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`IPR2018-00564
`Garmin EX1005 Page 1
`
`

`

`PATENT APPLICATION APPROVED FOR LICENSE
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`IPR2018-00564
`Garmin EX1005 Page 2
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`

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`ID NO.
`
`DATE
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`r.fh:--;
`g7
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`
`4-2q-VL
`'7rsE * :frti
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`POSITION
`
`CLASSIFIER
`EXAMINER
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`VERIFIER
`CORPS CORR.
`SPEC. HAND
`FILE MAINT
`DRAFTING
`
`fr
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`
`IPR2018-00564
`Garmin EX1005 Page 3
`
`

`

`BAR CODE LABEL
`
`illilililillililllllllillllilllilllllillllllll
`
`SERIAL NUMBER
`
`60/02O,27L
`DP'II'T!ITr.lNAT
`
`U.S. PATENT APPLICATION
`
`FILING DATE
`
`CLASS
`
`GROUP ABT UNIT
`
`06 /74 /e6
`
`WALTER STEVIART, BALTIMORE, MD; NICHOLAS JONES, MONKTON, MD; WOLFGER
`SCHNEIDER, COLUMBIA, MD.
`
`**CONTINUfNG DATA** *** rr* *** ** *** *** ***
`VERIFIED
`
`r. *FoREIGN/PCT APPLICATIONS* * ** * rr * * ** * *
`VERIFIED
`
`FORETGN FTLTNG LTCENSE GRANTED O7 /23196
`TOTAL
`CLAIMS
`
`3TATE OR
`]OUNTBY
`
`SHEETS
`DRAWING
`
`NDEPENDENT
`]LAIMS
`
`FILING FEE
`BECEIVED
`
`ATTOBNEY DOCKET NO.
`
`$r.s0.00
`
`220943
`
`MD
`
`7
`
`CUSHMAN DARBY & CUSHMAN
`11OO NEW YORK AVENUE N W
`NINTH FLOOR EAST TOWER
`wAsHrNcroN D c 20005-3918
`
`aa
`UJEoo
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`
`HELMET SYSTEM INCLUDING AT LEAST THREE ACCELEROMETERS AND MASS MEMORY
`AND METHOD FOR RECORDING TN REAL-TIME ORTHOGONAL ACCELERATION DAT OE
`A HEAD
`
`This is to certifv that annexed hereto is a true copv from the records of the United States
`Patent and Trademark Office of the application which is identified above.
`By authority of the
`COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS AND TRADEMARKS
`
`Certifying Officer
`
`IPR2018-00564
`Garmin EX1005 Page 4
`
`

`

`c.loc.toc,
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`PATENT APPLICATION SERIAL
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`PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`FEE RECORN SHEET
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`IPR2018-00564
`Garmin EX1005 Page 5
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`

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`AND rRAL -,ARK orr!(0&03?1
`srArES
`'ATENT
`PROVISIOML PATENT APPLICATION
`Under 35 USC 111(b'
`ll,lotfor oeSGN cases)
`
`The Commissioner
`and Trademarks
`Washington, D.C. 20231
`
`Sir:
`
`PROVISIONAL APPLICATION
`Under Rule 53(bX2)
`
`Herewith is a PROVISIONAL APPLICATION
`
`(Our DePosit Account No. 03-3975)
`Our Order No.
`
`Atty. Dkt.
`
`C#
`
`220943
`
`M#
`
`Cllent Ref
`
`including:
`
`M#
`Date: June 14, 1996
`1. specification: 29 pages z.Jspecification in non-English 3. [lorawings: -!
`sheet(s)
`4. The invention [--l *rs f? *". not made by, or under a contract with, an agency of the u's' Government'
`lf yes, Government agency/contact # =
`s. 11 Attached is an assignment and cover sheet. please return the recorded assiqnment to the undersigned'
`(No.) Verified Statement(s)establishing "small entity" status under Rules I &27'
`6. 1; Attached:
`NOTE: Do NOT File lDSl
`7. E Attached:
`
`This application is made by the following named invento(s) (Double check instructions for accuracy'):
`
`9. NOTE: FOR ADDITIONAL INVENTORS, check Uox l-l
`information for each inventor and number new page 1A'
`
`and attach (CDC-116'2) with same
`
`CDCImA(Rw)lO95d
`
`IPR2018-00564
`Garmin EX1005 Page 6
`
`

