
`
`
`
`
`Declaration of Benjamin Bross
`U.S. Patent No. 9,191,673
`
`
`“Document information” webpage for JCTVC-E335
`(http://phenix.int-
`evry.fr/jct/doc_end_user/current_document.php?id=2265)
`“Document information” webpage for JCTVC-E603
`(http://phenix.int-
`evry.fr/jct/doc_end_user/current_document.php?id=2471)
`“Document information” webpage for JCTVC-D393
`(http://phenix.int-
`evry.fr/jct/doc_end_user/current_document.php?id=1839)
`“Document information” webpage for JCTVC-A116
`(http://phenix.int-
`evry.fr/jct/doc_end_user/current_document.php?id=5135)
`“Document information” webpage for JCTVC-D500
`(http://phenix.int-
`evry.fr/jct/doc_end_user/current_document.php?id=2491)
`“Document information” webpage for JCTVC-A200
`(http://phenix.int-
`evry.fr/jct/doc_end_user/current_document.php?id=5147)
`“Document information” webpage for JCTVC-B200
`(http://phenix.int-
`evry.fr/jct/doc_end_user/current_document.php?id=5270)
`“Document information” webpage for JCTVC-C400
`(http://phenix.int-
`evry.fr/jct/doc_end_user/current_document.php?id=1442)
`“Document information” webpage for JCTVC-E600
`(http://phenix.int-
`evry.fr/jct/doc_end_user/current_document.php?id=2472)
`“Document information” webpage for JCTVC-F800
`(http://phenix.int-
`evry.fr/jct/doc_end_user/current_document.php?id=3288)
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`Declaration of Benjamin Bross
`U.S. Patent No. 9,191,673
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`
`“Document information” webpage for JCTVC-G1100
`(http://phenix.int-
`evry.fr/jct/doc_end_user/current_document.php?id=4347)
`Search results for “working draft” in Document Register of
`JCTVC 6th Meeting: Torino, IT
`Search results for “high-efficiency video coding” in Document
`Register of JCTVC 6th Meeting: Torino, IT
`Search results for “draft” in Document Register of JCTVC 6th
`Meeting: Torino, IT
`March 30, 2011 Email from Benjamin Bross announcing public
`availability of WD3-v1
`“Document information” webpage for m19863 (JCTVC-E335)
`“Document information” webpage for m20271 (JCTVC-E603)
`“Document information” webpage for m19172 (JCTVC-D393)
`
`Ex. 1045
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`Ex. 1046
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`Ex. 1047
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`Ex. 1048
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`Ex. 1049
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`Ex. 1052
`Ex. 1053
`Ex. 1054
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`19. All of the opinions contained in this declaration are based on the
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`documents I reviewed and my knowledge and professional judgment. My opinions
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`have also been guided by my appreciation of how a person of ordinary skill in the
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`art would have understood the claims and the specification of the ’673 patent at the
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`time of the alleged invention, which I have been asked to initially consider as the
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`2011 timeframe (including April 22, 2011, the filing date for the ’673 patent). My
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`opinions reflect how one of ordinary skill in the art would have understood the
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`’673 patent, the prior art to the patent, and the state of the art at the time of the
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`alleged invention.
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`Declaration of Benjamin Bross
`U.S. Patent No. 9,191,673
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`20. Based on my experience and expertise, it is my opinion that certain
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`references disclose all the features recited in claims 1-7 (“challenged claims”) of
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`the ’673 patent, as I discuss in detail below.
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`IV. PERSON OF ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART
`21.
`I have been asked to assume that the time of the alleged inventions of
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`the ’673 patent is in the 2011 timeframe, and in particular, the April 22, 2011 filing
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`date of the ’673 patent. See also section VIII. I applied that understanding in my
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`analysis.
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`22.
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`I am familiar with the level of ordinary skill in the art with respect to
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`the video coding technologies disclosed and claimed in the ’673 patent at that
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`timeframe. Based on my review of the ’673 patent, the technology, the educational
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`level and experience of active workers in the field of video coding technologies,
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`the types of problems faced by workers in the field, the solutions found to those
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`problems, the sophistication of the technology in the field, and drawing on my own
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`experience, I believe a person of ordinary skill in art at that time would have had at
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`least a B.S. degree in electrical engineering, or equivalent thereof, and at least three
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`to four years of experience in the relevant field, which includes video coding
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`technology, or an M.S. degree in electrical engineering and at least two to three
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`years of experience with video coding technology. More education can
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`supplement practical experience and vice versa. Where relevant, my opinions in
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`Declaration of Benjamin Bross
`U.S. Patent No. 9,191,673
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`this declaration are from the perspective of a person of ordinary skill in the art
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`
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`
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`(“POSITA”) as I have defined it here.
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`V. OVERVIEW OF THE ’673 PATENT
`23. The ’673 patent relates to a video encoding method/apparatus
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`(involving intra prediction processes) that allegedly “enables coding efficiency to
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`be enhanced by reducing the amount of residual signals of a block to be encoded.”
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`(See Ex. 1001 at Abstract, 1:15-18, 1:46-49, 2:5-7.)
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`24. According to the ’673 patent, “[t]o minimize the number of bits
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`required for a residual block, quantized transform coefficients are adaptively
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`divided into a plurality of subsets according to a size of a transform block, and
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`non-zero quantized transform coefficients of each subset are scanned and encoded.
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`Also, an intra prediction mode of the current block is determined using reference
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`pixels obtained by filtering reference pixels of the current block.” (See id. at
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`Abstract.) The ’673 patent describes this process with reference to Figure 3. (Id.
