PCT
`
`WORLD INTELLECTUAL, PROPERTY ORGANIZATION
`International Bureau
`
`
`
`
`INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT)
`
`(51) International Patent Classification 6;
`
`
`WO 99/49602
`
`(11) International Publication Number:
`
`H04H 1/00, H04B 7/155
`30 September 1999 (30.09.99)
`(43) International Publication Date:
`
`
`
`
`
`(74) Agents: HOLMES, John, E. et al.; Roylance, Abrams, Berdo
`
`(21) International Application Number:
`PCT/US98/14280
`& Goodman, LLP, 1225 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Wash-
`ington, DC 20036 (US).
`
`
`(22) International Filing Date:
`10 July 1998 (10.07.98)
`
`(30) Priority Data:
`60/079,591
`09/058 ,663
`
`27 March 1998 (27.03.98)
`10 April 1998 (10.04.98)
`
`US
`US
`
`(63) Related by Continuation (CON) or Continuation-in-Part
`(CIP) to Earlier Application
`US
`Filed on
`
`09/058,663 (CIP)
`10 April 1998 (10.04.98)
`
`US):
`except
`States
`designated
`ail
`(for
`(71) Applicant
`CORPORATION
`WORLDSPACE MANAGEMENT
`[US/US]; 2400 N Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20037
`(US).
`
`(72) Inventor; and
`(75) Inventor/Applicant(for US only): CAMPANELLA,S., Joseph
`(US/US]; 18917 Whetstone Circle, Gaithersburg, MD 20879
`(US).
`
`(81) Designated States: AL, AM, AT, AT (Utility model), AU
`(Petty patent), AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BY, CA, CH, CN, CU,
`CZ, CZ (Utility model), DE, DE (Utility model), DK, DK
`(Utility model), EE, EE (Utility model), ES, FI, FI (Utility
`model), GB, GE, GH, GM, HR, HU,ID, IL, IS, JP, KE,
`KG, KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MD, MG,
`MK, MN, MW, MX, NO, NZ, PL, PT, RO, RU, SD, SE,
`SG,SI, SK, SK (Utility model), SL, TJ, ‘TM, TR, TT, UA,
`UG, US, UZ, VN, YU, ZW, ARIPO patent (GH, GM, KE,
`LS, MW,SD, SZ, UG, ZW), Eurasian patent (AM, AZ, BY,
`KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM), European patent (AT, BE, CH,
`CY, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL,
`PT, SE), OAPI patent (BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN,
`GW, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG).
`
`Published
`With international search report.
`
`
`
`(54) Title: DIGITAL BROADCAST SYSTEM USING SATELLITE DIRECT BROADCAST AND TERRESTRIAL REPEATER
`
`
`
`
`
`
`TOM BISTREANM
`
`GENERATION
`
`(MPEG ENCODING,
`FEC, MINTIPLEX etc)
`
`
`
`
`(57) Abstract
`
`A digital broadcast system is provided which uses a satellite direct radio broadcast system having different downlink modulation
`options in combination with a terrestrial repeater network employing different re—-broadcasting modulation options to achieve high availability
`reception by mobile radios (14), static radios and portable radios (14) in urban areas, suburban metropolitan areas, and rural areas, including
`geographically open areas and geographic areas characterized by high terrain elevations. Two-arm and three-arm receivers are provided
`which each comprise a combined architecture for receiving both satellite and terrestrial signals, and for maximum likelihood combining of
`received signals for diversity purposes. A terrestrial repeater is provided for reformatting a TDM satellite signal as a multicarrier modulated
`terrestrial signal. Configurations for indoor and outdoor terrestrial repeaters are also provided.
`
`Petitioner Sirtus XM Radio Inc. — Exhibit 1028, p. 1
`Sirius XM v. Fraunhofer — IPR2018-00690
`U.S. Patent No. 6,314,289
`
`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. – Exhibit 1028, p. 1
`Sirius XM v. Fraunhofer – IPR2018-00690
`U.S. Patent No. 6,314,289
`
`

