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`
`UStJUt’i944139m
`
`(12) Ulllted States Patent
`Campanella
`
`(10) Patent N0.:
`(45) Date of Patent:
`
`US 6,944,139 B1
`Sep. 13, 2005
`
`(54) DIGITAL BROADCAST SYSTEM USING
`SATELLITE DIRECT BROADCAST AND
`TERRESTRML REPEA'IER
`
`~
`,
`‘
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`,
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`Home? A
`5.081303 A °
`5.101.570 A
`5.228.025 A
`5,283,380 A
`5.201.289 A .
`5,303,393 A
`5,3!9.673 A
`5.450.448 A
`sasoaso .4
`
`21990 Gilhousezt et al.
`1mm Lee
`3.11093
`l’ommier el al.
`TINA-‘3
`[.e ["loclt ciai.
`231994 Schuchmun et al.
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`ilulyalkarctal.
`4.11094 Noreen el al.
`(1)1994 Briskman
`9.11993 Shcynhlal
`11.11095 Mueller
`
`310118
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`
`Subject to any disclaimer. the term of this
`.
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`If??? ‘f’sfigng;duflra;gj“md ”ml“ 5
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`(Continued)
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`2200165
`1.119911
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`(33
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`
`A l. N .:
`pp
`"
`
`PCT Fflcd=
`PCT No:
`
`09 647,007
`I
`
`Jul- 10, 1998
`PCTrUS98114230
`
`§ 371 (0X1),
`(2).] (4) Date:
`
`Sep. 26. 2000
`
`(8'7) PCT Pub. No: “(0993919602
`
`()TIIER PUBLIL‘M’IONS
`
`Layer, David 11., "Digital Radio Takes to the Road“,i'£'li‘}:‘
`S
`Trim. Jul. 2001,
`. 40-46.
`P8“
`’
`pp
`(Continued)
`.
`.
`.
`.
`Pmririry lzxarriirier—Mm Jung
`(74M1mmei'. Agent, or li'rrrir—Roylanee, Abrams, Berdo &
`Goodman, L-L-P-
`
`PCT Pub. Date: Sep. 30, I999
`
`(57}
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`
`(60)
`
`a
`t
`Provistonal appl teallon No. 60l079,591, “kid on M“
`‘7‘ ”98'
`-
`H043 7,1155
`(51)
`Int. u."
`.
`.
`_
`.
`.
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`3701480’4317’48" 4531..IJI;_.(1_,..IIO,
`455HI‘1' 1"1’7‘ 16' 17’4“?" 430’ “8
`References Cited
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`
`
`3‘.”me
`4551'17
`315138
`
`A digital broadcast system is provided which uses a satellite
`direct radio broadcast system having different downlink
`modulation options in combination with a terrestrial repeater
`network employing dill'crcnt
`re-broadcasting modulation
`.
`'
`.‘
`‘hieve high availability reception by mobile
`“P‘l‘m‘ '0 a‘
`.
`.
`.
`.
`radios (14), static radios and portable radios (14) in urban
`areas. suburban metropolitan areas. and rural areas. inelud-
`ing geographically open areas and geographic areas charac-
`terized by high terrain elevations. Two-arm and three-arm
`receivers are provided which each comprise a combined
`architecture for receiving both satellite and terrestrial sig-
`oals. and for maximum likelihood combining of received
`signals for diversity purposes. A terrestrial repeater is pro-
`vided for reformatting a TDM satellite signal as a multicar-
`rier modulated terrestrial signal. Configurations for indoor
`and outdoor terrestrial repeaters are also prowded.
`
`26 Claims, 10 Drawing Sheets
`
`55
`
`n CGEFFICIENIS
`
`
`
`was INIERWI
`Parana 111511111011
`3m 1011
`111111er
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`1111151 REFERENCE
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`moon
`
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`
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`AEGREGAIE RAIE 11
`
`
`5311 snort;
`
`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. - Ex. 1005, p. 1
`
`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. - Ex. 1005, p. 1
`
`

`

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`
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`‘I‘uisei. U. cl
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`Union, Feb. 1991 Draft SPB 483-E. pp. 1-75.
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`US 6,944,139 Bl
`Page 2
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`ment 10130-E. Feb. 22. 1995. pp. l-l‘i‘.
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`Union. Extracted from EBU Document SPB 442, Jan. 1998.
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`
`DSB Coverage". International Telecommunications Unit.