`

`10. Filing Fee
`11. lf "non-Enolish" box 2 is X'd, add Rule 17(k) processing fee
`12. lf "assiqnment" box 5 is X'd, add recording fee
`
`13.
`
`Large/Small
`Entitv
`$1 50/$75
`$1 30
`$40
`TOTAL FEE ENCLOSED =
`
`Fee
`Code
`lJ{214
`t9
`$t
`
`$150.00
`+
`
`+
`
`s150.00
`
`CHARGE STATEMENT : The Commissioner is hereby authorized to charge any fee specifically authgrizg! hercafter, or any missing or insuf[tcient
`fr{g fit.d, ". asserted to be filed, or which should have been filed herewith or conceming any paper filed hereafter, and which may be required
`under Rules 16-l? (missing or insufficient fee onlv) now or hereafter relative to this application or credit any overpayment, to our Account/Order
`Nos. shown in ttre heading hereof for which purpose a {gpSSlgcopy of this sheet is attached,
`
`CUSHMAN DARBY & cUsEt{ANr,r-.
`
`By: Atty: William H. Bollman
`
`Reg. No.-$;!!l-
`
`1100 New York Avenue. N.W.
`
`ffi
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`Tel: (202) 861-3000
`Attny/Sec:WIIB:cfc
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`NOTE: Fite in duolicate with 2 post card receipts (CDC-103) & attachments
`
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`CDC-1@A (PEv) 1(195 d
`
`IPR2018-00564
`Garmin EX1005 Page 7
`
`

`

`.Iu_N
`
`/i$'
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`
`fnvention: HELI{ET SYSTEM INCI-,UDING AT LEAST THREE
`ACCELEROI,TETERS AIID MASS II{EMORY AI{D METHOD FOR
`RECORDING IN REAL-TIME ORTHOGONAI, ACCEI,ERATION DATA
`OF A IIEAD
`
`Inventor(s): Walter Stewart, Nicholas Jones, Wolfger Schneider
`
`Cushman Darby & Cushman, L.L.P.
`1100 New York Avenue, N.W.
`Ninth FJ,oor, East Tower
`Washington, D.C. 2OOO5-3918
`Attorneys
`Telephone: (2o2) 861-3000
`
`This is a:
`I x] Provisional Application
`I Regular Utility Application
`t
`I Continuj.ng Application
`t
`I PCT National Phase Application
`t
`I Design Application
`t
`t
`I Reissue AppJ-ication
`I P1ant Application
`t
`
`SPECI FICATION
`
`cDc-roo 3t95
`
`IPR2018-00564
`Garmin EX1005 Page 8
`
`