`

`
`
`FOR THE PURPOSES OF INFORMATION ONLY
`
`Codes used to identify States party to the PCT on the front pages of pamphlets publishing international applications under the PCT.
`
`
`
`
`Albania
`Armenia
`Austria
`Australia
`Azerbaijan
`Bosnia and Herzegovina
`Barbados
`Belgium
`Burkina Faso
`Bulgaria
`Benin
`Brazil
`Belarus
`Canada
`Central African Republic
`Congo
`Switzerland
`Céte d'Ivoire
`Cameroon
`China
`Cuba
`Czech Republic
`Germany
`Denmark
`Estonia
`
`AL
`AM
`AT
`AU
`AZ
`BA
`BB
`BE
`BF
`BG
`BJ
`BR
`BY
`CA
`CF
`CG
`CH
`cl
`CM
`CN
`cu
`CZ
`DE
`DK
`EE
`
`ES
`¥I
`FR
`GA
`GB
`GE
`GH
`GN
`GR
`HU
`IE
`IL
`Is
`IT
`JP
`KE
`KG
`KP
`
`KR
`KZ
`Le
`LI
`LK
`LR
`
`Spain
`Finland
`France
`Gabon
`United Kingdom
`Georgia
`Ghana
`Guinea
`Greece
`Hungary
`Ireland
`Israet
`Iceland
`Italy
`Japan
`Kenya
`Kyrgyzstan
`Democratic People’s
`Republic of Korea
`Republic of Korea
`Kazakstan
`Saint Lucia
`Liechtenstein
`Sri Lanka
`Liberia
`
`LS
`LT
`LU
`LV
`MC
`MD
`MG
`MK
`
`ML
`MN
`MR
`MW
`MX
`NE
`NL
`NO
`NZ
`PL
`PT
`RO
`RU
`SD
`SE
`SG
`
`Lesotho
`Lithuania
`Luxembourg
`Latvia
`Monaco
`Republic of Moldova
`Madagascar
`The former Yugoslav
`Republic of Macedonia
`Mali
`Mongolia
`Mauritania
`Malawi
`Mexico
`Niger
`Netherlands
`Norway
`New Zealand
`Poland
`Portugal
`Romania
`Russian Federation
`Sudan
`Sweden
`Singapore
`
`Slovenia
`SI
`Slovakia
`SK
`Senegal
`SN
`Swaziland
`SZ
`Chad
`TD
`Togo
`TG
`Tajikistan
`TJ
`™ Turkmenistan
`TR
`Turkey
`TT
`Trinidad and Tobago
`UA
`Ukraine
`UG
`Uganda
`US
`United States of America
`UZ
`Uzbekistan
`VN
`Viet Nam
`YU
`Yugoslavia
`ZW
`Zimbabwe
`
`Petitioner Sirtus XM Radio Inc. — Exhibit 1028, p. 2
`Sirius XM v. Fraunhofer — IPR2018-00690
`U.S. Patent No. 6,314,289
`
`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. – Exhibit 1028, p. 2
`Sirius XM v. Fraunhofer – IPR2018-00690
`U.S. Patent No. 6,314,289
`
`

`

`WO 99/49602
`
`PCT/US98/14280
`
`DIGITAL BROADCAST SYSTEM USING SATELLITE DIRECT
`BROADCAST AND TERRESTRIAL REPEATER
`
`FieldofInvention
`
`A digital broadcast system is provided which uses a satellite direct
`
`radio
`
`broadcast system having different downlink options in combination withaterrestrial
`repeater network employing different
`re-broadcasting options
`to achieve high
`availability reception by mobile radios, static radios and portable radios in urbanareas,
`suburban metropolitan areas, rural areas,
`including geographically open areas and
`geographicareas characterized by terrain having high elevations.
`
`Petitioner Sirtus XM Radio Inc. — Exhibit 1028, p. 3
`Sirius XM v. Fraunhofer — IPR2018-00690
`U.S. Patent No. 6,314,289
`
`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. – Exhibit 1028, p. 3
`Sirius XM v. Fraunhofer – IPR2018-00690
`U.S. Patent No. 6,314,289
`
`