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`147 Project. Digital Audio Broadcasting
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`on Vehicular Technology, vol. 43. No. 2. May 1994. pp.
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`IEEE. pp. 465-475. copyright 1988.
`
`* cited by examiner
`
`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. - Ex. 1005, p. 2
`
`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. - Ex. 1005, p. 2
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Sep.13,2005
`
`Sheet 1 of 10
`
`US 6,944,139 B1
`
`
`
`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. - Ex. 1005, p. 3
`
`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. - Ex. 1005, p. 3
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Sep. 13, 2005
`
`Sheet 2 of 10
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`US 6,944,139 B1
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`Sep. 13, 2005
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`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. - Ex. 1005, p. 7
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`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Sep. 13, 2005
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`US 6,944,139 B1
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`US. Patent
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`Sep. 13, 2005
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`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. - Ex. 1005, p. 12
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`

`

`US 6,944,139 Bl
`
`1
`DIGITAL BROADCAST SYSTEM USING
`SATELIJTE DIRECT BROADCAST AN I)
`TERRESTRIAL REPEA’I'ER
`
`This application claims benefit of provisional application
`No. 60,079,591 filed Mar. 27. 1998.
`
`FIELD OF INVEN'I'ION
`
`A digital broadcast system is provided which uses a
`satellite direct
`radio broadcast system having different
`downlink options in combination with a terrestrial repeater
`network employing difiemnt
`re-broadcasting options to
`achieve high availability reception by mobile radios, static
`radios and portable radios in urban areas, suburban met ro»
`politan areas. rural areas.
`including geographically open
`areas and geographic areas characterized by terrain having
`high elevations.
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`Receivers in existing systems which provide digital audio
`radio service (DARS) have been radically all'ected by mul-
`tipath elfects which create severe degradations in signal
`quality, such as signal fading and inter-symbol interference
`(Isl). Fading effects on broadcast channels to receivers can
`be sensitive to frequency, particularly in an urban environ-
`mentor geographic areas with high elevations where block-
`age of line of sight (L08) signals from satellites is most
`prevalent. Locations directly beneath a satellite (hereinafter
`referred to as the sub-satellite point) inherently have the
`highest elevation angles, while locations that depart from the
`sub-satellite point
`inherently have decreasing elevation
`angles and, accordingly. an increase of the earth center angle
`subtended between the sub~satellite point and the reception
`location. Locations that are near the sub-satellite point
`typically enjoy virtually unblocked LOS reception. Thus, the
`need for terrestrial reinforcement of potentially blocked
`LOS signals is minimal. When the LOS elevation angle to
`the satellite becomes less than about 85 degrees, however,
`blockage by tall buildings or geological elevations (i.e., on
`the order of 30 meters) becomes significant.
`'I'crrcstrial
`re-radiation for gap filling is needed to achieve satisfactory
`coverage for mobile radios, static radios, as well as portable
`radios. In areas where the heights of buildings or geological
`sites are relatively low (i.e.. on the order of less than to
`meters), the blockage is not significant until the LOS eleva-
`tion angle is lower than 75 degrees. 'I'hus, at the mid-latitude
`and high latitude locations within the coverages of one or
`more broadcast satellites, terrestrial re-radiation is needed to
`achieve suitable radio reception. A need exists for fully
`satisfactory radio reception that combines satellite 1,05
`transmission and terrestrial rte-radiation of a satellite down-
`link signal wavefonn.
`SUMMARY OF "IT-IE INVENTION
`
`In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a
`digital broadcast system (DDS) is provided which over-
`comes a number of disadvantages associated with existing
`broadcast systems and realizes a number of advantages. The
`DES of the present
`invention comprises a TDM carrier
`satellite delivery system for digital audio broadcasts (DAB)
`and other digital
`information which is combined with a
`network of terrestrial repeaters for the rc-radiation of satel-
`lite downlink signals toward radio receivers. The ten'estrial
`repeaters are configured to employ multipalh-tolerant modu-
`lation techniques.
`
`2
`
`In accordance with another aspect of the present inven-
`tion, a satellite delivery system and a terrestrial repeater
`operate using different carrier frequencies. The terrestrial
`repeater employs mullipath-tolerant modulation techniques.
`In accordance with yet another aspect of the present
`invention. a satellite delivery system and a
`terrestrial
`repeater both ernploy multipath-tolerant modulation tech-
`niques and can be configured to use the same or dilferent
`carrier frequencies. depending on the type of waveform
`used. The satellite delivery system preferably employs a
`TDM or code division multiple access (CDMA)~type wave-
`form.