`

`HEI,MET SYSTEM INCIJIIDING AT IJEAST THREE
`ACCEIJEROMETERS AND MASS MEMORY AIiTD
`METHOD FOR RECORDING IN REAIJ-TIME
`ORTHOGONAIJ ACCEIJERJA.TION DATA OF A HE.AD
`
`60r0pw?t
`
`BACKGROUND
`Field of the Invention
`The present invention relates to real-
`time recording of the translational and angular
`acceleration of a head and, in particular a human
`head and, in a most preferred implementation, the
`head of a living human subject in normal activity.
`More particularly, it relates to a helmet-based
`system which is typically worn while playing a
`sport such as boxing or footbalI, and to the
`method of recording and storing data relating to
`translatj-onaI and angular accelerations of the
`person's head due to impact forces acting thereon.
`
`Backqround of Related Art
`Translational movement relates to the
`motion of a rigid body in such a way that any line
`which is imagined rigidly attached to the body
`remains paratlel to its original position.
`Translational acceleration is the time rate of
`change of the velocity of the translational
`movement. Angular acceleratj-on (a1so called
`rotational acceleration) is shown in Fig. 3. As
`point. p moves on a circular path with radius r
`through angular displacement e, angular velocity
`is the rate of change of 0 with respect to time.
`Angular acceleration cu, is the rate of change of
`angular velocity. The tangential component of
`translational motion T shown in Fig. 3 is actually
`measured. Normal acceleration (which is a form of
`translational acceleration) relates to the
`accelerat,ion toward the center of the circular
`motion.
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`is known about how a living human
`Little
`head accelerates in translational and angular
`directions in response to forces, and even less
`about the correspondence between specific forces
`and injury, particularly with respect to injuries
`caused by repeated exposure to impact forces of a
`lower leveI. A1most all of what is known is
`derived from animal studies, studies of cadavers
`under specific directional and predictable forces
`(i.e. a head-on collision test), and from crash
`dummies or other simplistic mechanical models.
`The conventional simplistic application of known
`forces and/or measurement of forces applied to
`animals, cadavers, and crash dummies limit our
`knowledge of a relationship between forces applied
`to a living human head and resultant injury
`thereto
`
`Some conventional devices have employed
`modeled testing approaches which do not relate to
`devices which can be worn by living human beings.
`When studying impact with dummj-es, they are
`typically secured to sleds with a known
`acceleration and impact velocity. The dummy head
`then impacts with a target, and the peak
`acceleratj-ons experienced by the head are
`recorded. Impact studies using cadavers are
`performed for determining the impact forces and
`pressures which cause skull fractures.
`For instance, U.S. Patent No. 4,873,867
`to McPherson et a1. and U.S. Patent No. 4,69L,556
`to Mellander et aI. disclose the use of
`accelerometers mounted within cavities formed in
`the head of a crash dummy. Viano et aI.
`ItMeasurement of Head Dynamics and Facial Contact
`Forces in the Hybrid III Dummy" and Shea et aI.
`"Computing Body Segment Trajectories in the Hybrid
`III Dummy Using l-,inear Accelerometer Datarl
`
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`disclose the placement of between seven and nine
`accelerometers inside a cavity formed in the head
`of a dummy. pintar et aI. ilExperimental
`Production of Head-Neck fnjuries Under Dynamic
`Forces" discloses removal of the top of a cad.avers
`head and placement of accelerometers therein. Got
`et aI. rtResults of Experimental Head fmpacts On
`Cadavers: The Various Data Obtained and Their
`Relations to some Measured physical parametersrr
`disclose the use of high speed photography and
`three accelerometers screwed into different
`positions in a cadavers sku1I, depending on the
`impact test to be performed. Nahum et aI. r,Impact
`Tolerance of the sku11 and Face" disclose testing
`of a human skulI using a single uniaxial
`accelerometer placed opposite a predetermined
`point of impact.
`other conventional devices have measured
`the acceleration of a living human head, but these
`devices have measured a specific, usually single
`axis of acceleration which was known beforehand
`with a single acceleromeLer placed accordingly,
`and/or relate to devices which are not worn in
`everyday practice of sports. Moreover, because
`these devices measure the limits of living human
`response to predetermined forces and the results
`thereof, they require many factors of safety.
`For instance, Schmid et aI. "From the
`Practice, Experience With Headgear in Boxing,,
`dj-scloses the use of a transistor apparatus with
`crystal gauges and a loop-oscillograph to measure
`skul1 accelerations. Two crystaI gauges were
`fastened to the head by bandages, one on the
`occipital bone and the other on the temporal bone.
`The device measured a predetermined force from a
`predetermined direction.
`,fohnson et aI. ilpeak
`Accelerations of the Head Experienced in Boxing'r
`
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`discloses the use of one piezoelectric
`accelerometer held on by a scuba diving helmet.
`Muzzy ITI, et aI. "Comparison of Kinematic
`Parameters Between Hybrid II Head and Neck System
`with Human Volunteers for -G* Acceleration
`Profiles" discloses the use of six accelerometers
`held within a subject's mouth. Similarly, U.S.
`Patent No. 4t461,553 to Doerr et aI. discloses the
`use of accelerometers in a mouthpiece. Ewing et
`aI. 'tDynamic Response of the Head and Neck of the
`Living Human to -G* Impact Acceleration" discloses
`a cumbersome, view-blocking device wherein a
`biaxial accelerometer is held in the mouth, and
`another is strapped over the bregrma, and these are
`measured together with a photo-technique to
`determine accelerations. This device measured
`forces from a predetermined single direction of
`force. The use of a rate gyroscope held in the
`mout.h of the subject is disclosed by Ewing et a1.
`"Living Human Dynamic Response to -G* Impact
`Acceleration II--Accelerations Measured on the
`Head and Neckrr , and Ewing et aI. rrTorque versus
`Angular Displacement Response of Human Head to -G*
`Impact Acceleration".
`Some conventional deviees have required
`cumbersome and complex circuitry which is
`hardwired between the sensors and the computing
`device. These devices are impractical for use in
`actual sporting events.
`For instance, Ordway et aI. "The Effect
`of Head Position on the Analysis of Cervical
`Motion" discloses efectromagnetic sensors attached
`to the top of the head with a velcro strap. In
`this device, a fixing vest was worn by the subject
`to exclude flexion and extension of the thoracic
`spine from the measurements, and the digitizing
`system was hardwired to a personal computer for
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`data collection. u.s. Patent No. 3,788,647 to
`Evans discloses the temporary use of a swing
`measurement system for analyzing test swings of an
`athlete's arm, bat or club for fitting of
`orthopedic devices.
`Mode1s are less desirable than
`measurement of a living human head during
`performance of the actual sport because of the
`uniqueness of the human anatomy and thus the
`limited extent to which the living human head can
`be modeled adequately with mechanical models or
`even cadavers. Moreover, modeling alone does not
`provid.e data as to the cause of an injury
`experienced by a specific individual. Non-living
`heads (i.e. cadavers) do not account for the
`application of muscle tension in the neck nor for
`muscular or pain reactions of the head. For
`instance, modeling the forces impacting on a
`persons head does not provide specific data as to
`an injury suffered by a particular individual,
`i.e., data derived from models and cadavers does
`not provide the means to correspond actual human
`injuries to the specific accelerations which may
`have caused the injury
`Helmets are conventional devices. It
`has been known to conduct drop tests of helmets
`using an accelerometer placed opposite the
`predetermined site of impact. For instance, see
`the drop tests performed on football helmets
`disclosed by U.S. Patent No. 4,326,303 to
`Rappleyea, and U.S. Patent No. 3,994,020 to
`Vi11ari. However, these tests are most often
`destructive tests and do not provide data for a
`specific person while wearing the helmet for its
`intended use, e.9., during a football game.
`Moreover, these tests specifically t,ested helmets
`themselves (not the resultant force to the head),
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`