`

`WO 99/49602
`
`PCT/US98/14280
`
`BackgroundoftheInvention
`
`Receivers in existing systems which provide digital audio radio service (DARS)
`have been radically affected by multipath effects which create severe degradations in
`signal quality, such as signal fading and inter-symbolinterference (ISI). Fading effects
`on broadcast channels to receivers can be sensitive to frequency,particularly in an urban
`environment or geographic areas with high elevations where blockage of line of sight
`(LOS) signals from satellites is most prevalent. Locations directly beneathasatellite
`(hereinafter referred to as the sub-satellite point) inherently have the highest elevation
`angles, while locations that depart
`from the sub-satellite point
`inherently have
`decreasing elevation angles and, accordingly, an increase of the earth center angle
`subtended between the sub-satellite point and the reception location. Locationsthat are
`near the sub-satellite point typically enjoy virtually unblocked LOS reception. Thus,
`the need forterrestrial reinforcement of potentially blocked LOSsignals is minimal.
`When the LOSelevation angle to thesatellite becomes less than about 85 degrees,
`however, blockage by tall buildings or geological elevations (i.e., on the order of 30
`meters) becomessignificant. Terrestrial re-radiation for gapfilling is needed to achieve
`satisfactory coverage for mobile radios, static radios, as well as portable radios. In areas
`where the heights of buildings or geologicalsites are relatively low (i.e., on the order of
`less than 10 meters), the blockage is not significant until the LOS elevation angle is
`lower than 75 degrees. Thus, at the mid-latitude and high latitude locations within the
`coverages of one or more broadcastsatellites, terrestrial re-radiation is needed to achieve
`suitable radio reception. A need exists for fully satisfactory radio reception that
`combinessatellite LOS transmission andterrestrial re-radiation of a satellite downlink
`
`10
`
`15
`
`20
`
`signal waveform.
`
`25
`
`30
`
`Summary of the Invention
`invention, a digital broadcast
`In accordance with one aspect of the present
`system (DBS) is provided which overcomes a numberof disadvantages associated with
`existing broadcast systems and realizes a numberof advantages. The DBSof the present
`invention comprises a TDMcarriersatellite delivery system for digital audio broadcasts
`(DAB) and otherdigital information which is combined with a networkofterrestrial
`
`Petitioner Sirtus XM Radio Inc. — Exhibit 1028, p. 4
`Sirius XM v. Fraunhofer — IPR2018-00690
`U.S. Patent No. 6,314,289
`
`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. – Exhibit 1028, p. 4
`Sirius XM v. Fraunhofer – IPR2018-00690
`U.S. Patent No. 6,314,289
`
`

`

`WO 99/49602
`
`PCT/US98/14280
`
`repeaters for the re-radiation of satellite downlink signals toward radio receivers. The
`terrestrial
`repeaters
`are configured
`to employ multipath-tolerant modulation
`
`techniques.
`
`In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,a satellite delivery
`
`system andaterrestrial repeater operate using different carrier frequencies. The
`
`10
`
`15
`
`20
`
`25
`
`terrestrial repeater employs multipath-tolerant modulation techniques.
`In accordance with yet another aspect of the present
`invention, a satellite
`
`delivery system and a terrestrial repeater both employ multipath-tolerant modulation
`
`techniques and can be configured to use the same or different carrier frequencies,
`depending on the type of waveform used.
`Thesatellite delivery system preferably
`employs a TDM or code division multiple access (CDMA)-type waveform. The
`terrestrial repeater preferably employs a multipath-tolerant waveform such as CDMA,
`Adaptive Equalized TDM (AETDM), Coherent Frequency Hopping Adaptively
`Equalized TDM (CFHATDM) or Multiple Carrier Modulation (MCM).
`In accordance with still another aspect of the present
`invention, a single
`geostationary satellite transmits downlink signals which can be received by radio
`receivers in the LOS ofthesatellite signal, as well as by terrestrial repeaters. Each
`
`terrestrial repeater is configured to recover the digital baseband signal from thesatellite
`signal and modulatethesignal using multicarrier modulation (MCM) for retransmission
`toward radio receivers. Radio receivers are configured to receive both a quadrature
`phase shift keyed (QPSK) modulated TDM bit stream, as well as an MCM stream.
`Radio receivers are programmedto select a broadcast channel demodulated from the
`
`TDM bit stream and the MCM bit stream, and to select the broadcast channel recovered
`
`with the least errors using a diversity combiner.
`
`In accordance with still yet another aspect of the present invention, a DBS is
`provided which comprises two geostationary satellites in combination with a network
`of terrestrial repeaters. The terrestrial repeaters are configured to process satellite
`downlink signals to achieve the basebandsatellite signal and to modulate the signal
`
`using MCM. Radio receivers are configured to implementa diversity decision logic to
`
`30
`
`select from amongthree diversity signals, including the twosatellite signals and the
`
`MC™Msignal. Each radio receiver employs maximum likelihood combining of two LOS
`
`Petitioner Sirtus XM Radio Inc. — Exhibit 1028, p. 5
`Sirius XM v. Fraunhofer — IPR2018-00690
`U.S. Patent No. 6,314,289
`
`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. – Exhibit 1028, p. 5
`Sirius XM v. Fraunhofer – IPR2018-00690
`U.S. Patent No. 6,314,289
`
`