`'Ihc terrestrial repeater preferably employs a multi-
`path-tolcrant waveform such as CDMA, Adaptive Equalized
`'I'DM (AETDM), Coherent Frequency l-Iopping Adaptively
`Equalized TDM (CFHATDM) or Multiple Carrier Modula-
`tion (CM).
`In accordance with still another aspect of the present
`invention. a single geostationary satellite transmits downlirtk
`signals which can be received by radio receivers in the L08
`of the satellite signal, as well as by terrestrial repeaters. Each
`terrestrial repeater is configured to recover the digital base-
`band signal from the satellite signal and modulate the signal
`using multicarricr modulation (MCM) for retransmission
`toward radio receivers. Radio receivers are configured to
`receive both a quadrature phase shift keyed (QPSK) modu»
`lated TDM bit stream, as well as an MCM stream. Radio
`receivers are programmed to select a broadcast channel
`demodulated from the TDM bit stream and the MCM bit
`stream, and to select the broadcast channel recovered with
`the least errors using a diversity combiner.
`In accordance with still yet another aspect of the present
`invention, a D138 is provided which comprises two geosta-
`tionary satellites in combination with a network of terrestrial
`repeaters. The terrestrial repeaters are configured to process
`satellite downlink signals to achieve the baseband satellite
`signal and to modulate the signal using MCM. Radio receiv-
`ers are configured to implement a diversity decision logic to
`select from among three diversity signals. including the two
`satellite signals and the MCM signal. Each radio receiver
`employs maximum likelihood combining of two LOS sat-
`ellite signals with switch combining between the terrestrial
`re-radiatetl signal, or MCM signal. and the output of the
`maximum likelihood combiner.
`
`In accordance with another aspect of the present inven-
`tion, a broadcast channel may be selected from the three
`diversity signals by using maximum likelihood combining
`of all
`three signals,
`that
`is, early and late LOS satellite
`signals and the MCM signal from the terrestrial repeater.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`
`These and other features and advantages of the present
`invention will be more readily comprehended from the
`following detailed description when read in connection with
`the appended drawings. which form a part of this original
`disclosure. and wherein:
`
`FIG. 1 depicts a digital broadcast system for transmitting
`satellite signals and terrestrial signals in accordance with an
`embodiment of the present invention;
`FIG. 2 is a diagram of a digital broadcast system com-
`prising a satellite and a terrestrial repeater in accordance
`with an embodiment of the present invention;
`FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a gen-
`eration of a multicarrier modulated (MCM) signal in accor-
`dance with an embodiment of the present invention;
`
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`
`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. - Ex. 1005, p. 13
`
`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. - Ex. 1005, p. 13
`
`

`

`US 6,944,139 Bl
`
`4
`
`terrestrial multipath interference encountered in blocked
`urban
`areas
`are CDMA. Adaptive Equalized 'I'DM
`(AETDM), Coherent Frequency Hopping Adaptively Equal-
`ized TDM (CFHA'IDM) and Multiple Carrier Modulation
`(MCM).
`Frequency hopping is described in US. Pat. No. 5.283.
`780,
`to Schuchman et al, which is hereby incorporated
`herein by reference. When a terrestrial repeater 18 employs
`AE'I‘DM, radio receivers 14 are provided with an equalizer
`(not shown). For AETDM, a TDM bit stream is received
`from the satellite 12 or 16. The bit stream is converted into
`
`t."
`
`10
`
`a new TDM bit stream into which training sequences are
`inserted by a process called puncturing. Puncturing replaces
`a small fraction of the TDM data bits with the training
`sequences. The number of bits punctured is so small that the
`errors thereby produced are correctable at the receiver by
`forward error correction. The new TDM bit stream is QPSK-
`modulated by the repeater onto a
`radio frequency (RF)
`carrier that is transmitted at high power into the multipath
`environment of a central city business district, for example.
`This transmitted signal is received by a receiver 14 equipped
`with an adaptive time domain equalizer. By using the
`training sequences.