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`at 5:1-10:7, Fig. 3.)
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`Declaration of Benjamin Bross
`U.S. Patent No. 9,191,673
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`(Id. at Fig. 3.)
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`25. Figure 3 is an encoding apparatus according to the alleged invention.
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`(See id. at 5:1-2, Fig. 3.) The ’673 patent describes the encoding process as
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`follows. First, “[t]he coding mode determiner 110 analyzes an input video signal
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`to divide a picture into coding units, and determines a size of a predictive coding
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`block and a prediction mode for each coding unit.” (See id. at 5:10-13, Fig. 3.)
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`“[T]he coding mode determiner 110 sends
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`the predictive coding block
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`corresponding to the determined size to the subtracter.” (Id. at 5:13-15; see also id.
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`at Fig. 3.)
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`26. The transform/quantization unit 120 receives a residual signal from
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`the subtracter (see id. at 5:17-19) and “performs a two-dimensional (2D) discrete
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`cosine transform (DCT) on the transform block to generate transform coefficients.”
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`U.S. Patent No. 9,191,673
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`(See id. at 5:27-30, Fig. 3.) The transform/quantization unit 120 also “quantizes
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`
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`
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`the transform coefficients.” (See id. at 5:32-36, Fig. 3.) Then, “[t]he inverse
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`quantization/transform unit 160 inversely quantizes and inversely transforms the
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`quantization coefficients quantized by the transform coding/quantization unit 120,
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`thereby restoring a residual block in the spatial domain from a residual block
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`transformed into the frequency domain.” (See id. at 5:37-41, Fig. 3.) The resulting
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`data is received by the deblocking filter 170, which “performs a filtering process
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`for removing a blocking effect.” (See id. at 5:42-45, Fig. 3.) The filtered image is
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`stored in the picture storage 180. (See id. at 6:1-2, Fig. 3.)
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`27. The ’673 patent explains the intra prediction process (which is part of
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`the encoding process of the ’673 patent) as follows: “[T]he intra predictor 140
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`receives position and size information on a coding block to be encoded from the
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`coding mode determiner 110 [and] receives valid reference pixels for determining
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`an intra prediction mode of the current predictive coding block from the picture
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`storage 180.” (See id. at 6:33-38, Fig. 3.) The intra predictor 140 determines the
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`intra prediction mode and performs intra prediction to generate a prediction block
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`using valid reference pixels. (See id. at 6:19-23, 6:36-38, 7:1-4, 7:17-25, Fig. 3.)
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`“For example, in a directional mode of a specific direction, a prediction mode can
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`be generated using reference pixels on the upper side of the current block and those
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`on the left side of the current block.” (Id. at 7:22-25.) If the reference pixels are
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`U.S. Patent No. 9,191,673
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`undefined or invalid, valid reference pixels can be generated using reference pixels
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`that have previously been encoded in an intra prediction mode. (See id. at 6:36-
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`67.)
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`28.
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`“Next, a residual block obtained by using the current block and the
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`prediction block generated by the intra predictor 140 are encoded by the
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`transform/quantization unit 120 and the entropy coder 130.” (Id. at 7:31-34; see
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`also id. at Fig. 3.) That is, the residual block is transformed and quantized to
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`generate quantized transform coefficients (as discussed above). (See id. at 6:24-25,
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`5:27-36, 7:31-34.) The quantized transform coefficients (two-dimensional) are
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`“converted into one-dimensional (1D) quantized transform information by a
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`predetermined scanning method” (discussed in more detail below). (See id. at
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`6:27-29.) Then, the one-dimensional quantized transformed coefficients are
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`entropy-coded by the entropy coder 130 using context-adaptive binary arithmetic
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`coding (CABAC) or context-adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC). (See id. at
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`6:24-29, 8:46-50, Fig. 3.)
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`29. Concerning the scanning method referenced above, the ’673 patent
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`explains that “when the size of the transform block is equal to or larger than the
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`predetermined size [(such as 8x8)], the quantized transform coefficients are
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`divided into a main subset and one or more residual subsets, and quantized
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`transform coefficients included in each subset are scanned and encoded.” (Id. at
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`9:1-5; see also id. at 8:57-67.) There are different scan patterns such as horizontal,
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`
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`
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`vertical, and zigzag scan patterns. (See id. at 9:5-7, 9:11-14, 9:30-34.)
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`30. The scan pattern to be used for scanning the quantized transform
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`coefficients and the plurality of subsets “may be adaptively selected according to
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`the prediction mode and the intra prediction direction.” (See id. at 9:17-19, 9:5-7,
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`9:34-40.) That is, “[i]n the intra prediction mode, a scan pattern can be selected
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`according to the intra-prediction direction [such as] apply[ing] horizontal scan in a
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`vertical intra prediction mode, vertical scan in a horizontal intra prediction mode,
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`and zigzag scan in a DC mode.” (See id. at 9:24-29, 9:34-40.) “[O]ne scan pattern
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`may be applied to a plurality of subsets” because “[w]hen a scan pattern is
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`transmitted for each subset, a large number of bits are required.” (See id. at 9:14-
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`16.)
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`31.
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`In one embodiment, the quantized transform coefficients and the
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`subsets are scanned in a reverse direction. (See id. at 9:41-42.) For instance, “the
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`quantized transform coefficients can be scanned from the last non-zero coefficient
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`of the subset in a reverse direction according to a scan pattern [and] the plurality of
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`subsets are scanned from a s