`

`WO 99/49602
`
`PCT/US98/14280
`
`-4.
`
`satellite signals with switch combining between the terrestrial re-radiated signal, or
`MCMsignal, and the output of the maximumlikelihood combiner.
`
`In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a broadcast channel
`
`may be selected from the three diversity signals by using maximum likelihood
`
`combining ofall three signals, that is, early and late LOSsatellite signals and the MCM
`
`signal from theterrestrial repeater.
`
`Brief Description of the Drawings
`
`These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be more
`
`readily comprehended from the following detailed description when read in connection
`
`with the appended drawings, which form a part of this original disclosure, and wherein:
`
`Fig. 1 depicts a digital broadcast system for transmitting satellite signals and
`
`terrestrial signals in accordance with an embodimentof the present invention;
`
`Fig. 2 is a diagram of a digital broadcast system comprising a satellite and a
`
`15
`
`terrestrial repeater in accordance with an embodimentof the present invention;
`
`Fig. 3 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a generation of a multicarrier
`
`modulated (MCM) signalin accordance with an embodimentof the present invention;
`
`Fig. 4 is a schematic block diagram depicting a radio receiver arm configured to
`
`demodulate MCMsignals in accordance with an embodimentofthe present invention;
`
`20
`
`Fig. 5 is a block diagram illustrating MCM signal demodulation in accordance
`
`with an embodimentofthe present invention;
`
`Fig. 6 is a schematic block diagram depicting a radio receiver arm configured to
`
`demodulate time division multiplexed (TDM)
`
`signals
`
`in accordance with an
`
`embodimentof the present invention;
`
`25
`
`Fig. 7 is a block diagram illustrating QPSK TDM signal demodulation in
`
`accordance with an embodimentof the present invention;
`
`Figs. 8 and 9 are schematic block diagramsillustrating respective embodiments
`
`of the present invention for diversity combining in a radio receiver;
`
`Fig. 10 illustrates a system of combiningthree diversity signals using a maximum
`
`30
`
`likelihood decision unit in accordance with an embodimentof the present invention;
`
`Fig. 11 is a schematic block diagram illustrating TDM signal demultiplexing in
`
`Petitioner Sirtus XM Radio Inc. — Exhibit 1028, p. 6
`Sirius XM v. Fraunhofer — IPR2018-00690
`U.S. Patent No. 6,314,289
`
`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. – Exhibit 1028, p. 6
`Sirius XM v. Fraunhofer – IPR2018-00690
`U.S. Patent No. 6,314,289
`
`

`

`WO 99/49602
`
`PCT/US98/1 4280
`
`accordance with an embodimentofthe present invention;
`
`Fig. 12 illustrates a system of combiningbit streams recovered at a radio receiver
`
`using a maximum likelihood decision unit onafirst satellite signal and a delayed second
`
`satellite signal and then a diversity combiner for terrestrial repeater signal and the
`
`output of the maximum likelihood decision unit in accordance with an embodiment of
`
`the present invention;
`
`Fig. 13 illustrates an arrangement for indoor reception of a broadcast signal in
`
`accordance with an embodimentof the present invention; and
`
`Fig. 14 illustrates an arrangement for terrestrial
`
`repeaters along a path in
`
`10
`
`accordance with an embodimentof the present invention.
`
`Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments
`
`Fig.
`
`1 depicts a digital broadcast system (DBS) 10 comprising at
`
`least one
`
`geostationary satellite 12 for line of sight
`(LOS) satellite signal reception at radio
`receivers indicated generally at 14. Another geostationary satellite 16 at a different
`
`15
`
`orbital position can be provided for time and/orspatial diversity purposes as discussed
`
`below in connection with Figs. 6 and 7. The system 10 further comprises at least one
`terrestrial repeater 18 for retransmission ofsatellite signals in geographic areas 20 where
`LOS reception is obscured by tall buildings, hills and other obstructions. The radio
`
`20
`
`receiver 14 is preferably configured for dual-mode operation to receive both satellite
`
`signals and terrestrial signals and to select one ofthe signals as the receiver output.
`
`Asstated previously, the present invention relates to a DBS 10 for optimized
`
`static, portable and mobile radio reception.
`
`In accordance with the present invention,
`
`the DBS 10 combines line-of-sight
`
`(LOS) reception of satellite waveforms that are
`
`25
`
`optimized forsatellite delivery with re-radiation of the LOSsignal from thesatellite 12
`
`or 16 via one or more terrestrial repeaters 18. The terrestrial repeaters 18 use other
`waveforms which are optimized for terrestrial delivery where blockage of thesatellite
`LOSsignal occurs. LOS signal blockage caused by buildings, bridges, trees and other
`obstructions typically occurs
`in urban centers and suburban areas. Waveforms
`
`30
`
`particularly suitable for LOS satellite transmission are Time Division Multiplex (TDM)
`and Code Division Multiple Access
`(CDMA). Multipath-tolerant waveforms
`
`Petitioner Sirtus XM Radio Inc. — Exhibit 1028, p. 7
`Sirius XM v. Fraunhofer — IPR2018-00690
`U.S. Patent No. 6,314,289
`
`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. – Exhibit 1028, p. 7
`Sirius XM v. Fraunhofer – IPR2018-00690
`U.S. Patent No. 6,314,289
`
`