`and measured thresholds for which the helmets
`would crack or break, not the head.
`There are other devices that have been
`developed to measure head motions for a variety of
`other applications. These include: (1) In
`military applications, systems have been developed
`to monitor the orientation of a pilot's head to
`(Z) tn virtual reality
`assist in targeting.
`systems, the motion of the head and other
`ext.remities is continuously monitored to provide
`feedback to the computer enabling updating of
`images, etc. But these applicatj-ons are for
`helmets which are extensively instrumented, must
`remain hardwired to the support infrastructure,
`typically use only one or two position detectors,
`and do not measure and record forceful blows to
`the head
`
`For instance, U.S. Patent No. 4,743,200
`to Welch et aI. discloses a fiber optic helmet
`used for control of a display system. However,
`this system not only reguires complex circuitry
`and a permanent fiber optic connection to large
`pieces of equipment, it is not used during
`performance of a sport, and the accelerometer is
`used to determine only the position of the head,
`not to determine translational and angular
`acceleraLion due to undetermined external forces.
`U.S. Patent No. 4,769,629 to Tigwell discloses the
`use of a two-position mercury switch in a
`motorcycle helmet to tight a stop light when
`decelerat,ing in the forward direct,ion only.
`Placement of a motion sensor on the head
`has been known.
`For instance, U.S. Patent No. 4,440,160
`to Pischell et aI. dicloses the use of a single
`accelerometer in a headband for detecting whether
`or not the head is accelerating beyond a threshold
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`l-0
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`15
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`20
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`25
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`amount. U.S. Patent No. 4,859,509 to Lee, U.S.
`Patent No. 4,502,035 to Obenauf et a1., and U.S.
`Patent No. 4,560,L65 to Emerson aII disclose a
`motion sensor mounted on a golfer's cap to sense
`improper head movement during a golf swing.
`However, long term exposure to continual forces
`can be as injurious to a head as can be a single
`hard blow. Conventional devices do not measure
`and record translational and angular forces to a
`living human head over a period of time of
`exposure, particularly where the exposure is of a
`low 1eveI below that which would normally cause
`concern for injury. For instance, continual blows
`to a head during a boxing match or football game
`may not cause injury individually but in
`combination may prove IethaI. Head injury in
`these sports can have significant, short and long
`term consequences which can be made more severe if
`blows to the head continue (e.g., from continued
`play in the same game or in a subseguent game).
`Thus, conventional devices which measure
`acceleration in a single direction, or from a
`single event, or only above a predetermined
`threshold, or in a way which does not permit use
`during performance of the actual sport do not
`provide the dynamics necessary to correlate
`exposure to forces to the injury caused by that
`exposure over a period of time.
`Injuries are not the only area of study
`In sports such as boxing
`which are deficient.
`where the bout is scored with the number of
`punches of a certain force connecting to the head,
`scoring is made difficult by conventional
`observational techniques of scoring.
`
`-7
`
`IPR2018-00564
`Garmin EX1005 Page 15
`
`