`it can adjust
`the laps of an inverse
`multipath processor to cause the various multipath arrival
`components to add constructively. The signal thus reeon-
`structed is next processed to recover the bits of the TDM
`stream with high accuracy. The forward error correction
`available in the receiver 14 corrects both the errors intro-
`
`3
`FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram depicting a radio
`receiver arm configured to demodulate MCM signals in
`accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
`FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating MCM signal
`demodulation in accordance with an embodiment of the
`
`present invention;
`FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram depicting a radio
`receiver arm configured to demodulate time division multi-
`plexed (TDM) signals in accordance with an embodiment of
`the present invention;
`FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating OPSKTDM signal
`demodulation in accordance with an embodiment of the
`present invention;
`FIGS. 8 and 9 are schematic block diagrams illustrating
`respective embodiments of the present invention for diver-
`sity combining in a radio receiver;
`FIG. 10 illustrates a system of combining three diversity
`signals using a maximum likelihood decision unit in accor-
`dance With an embodiment of the present invention;
`FIG. 11 is a schematic block diagram illustrating TDM
`signal demulliplexing in accordance with an embodiment of
`the present invention;
`FIG. 12 illustrates a system of combining bit streams
`recovered at a radio receiver using a maximum likelihood
`decision unit on a first satellite signal and a delayed second
`satellite signal and then a diversity combiner for terrestrial
`repeater signal and the output of the maximum likelihood
`decision unit in accordance with an embodiment of the
`
`present invention;
`FIG. 13 illustrates an arrangement for indoor reception of
`a broadcast signal in accordance with an embodiment of the
`present invention; and
`FIG. 14 illustrates an arrangement for terrestrial repeaters
`along a path in accordance with an embodiment of the
`present invention.
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE
`PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
`
`1 depicts a digital broadcast system (DBS) 10
`FIG.
`comprising at least one geostationary satellite 12 for line of
`sight (LOS) satellite signal
`reception at
`radio receivers
`indicated generally at 14. Another geostationary satellite 16
`at a dilferent orbital position can be provided for time andr'or
`spatial diversity purposes. as discussed below in connection
`with FIGS. 6 and 7. The system 10 further comprises at least
`one terrestrial repeater 18 for retransmission of satellite
`signals in geographic areas 20 where LOS reception is
`obscured by tall buildings, hills and other obstructions. The
`radio receiver 14 is preferably configured for dual-mode
`operation to receive both satellite signals and terrestrial
`signals and to select one of the signals as the receiver output.
`M stated previously, the present invention relates to a
`DBS 10 for optimized static, portable and mobile radio
`reception. In accordance with the present invention. the DES
`10 combines line-of-sight (L08) reception of satellite wave-
`forms that are optimized for satellite delivery with re-
`radiation of the LOS signal from the satellite 12 or 16 via
`one or more terrestrial repeaters 18. The terrestrial repeaters
`18 use other waveforms which are optimized for terrestrial
`delivery where blockage of the satellite [.08 signal occurs.
`1.05 signal blockage caused by buildings, bridges, trees and
`other obstructions typically occurs in urban centers and
`suburban areas. Waveforms particularly suitable for 1.08
`satellite transmission are Time Division Multiplex (TDM)
`and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). Multipath-
`tolerant waveforrns particularly suitable for overcoming
`
`30
`
`35
`
`4D
`
`45
`
`5|]
`
`dueed by the puncturing and those caused by thermal noise
`and receiver impairments.
`In accordance with another aspect of the present inven-
`tion, the combination of a satellite-efficient LOS waveform
`and terrestrial multipath interference-tolerant waveform in a
`0135 system is the optimum means for achieving high
`availability reception by mobile radios. static radios and
`portable radios in urban areas, suburban areas and in rural
`areas. For example. in accordance with an embodiment of
`the present
`invention illustrated in FIGS. 2—9, an MCM
`signal
`is sent from a network of terrestrial repeaters 18
`deployed to cover a blocked area with high reception
`availability. The signaling techniques described in connec-
`tion with the present
`invention are applicable over the
`electromagnetic wave frequency range from 200 to 3000
`MHz to facilitate the combination of LOS satellite radiation
`with terrestrial re-radiation of the signal received from the
`satellite [2 or 16.
`Optimal satellite waveforms permit very efficient trans-
`formation ol‘ solar power, which is collected by the solar
`arrays of the satellites 12 and 16 into radiated radio fre-
`quency power. These waveforms are characterized by a low
`peak-to-average power ratio (i.e.. crest factor), thereby per-
`mitting operation of high power amplifiers that feed the
`satellite earth-pointing antennas at or near the maximum
`power output and therefore the most efficient power output.