`

`WO 99/49602
`
`PCT/US98/14280
`
`particularly suitable for overcoming terrestrial multipath interference encountered in
`blocked urban areas are CDMA, Adaptive Equalized TDM (AETDM), Coherent
`Frequency Hopping Adaptively Equalized TDM (CFHATDM)and Multiple Carrier
`Modulation (MCM).
`Frequency hoppingis described in U.S. Patent No. 5,283,780, to Schuchman et
`al, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. When a terrestrial repeater 18
`employs AETDM,radio receivers 14 are provided with an equalizer (not shown). For
`AETDM, a TDMbitstream is received from the satellite 12 or 16, The bit stream is
`
`converted into a new TDM bit stream into which training sequencesare inserted by a
`process called puncturing. Puncturing replaces a small fraction of the TDM data bits
`with the training sequences. The number of bits punctured is so small that the errors
`thereby produced are correctable at the receiver by forward error correction. The new
`TDMbit stream is QPSK-modulated by the repeater onto a radio frequency (RF) carrier
`that is transmitted at high power into the multipath environment of a central city
`business district, for example. This transmitted signal
`is received by a receiver 14
`equipped with an adaptive time domain equalizer. By using the training sequences,it
`can adjust the taps of an inverse multipath processor to cause the various multipath
`arrival components to add constructively.
`The signal
`thus reconstructed is next
`processed to recover the bits of the TDM stream with high accuracy. The forward
`error correction available in the receiver 14 corrects both the errors introduced by the
`
`puncturing and those caused by thermalnoise and receiver impairments.
`In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the combination of a
`
`satellite-efficient LOS waveform and terrestrial multipath interference-tolerant
`
`waveform in a DBS system is the optimum means for achieving high availability
`reception by mobile radios, static radios and portable radios in urban areas, suburban
`areas and in rural areas. For example, in accordance with an embodimentofthe present
`invention illustrated in Figs. 2-9, an MCM signal is sent from a network ofterrestrial
`repeaters 18 deployed to cover a blocked area with high reception availability. The
`signaling techniques described in connection with the present invention are applicable
`over the electromagnetic wave frequency range from 200 to 3000 MHzto facilitate the
`combination of LOSsatellite radiation withterrestrial re-radiation of the signal received
`
`10
`
`15
`
`20
`
`25
`
`30
`
`Petitioner Sirtus XM Radio Inc. — Exhibit 1028, p. 8
`Sirius XM v. Fraunhofer — IPR2018-00690
`U.S. Patent No. 6,314,289
`
`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. – Exhibit 1028, p. 8
`Sirius XM v. Fraunhofer – IPR2018-00690
`U.S. Patent No. 6,314,289
`
`