`

`SUMMARY OF THE I}WENTION
`The Head Acceleration-monitoring
`Technology (HAT) is a portable sysLem designed to
`measure and record acceleration data in real time
`in both translational and angular directions of an
`individual's head during normal activity. While
`developed specifically for the head, monitoring of
`other body parts, or the body in general is
`envisioned.
`HAT offers the opportunity to study head
`acceleration, human tolerance limits, the range
`and direction of accelerations i-n humans in
`relation to morphological features (e.9., neck
`circumference, head volume, neck length), and the
`relatj-onship between precise measures of head
`acceleration in translationdl and angular
`directions and acute consequence to brain
`physiology and functioni Moreover, it provides
`the ability to measure an individual's cumulative
`exposure to translational and angular
`accelerations while allowing unaffected
`performance of everyday sports and activities.
`The IIAT is designed as a standard
`component of otherwise conventional sporting gear,
`in particular the helmet. It includes at least
`three orthogonally-placed accelerometers and means
`Lo record the output therefrom in real time. As
`many as three sets of three orthogonally-placed
`accelerometers can be used to measure uniquely the
`translational, angular and normal components of
`acceleration of the head. In one embodiment,
`three orthogonally-placed accelerometers are
`sufficient to provide some translational and
`angular acceleration information regarding the
`head by integration. The translational, angular
`and normal components of acceleration become more
`detailed (and thus separable) by the use of more
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`Garmin EX1005 Page 16
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`acceleromeEers. At most, nine accelerometers are
`placed in the helmet so as to define all angular
`and translational accelerations of the head.
`The data from the accelerometers are
`recorded in real time during performance of the
`sport. The d.ata is either recorded on a memory
`card or other mass memory means installed in the
`helmet, or is transmitted to a nearby receiver for
`storage on a computer's hard drive or other
`conventional mass storage device. The HAT
`provides real-time storage of data over a length
`of time such that cumulative exposure effects and
`thus limits can be established for further or
`future participation in the sport by the
`individual wea.ring the helmet equipped with the
`presenL invention. The data'also a]lows deE,ection
`of the precise motions of the head which precede
`the occurrence of a severe head injury. For this
`purpose HAT could be modified to record in real-
`time detailed data only when the accelerations
`exceed a defined threshold. The data is recorded
`in real-time, but may be processed in either real-
`time as the data is recorded, or at a later time
`so as to int.egrate and otherwise determine t,he
`translational, angular and normal components of
`acceleration of the sportsperson's head.
`The present invention is applicable for
`use with other parts of the body. For instance,
`other applications could include the study of the
`acceleration of body parts in relation to each
`other (e.g., among pole vaulters, high jumpers, or
`gymnasts), or to understand factors affecting
`acceleration in sprinters and swimmers (e.9.,
`starting and turns). Because of its portability,
`small size, and convenient light-weight, IIAT can
`also be used to study the acceleration of the body
`parts of live animals. For example, the
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`acceleration and deceleratj-on of birds in flight
`could be studied with a modified versi-on of HAT.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`The present invention will be understood
`better with reference to the drawings, in which:
`Fig. 1 is a block diagram of the first
`embodiment of the present invention;
`Fig. z(a) is a right side view of a
`first embodiment of the present invention using
`three orthogonal accelerometers and a memorlr card
`installed inside a boxing helmet;
`Fig. 2(b) is a top view of the first
`embodiment of the present invention;
`Fig. 3 is a diagram showing angular
`(rotational) velocity about a z axis and normal
`acceleration;
`Fig. +(a) is a schematic top vj-ew of the
`present invention showing the x axis, y axis, and
`rotational acceleration a, about the center of mass
`of the head;
`Fig. 4(b) is a right side view of the
`present invention showing the x axis, z axLs, and
`rotational acceleration cu, about the center of mass
`of the head;
`Fig. (c) is a front vj-ew of thd present,
`invention showing the y axis, z axis, and
`rotational acceleration o* about the center of mass
`of the head; and
`Fig. 5 shows a top view of a second
`embodiment of the present invention using three
`pairs (six total) of para11e1 accelerometers in a
`sporting helmet.
`
`DESCRIPTION OF PRESENTIJY PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
`Fig. l- shows a general block diagram of
`the electronj-c portion of a first embodiment of
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`the presenL invention inst,alled inside a sports
`helmet. A processor 52 controls data sampling and
`storage operations with respect to data from an
`A/o Converter 45 for storage in a Personal
`Computer Memory Control Interface Adapter (PCMCIA)
`card installed in a PCMCIA Interface 50. The
`device further includes program RAM and ROM 48,
`and a Serial Control Interface 42.
`Figs. z(a) and 2(b) show the first
`embodiment of the present invention installed in
`an otherwise conventional boxing helmet while
`being worn by a boxer. Fig. 2(a) is a right side
`view, while Fig. 2(b) is a top view showing the
`nose 40 of the boxer.
`The specific type .helmet 30 is any which
`is conventionally used in the sport for which the
`invention is being applied. For instance, in this
`embodiment, the helmet 30 is a boxing helmet.
`Other helmets which the present invention is
`applicable to, but in no way is limited to, are
`football helmets, lacrosse heimets, hockey
`helmets, bicycle helmets, and motorcycle helmets.