`'Jt .n
`. A TDM waveform is particularly useful
`for permitting
`operation within a few tenths of a dB of maximum power
`output. A (TDMA waveform that uses properly selected
`codes allows operation at approximately 2 to 4 dB below
`maximum power output. Because the MCM waveform is
`composed of the sum of hundreds of phase modulated
`sinusoids. as described below with reference to FIG. 3. the
`MCM waveform inherently possesses a high peak-to-aver»
`age ratio. Consequently.
`a MCM waveform encounters
`significantly greater amplitude and phase intermodulation
`distortion in the satellitc's high power amplifier. To achieve
`acceptable reception by an LOS satellite receiver, a MCM
`waveform is backed in the high power amplifier and allo-
`
`of}
`
`65
`
`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. - Ex. 1005, p. 14
`
`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. - Ex. 1005, p. 14
`
`

`

`US 6,944,139 Bl
`
`S
`cated a receiver implementation impairment of at least 6 dB
`on the down-link budget. as compared with a quadrature
`phase shift keying (QPSK) TDM waveform. This translates
`to a 4-to-1 reduction in satellite power conversion, rendering
`the MCM waveform an unsuitable choice for satellite LOS
`
`delivery on a D33 10. Regarding the AETDM and
`CF‘tlAtDM wavefortns, these waveforms are specifically
`designated to combat
`terrestrial multipath and are not
`intended for. nor are they efficient. for satellite LOS delivery.
`Regarding terrestrial reinforcement by re-radiation of the
`satellite 1.08 signal from a terrestrial repeater, for example,
`a TDM waveform is not suitable because its reception is
`severely impaired by multipath effects. Furthermore, some
`pmposed systems which use (TDMA waveforms for rein-
`forcement repeat the same program signal using one CDMA
`channel code for LOS satellite delivery and another CDMA
`channel code for terrestrial re-radiated deliVery on carriers
`that occupy the same frequency bandwidth. Reception is
`achieved by means of adaptive rake receivers. These pro-
`posed CDMA systems are disadvantageous because an
`annulus zone occurs in which reception is not possible
`between the region where the reinforcement signal can he
`received and the region where the satellite 1.05 signal can
`be received. Receivers 14 in the annulus are not able to
`
`receive the terrestrial re-radiatcd signal oceans-e the signal
`power level falls below a receiver threshold for that signal.
`These receivers 14 are also not able to receive the satellite
`LOS signal because there remains sufficient re-radialed
`signal to jam LOS satellite reception. 'I'hus. these receivers
`14 in the annulus must move far enough away from the none
`of re-radiation to decrease the re-radiated signal power to
`below the threshold of jamming; otherwise, LOS satellite
`reception is not possible.
`in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present inven-
`tion, the CDMA waveform is adapted to make possible its
`use for simultaneous delivery via satellite LOS and via
`terrestrial
`rte-radiation. The CDMA channel codes are
`assigned for each delivery to different RF carriers. The
`orthogonality thereby created permits the two signaLs (i.e.,
`the satellite 1.08 signal and the terrestrial repeater signal) to
`be separated by RFKIF filtering in the radio receiver.
`The identification of workable and unworkable waveform
`combinations for accomplishing terrestrial reinforcement of
`satellite LOS reception in accordance with the present
`invention are listed in the TABLE 1. More than one type of
`modulation or signal formatting method can be used with the
`satellite signal, as well as with the terrestrial repeater signal.
`
`TABLE 1
`
`Not
`Satellite
`Reinforcement Recom- Recont- RF Currier Spectra
`Waveform
`Wawforrn
`mended mended Are:
`
`TDM
`TDM
`X
`Same or Dili'crent
`TDM
`AETDM
`Same or Different
`TDM
`MCM
`D'ifierent
`TDM
`CFHA‘I'DM
`Different
`TDM
`CDMA
`Different
`(“Dam
`CDMA
`Different
`CDMA
`AETDM
`Different
`CDMA
`(HFATDM
`Difi‘etenl
`CDMA
`MCM
`Different
`X
`CDMA
`ANY
`Some
`X
`Alt—TDM
`ANY
`Some or Different
`X
`(‘E-HA'I'DM
`ANY
`Snntc of Different
`
`
`ANY XMC‘M Same or Dill'erent
`
`
`X
`X
`X
`X
`X
`X
`X
`X
`
`AETDM waveforms can be satisfactorily implemented
`and operated in multipath environments characterized by
`
`6
`signal propagation delays as long as 20 microseconds (us).