`

`WO 99/49602
`
`PCT/US98/14280
`
`ww
`
`10
`
`trom the satellite 12 or 16.
`
`Optimalsatellite waveforms permit very efficient transformationof solar power,
`which is collected by the solar arrays of the satellites 12 and 16 into radiated radio
`
`frequency power. These waveformsare characterized by a low peak-to-average power
`ratio (i.e., crest factor), thereby permitting operation of high power amplifiers that feed
`the satellite earth-pointing antennas at or near the maximum power output and
`therefore the mostefficient power output. A TDM waveform is particularly useful for
`permitting operation within a few tenths of a dB of maximum poweroutput. A CDMA
`waveform that uses properly selected codes allows operation at approximately 2 to 4 dB
`
`below maximum poweroutput. Because the MCM waveform is composed of the sum of
`hundreds of phase modulated sinusoids, as described below with reference to Fig. 3, the
`
`MCM wavetorm inherently possesses a high peak-to-average ratio. Consequently, a
`
`MCM waveform encounterssignificantly greater amplitude and phase intermodulation
`
`distortion in thesatellite's high power amplifier. To achieve acceptable reception by an
`
`LOSsatellite receiver, a MCM waveform is backed in the high power amplifier and
`
`allocated a receiver implementation impairment of at
`
`least 6 dB on the down-link
`
`budget, as compared with a quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) TDM waveform.
`
`This translates to a 4-to-1 reduction in satellite power conversion, rendering the MCM
`
`waveform an unsuitable choice for satellite LOS delivery on a DBS 10. Regarding the
`
`20
`
`AETDM and CFHATDM waveforms, these waveformsare specifically designated to
`
`combatterrestrial multipath and are not intended for, norare theyefficient, forsatellite
`
`LOS delivery.
`
`Regarding terrestrial reinforcement by re-radiation of the satellite LOS signal
`
`from a terrestrial repeater, for example, a TDM waveform is not suitable because its
`
`25
`
`reception is severely impaired by multipath effects. Furthermore, some proposed
`
`systems which use CDMA waveformsfor reinforcement repeat the same program signal
`
`using one CDMAchannelcode for LOSsatellite delivery and another CDMAchannel
`
`code for terrestrial re-radiated delivery on carriers that occupy the same frequency
`
`bandwidth. Reception is achieved by meansof adaptive rake receivers. These proposed
`
`30
`
`CDMA systemsare disadvantageous because an annulus zone occurs in which reception
`
`is not possible between the region where the reinforcement signal can be received and
`
`Petitioner Sirtus XM Radio Inc. — Exhibit 1028, p. 9
`Sirius XM v. Fraunhofer — IPR2018-00690
`U.S. Patent No. 6,314,289
`
`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. – Exhibit 1028, p. 9
`Sirius XM v. Fraunhofer – IPR2018-00690
`U.S. Patent No. 6,314,289
`
`

`

`WO 99/49602
`
`PCT/US98/14280
`
`the region where thesatellite LOS signal can be received. Receivers 14 in the annulus
`are not able to receive the terrestrial re-radiated signal because the signal powerlevel
`falls below a receiver threshold for that signal. These receivers 14 are also not able to
`receive the satellite LOS signal because there remainssufficient re-radiated signal to jam
`LOSsatellite reception. Thus, these receivers 14 in the annulus must move far enough
`awayfrom the zoneofre-radiation to decrease the re-radiated signal power to below the
`threshold of jamming; otherwise, LOSsatellite reception is not possible.
`the CDMA
`In accordance with one embodiment of the present
`invention,
`waveform is adapted to makepossible its use for simultaneous delivery via satellite LOS
`and via terrestrial re-radiation. The CDMA channelcodes are assigned for each delivery
`to different RF carriers. The orthogonality thereby created permits the twosignals (.e.,
`the satellite LOS signal and the terrestrial repeater signal) to be separated by RF/IF
`filtering in the radio receiver.
`
`The identification of workable and unworkable waveform combinations for
`
`accomplishing terrestrial reinforcementof satellite LOS reception in accordance with
`the present inventionare listed in the TABLE 1. More than one type of modulation or
`signal formatting method can be used with thesatellite signal, as well as with the
`terrestrial repeater signal.
`
`TABLE1
`
`5
`
`{0
`
`15
`
`20
`
`
`Satellite Reinforcement|Recommended Not RF Carrier Spectra
`
`
`Waveform
`Waveform
`Recommended
`Are
`Same or Different
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`CFHATDM
`MCM
`
`ANY
`
`Petitioner Sirtus XM Radio Inc. — Exhibit 1028, p. 10
`Sirius XM v. Fraunhofer — IPR2018-00690
`U.S. Patent No. 6,314,289
`
`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. – Exhibit 1028, p. 10
`Sirius XM v. Fraunhofer – IPR2018-00690
`U.S. Patent No. 6,314,289
`
`