`The helmet might also be one worn by epileptics or
`other patient,s in need of protection from injury
`to the head.
`An important goal in the design of the
`HAT was that the translational, angular and normal
`accelerations experienced by the head be captured
`accurately and sufficiently through opt,imal
`location of at least three accelerometers L0-12.
`It is found that a minimum of three orthogonal
`accelerometers 10-12 are sufficient to provide
`data which corresponds directly to motion of the
`head in three dimensional space such that a
`correspondence between translational and
`rotational acceleration of the head and any
`resultant injury can be determined on a mass
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`IPR2018-00564
`Garmin EX1005 Page 19
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`population who practice the respective sport (e.g.
`boxing, footbaI1, bicycling, etc. ) .
`It was also important that the
`electronic components used in the llAT be smal1
`enough to be contained inside the helmet without
`significant change to the structure and function
`of the conventional helmet. In t,his way, the HAT
`is comfortable enough for the sports person to
`wear in the relevant everyday sports activity
`without hindering, inhibiting, or otherwise
`affecting the ability of the user to perform the
`sport.
`
`In the first embodiment of the present
`invention, three accelerometers 10-l-2 are
`installed orthogonal to one.another inside a
`boxing helmet 30. Although three accelerometers
`L0-L2 are considered to be minimum, as many as
`nine accelerometers can be used so as to uniquely
`resolve measurement of the translational, angular
`and normal components of acceleration of the head.
`The three accelerometers l-0-L'2 are capable of
`providing point estimates of head acceleration at
`the location of the accelerometers t0-L2.
`However, theoretically, six accelerometers provide
`more detailed data sufficient to resolve the head
`motions into three translational and three
`rotational accelerations about the center of mass
`of the head. The maximum number of nine
`accelerometers would provide the ability to
`separate the tangential and normal components of
`acceleration.
`The three orthogonal accelerometers 1"0-
`.
`1,2 of the present embodiment provide aggregated
`data relating to three translational directions
`and two angular accelerations, but not sufficient
`information to separate translat,ional and
`rotational components uniquely. Of course, any
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`two translational accelerations and associated
`angular acceleration can be measured by the use of
`three suitably located and oriented accelerometers
`as disclosed by the present invention. The more
`accelerometers that are implemented, the more
`detailed the information provided will be, and the
`opportunity provided to resolve (wittt suitable
`location and orientation) each of the various
`components of acceleration.
`It is believed that the up-and-down
`motion of the head is very limited because of the
`lack of elasticity of t.he head/neck in the
`vertical direction, and in fact practically
`negligible in most instances and thus of less
`importance to correlation with resultant injury.
`Thus, ignoring t,his direction of motion, eight
`acceleromeLers is the practical maximum number
`required by the present invention to sufficiently
`determine the specific values of each of the
`remaining translational, angular and normal
`components of acceleration of the head.
`The proper orientation and placement of
`the accelerometers 1"0-l-2 with respect to the head
`are import.ant because the positioning of the
`accelerometers ]-0-]-2 influences the data that, is
`collected. In this embodj.ment, three single axis
`accelerometers 10-L2 are oriented such that the
`respective axes of sensitivity are para1lel to
`each of three orthogonal axes A to C, as shown in
`In this embodiment, the
`Figs. z(a) and 2(b).
`accelerometers 10-12 are off-center with respect
`to the center of mass of the head, and thus the
`outputs of each of the accelerometers L0-1-2 will
`include responses to more than one component of
`acceleration.
`For ease of manuf acture, t,wo
`accelerometers 10, 12 are mbunted at right angles
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`on a printed circuit, board (PCB), together with
`the processor 52, the A/D converter 46, the
`Program RAM/RoM 48, the PCMCIA interface 50, and
`the serial control interface 42. The third
`accelerometer LL is mounted orthogonal to the two
`accelerometers 10, L2 inside the right side of the
`helmet 30. Of course, the third accelerometer 11
`may just as effectively be mounted on the Ieft
`side of the helmet 30, ot, with proper mounting,
`on the PCB with accelerometers LO'72. It is
`possible, wit,h proper mounting, to mount eight (or
`even nine) accelerometers on the PCB.
`The particular accelerometers used with
`t,his embodiment are linear accelerometers
`purchased from Entran Devices Inc., Model No. EGA-
`L25-250D, although any smal1 accelerometers might
`be used. It is also possible that rotational
`accelerometers be used in addition to, in
`combination with, or in place of the linear
`accelerometers. Thus, either translational or
`rotational accelerometers can be used.
`Moreover, the smaller and lighter the
`accelerometers, the better. For instance,
`piezoelectric accelerometers and/or silicon
`accelerometers are preferred because of their 1ow
`power consumption and small size. Multi-axis
`accelerometers might also be used. Accelerometers
`which perform on-board calculation of velocity and
`displacement might also be used to track events
`and permit additional kinematic and kinetic
`analyses t,o be performed. Idea11y, it is
`preferred that the accelerometers consume as
`Iittle power as possible, so as to reduce the size
`of the power supply 54.
`The three accelerometers 10-1-2 are
`ca1led channels O-2, respectively. In Figs. 2(a)
`and 2 (b) , th'e positive and negative signs
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`IPR2018-00564
`Garmin EX1005 Page 22
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`