`Care must be exercised to ensure that signal arrivals from
`distant repeaters 18 do not exceed this bound. The adap-
`tively equalized re-radiated waveform can be received by
`radio receivers 14 designed to use the parent non-equalized
`TDM waveform when the former does not exhibit severe
`
`multipath. This compatibility prevents obsolescence of
`direct LOS non-equalized TDM radios when the AETDM
`re-radiation is turned on.
`
`The CFHATDM waveform can be satisfactorily imple-
`mented and operated in multipath environments character-
`ized by delays as long as 65 ,tts. Care must be exercised to
`ensure that signal arrivals from distant repeaters 18 do not
`exceed this bound. The waveform cannot be received by
`radio receivers 14 designed to use the parent non-equalized
`TDM waveform.
`
`The MCM waveform can be satisfactorily implemented
`and operated in multipath environments characterized by
`delays as long as (35 its. The maximum delay is affected by
`the guard time assignment given to the waveform‘s periodic
`symbol period assignment. Care must be exercised to ensure
`that signal arrivals from distant repeaters 18 do not exceed
`this bound. The waveform cannot be received by radio
`receivers 14 designed to use the parent non-equalired TDM
`waveform.
`The CDMA waveform can be satisfactorily implemented
`and operated in multipath environments characterized by
`delays determined by the span of the time delays imple»
`mented in the rake paths at the receivers 14. Care must be
`exercised to ensure that all signal arrivals from distant
`repeaters 18, multipath reflections and different satellites do
`not exceed this bound. The waveform cannot be received by
`radio receivers 14 designed to use the parent non-equalized
`TDM waveform.
`The satellite signals can be transmitted from one satellite
`12 or 16 or from two satellites 12 and 16. Use of two
`
`geostationary satellites 12 and 16 sulliciently separated in
`their orbits creates diversity in the LOS elevation and
`azimuth angles to enhance signal
`reception availability.
`Also. time diversity achieved by repeating a satellite signal
`from a single satellite l2 or 16, or by transmitting a signal
`from two satellites 12 and 16 with the properly selected time
`difl'erence, further enhances the reception availability.
`In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present
`invention. a waveform comprising multiple channel TDM
`with QI’SK. Olfset QPSK. Dilferential QI’SK. Differentially
`Coded QI’SK. or Minimum Shift Keyed (MSK) modulation
`is used for the transmission of signals from a satellite for
`LOS reception by a radio receiver 14. Terrestrial re-radiatiou
`is preferably implemented using an MCM waveform
`designed to carry a TDM bit stream of a capacity of up to
`3.68 Mbith. MGM is preferably implemented which creates
`between 400 and 12m multiple carriers by means of an
`Inverse Fast Fourier Transform as described below in con-
`
`P."
`
`10
`
`30
`
`35
`
`4D
`
`45
`
`5|]
`
`'Jt .n
`. nection with FIG. 3, resulting in a symbol period between
`200 and 300 rts. A guard interval of between 55 to 65
`microseconds is included in each symbol period. The MCM
`waveform is designed to accommodate Doppler carrier
`frequency shifts among multipath components occurring
`simultaneously. Puncturing is preferably used to eliminate
`bits or pairs of bits from the TDM bit stream to reduce the
`rate to a value of between 70% to 80% of the 3.68 Mbitr‘s
`rate. A special symbol is inserted between each of a selected
`number of FFT-generated symbols periods to provide a
`means to recover symbol period timing and carrier fre-
`quency synchronization. In the receiver 14, a Viterbi soft
`decision trellis decoder is preferably implemented to re-
`
`on
`
`65
`
`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. - Ex. 1005, p. 15
`
`Petitioner Sirius XM Radio Inc. - Ex. 1005, p. 15
`
`

`

`US 6,944,139 Bl
`
`7
`establish the biLs or hit pairs punctured at the repeater 18, as
`Well as all other bits transmitted, by use of an erasure
`technique. In this technique, the decoder simply ignores the
`bits in locations known to have been punctured at
`the
`repeater 18.
`TDM carrier satellite delivery of the D38 10 is discussed
`in U.S. patent application Scr. No. (“£971.049, lilcd Nov. 14,
`1997, the entire subject matter of which is hereby incorpo-
`rated herein by reference for all purposes. Briefly. with
`reference to FIG. 2, the broadcast segment 22 preferably
`includes encoding of a broadcast channel into a 3.68 Mega-
`bits per second (Mhps) time division multiplex (TCM) bit
`stream, as indicated in block 26. The TDM bit stream
`comprises 96 16 kilcbits per second (kbps) prime rate
`channels and additional
`information for synchronization,
`demultiplexing, broadcast cha