`

`WO 99/49602
`
`PCT/US98/14280
`
`satisfactorily implemented and operated in
`can be
`AETDM waveforms
`multipath environments characterized by signal propagation delays as
`long as 20
`microseconds (us). Care must be exercised to ensure that signal arrivals from distant
`repeaters 18 do not exceed this bound. The adaptively equalized re-radiated waveform
`can be received by radio receivers 14 designed to use the parent non-equalized TDM
`waveform when the former does not exhibit severe multipath. This compatibility
`prevents obsolescence of direct LOS non-equalized TDM radios when the AETDM re-
`
`radiation is turned on.
`
`10
`
`The CFHATDM waveform can besatisfactorily implemented and operated in
`multipath environments characterized by delays as long as 65 us. Care mustbe exercised
`to ensure that signal arrivals from distant repeaters 18 do not exceed this bound. The
`waveform cannot be received by radio receivers 14 designed to use the parent non-
`equalized TDM waveform.
`
`15
`
`The MCM waveform can be satisfactorily implemented and operated in
`multipath environments characterized by delays as long as 65 ys. The maximum delayis
`affected by the guard time assignment given to the waveform's periodic symbol period
`assignment. Care must be exercised to ensure that signal arrivals from distant repeaters
`18 do not exceed this bound. The waveform cannotbe received by radio receivers 14
`designed to use the parent non-equalized TDM waveform.
`The CDMA waveform can be satisfactorily implemented and operated in
`multipath environmentscharacterized by delays determined by the span of the time
`delays implemented in the rake paths at the receivers 14. Care must be exercised to
`ensure that all signal arrivals from distant repeaters 18, multipath reflections and
`different satellites do not exceed this bound. The waveform cannotbe received by radio
`receivers 14 designed to use the parent non-equalized TDM waveform.
`Thesatellite signals can be transmitted from onesatellite 12 or 16 or from two
`satellites 12 and 16. Use of two geostationary satellites 12 and 16 sufficiently separated
`in their orbits creates diversity in the LOS elevation and azimuth angles to enhance
`signal reception availability. Also, time diversity achieved by repeatingasatellite signal
`fromasingle satellite 12 or 16, or by transmitting a signal from twosatellites 12 and 16
`30
`with the properly selected timedifference, further enhancesthe reception availability.
`
`20
`
`25
`
`Petitioner Sirtus XM Radio Inc. — Exhibit 1028, p. 11
`Sirius XM v. Fraunhofer — IPR2018-00690
`U.S. Patent No. 6,314,289
`
`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. – Exhibit 1028, p. 11
`Sirius XM v. Fraunhofer – IPR2018-00690
`U.S. Patent No. 6,314,289
`
`

`

`WO 99/49602
`
`PCT/US98/14280
`
`-10-
`
`a
`invention,
`In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present
`waveform comprising multiple channel TDM with QPSK, Offset QPSK, Differential
`QPSK, Differentially Coded QPSK, or Minimum Shift Keyed (MSK) modulation is
`
`used for the transmission of signals fromasatellite for LOS reception by a_ radio
`receiver 14.
`Terrestrial
`re-radiation is preferably implemented using an MCM
`waveform designed to carry a TDM bit stream of a capacity of up to 3.68 Mbit/s.
`MCMis preferably implemented which creates between 400 and 1200 multiple carriers
`by meansof an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform as described below in connection with
`
`,
`
`10
`
`15
`
`20
`
`25
`
`30
`
`Fig. 3, resulting in a symbol period between 200 and 300 ys. A guard interval of
`between 55 to 65 microseconds is
`included in each symbol period.
`The MCM
`waveform is designed to accommodate Doppler carrier
`frequency shifts among
`multipath components occurring simultaneously. Puncturing is preferably used to
`eliminate bits or pairs of bits from the TDM bit stream to reducethe rate to a value of
`
`between 70%to 80%of the 3.68 Mbit/s rate. A special symbolis inserted between each
`of a selected number of FFT-generated symbols periods to provide a means to recover
`symbol period timing and carrier frequency synchronization . In the receiver 14, a
`Viterbi soft decision trellis decoder is preferably implemented tore-establish the bits or
`bit pairs puncturedat the repeater 18, as well as all other bits transmitted, by use of an
`erasure technique. In this technique, the decoder simply ignores the bits in locations
`knownto have been puncturedat the repeater 18.
`
`TDM carrier satellite delivery of the DBS 10 is discussed in U.S. patent
`application Serial No. 08/971,049, filed November14, 1997, the entire subject matter of
`which is hereby incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. Briefly, with
`reference to Fig. 2, the broadcast segment22 preferably includes encoding of a broadcast
`channel into a 3.68 Megabits per second (Mbps) time division multiplex (TDM) bit
`stream, as indicated in block 26. The TDM bit stream comprises 96 16 kilobits per
`second (kbps) prime rate channels and additional information for synchronization,
`demultiplexing, broadcast channel control and services. Broadcast channel encoding
`preferably involves MPEG audio coding,
`forward error correction (FEC) and
`multiplexing. The resulting TDM bit stream is modulated using quadrature phase shift
`keying (QPSK) modulation, as shown in block 28, prior to transmission via a satellite
`
`Petitioner Sirtus XM Radio Inc. — Exhibit 1028, p. 12
`Sirius XM v. Fraunhofer — IPR2018-00690
`U.S. Patent No. 6,314,289
`
`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. – Exhibit 1028, p. 12
`Sirius XM v. Fraunhofer – IPR2018-00690
`U.S. Patent No. 6,314,289
`
`