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`associated with the directions of sensitivity A to
`C of accelerometers l..O-'J.2, respectively, represent
`the direction, not acceleration and deceleration.
`Channel 0 is mounted to the PCB and captures
`accelerations from a side-to-side motion, lateral
`flexion; to the right of the boxer is positive
`while to the left is negative as shown by arrow A
`in Fig. 2 (b) . Channel L is sewn in the helmet
`above the boxer's right ear and records
`acceleration in a fore-to-aft motion,
`anterj-or-posterior flexion; backwards is positive
`and forwards is negative, as shown in Fig. 2 (a) .
`Channel 0 and Channel L not only measure
`translational accelerations, but also the
`tangential acceleration associated with the
`rotational acceleration component about the
`If Channel 2 were
`vertical axis, the z axis.
`positioned opposite Channel t it would have been
`possible to determine the three components of
`acceleration associated with Channel 0 and Channel
`L; however, it was decided in this embodiment that
`it was more important that the HAT monitor the
`overall motion of the head. Therefore, Channel 2
`was also mounted to the PCB and captures
`accelerations parallel to the z axis; up is
`positive and down is negative, as shown in Fig.
`z(a).
`
`A certified boxing helmet made by
`Tuf-Wear was used to house the helmet-mounted
`components of the HAT. The back of the helmet 30
`had a piece of half inch thick foam padding
`incased in leather and attached to the helmet by
`laces. The back padding was removed and replaced
`by a leather pouch. The pouch was created from
`new leather and constructed so that there was a
`Velcro opening at t,he top. The pouch was large
`enough to hold some padding and the helmet-mounted
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`components of the HAT. The pouch provides access
`to the HAT during data collection and transfer,
`while the Velcro provided a strong fastener to
`prevent the pouch from opening and the HAT from
`dislodging during data collection.
`A smal1 amount of the padding
`conventionally provided on the back of the boxing
`helmet is removed through the rear seam 34 so as
`to make room for the PCB, which is approximately
`1.5ff x 2.Orr x O.str in overall dimension. The main
`co

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