`

`WO 99/49602
`
`PCT/US98/14280
`
`-11-
`
`uplink 30.
`
`TDMsatellite delivery achieves the greatest satellite on-board payload efficiency
`possible in terms of the conversion of solar power to electromagnetic wave power. This
`is because single TDM carrier per tube operation permits eachsatellite traveling wave
`tube to operateat its saturated power output, which is its most efficient operating point.
`The TDM carrier in a typical application is designed to deliver 96 prime bit rate
`increments, each bearing 16 kbit/s, to small, economical radio receivers 14 located in
`
`the beams of the satellite 12 or 16. From one to eight prime rate increments are
`
`grouped to constitute a broadcast channel. A broadcast channel can be divided into a
`
`10
`
`numberofservice channels for delivery of audio, video, data and multimedia.
`
`The power density delivered to the earth by TDMcarriers from satellites 12 and
`16 can made very high and hence provide excellent LOS reception by radio receivers 14
`in automobiles and trucks when traveling on open highways in the country side and in
`
`in urban areas where tall buildings abound, or in forests
`suburban areas. However,
`where tall
`towering damp foliage trees abound, LOS reception is blocked,
`thus
`
`15
`
`inhibiting suitable operation of the receiver 14 for LOS reception. Attempting to
`overcome these conditions by raising the satellite power is both excessively expensive
`and technically impractical. Accordingly, a more practical alternative is to augmentthe
`direct LOSsatellite reception by adding a network ofterrestrial repeaters 18.
`Concerning the nature of the blockage of LOS reception consider the following.
`Locations directly beneath thesatellite 12 or 16 (i.e., the sub-satellite point) inherently
`have the highest elevation angles, while locations that depart from the sub-satellite point
`inherently have decreasing elevation angles and an increase of the earth center angle
`
`subtended between the sub-satellite location and the reception location. Receivers 14 at
`locations that are near the sub-satellite point are permitted virtually unblocked LOS
`reception and the need for terrestrial reinforcement is minimal. However, when the
`
`LOSelevation angle to thesatellite becomesless than about 85 degrees, blockagebytall
`buildings (i.e, >30 m) becomessignificant. Accordingly, terrestrial re-radiation for
`gap-filling is needed to achieve satisfactory coverage for mobile radio receivers. In areas
`where building heights are low (e.g., < 10 m), blockages are not significant until the
`LOSelevation angle is lower than 75 degrees. At the mid-latitude and high latitude
`
`20
`
`25
`
`30
`
`Petitioner Sirtus XM Radio Inc. — Exhibit 1028, p. 13
`Sirius XM v. Fraunhofer — IPR2018-00690
`U.S. Patent No. 6,314,289
`
`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. – Exhibit 1028, p. 13
`Sirius XM v. Fraunhofer – IPR2018-00690
`U.S. Patent No. 6,314,289
`
`

`

`WO 99/49602
`
`PCT/US98/14280
`
`-12-
`
`locations within the 6 degree beam width coverages ofthe satellites 12 and 16, terrestrial
`re-radiation of the ‘TDM waveform is needed to achieve suitable mobile reception.
`Thus,fully satisfactory mobile reception requires a system that combinessatellite LOS
`andterrestrial re-radiation ofthesatellite waveform.
`
`The DBS 10 ofthe present invention re-radiates the LOSsatellite signal froma
`multiplicity of terrestrial repeaters 18 which are judiciously spaced and deployed within
`the central part of a city, as well as in metropolitan areas and suburban areas, to achieve
`maximum cov