As such, there should be more discussion, including the
`introduction of a floating car data system.
`
`With respect to center-based DRGS, the usefulness has
`been verified. Specifically,
`the system can provide
`drivers with a sense of security that they can take the
`fastest route whenever there is any traffic congestion on
`their route.
`It can also provide an estimated time to
`destination and reduce the burden on drivers of the need
`to search for alternative routes. Such a sense of security
`ultimately supports safe driving.
`
`Success in any country will depend on the following three
`
`1) Nationwide deployment
`
`2) Inexpensive unit cost to be paid by users (less than
`50,000 yen; about US $500.00)
`
`3) Monthly maintenance cost equal
`charges
`
`to regular phone
`
`When these requirements are satisfied and taking into
`account growing driver needs, DFtGS will become widely
`popular.
`
`REFERENCES
`
`1. Universal Traffic Management Society of Japan,
`(UTMS), Field Trials, 1996
`
`CONTACT
`
`Tsuneo Shiga is a General Manager 0f the EIBCtFOHiCS
`Division at Toyota Motor Corporation. He works at 1,
`Toyota-cho, Toyota, Aichi, Japan and can be contacted
`—
`__
`_
`-
`_
`_
`_
`gag: +81
`566
`23
`9300 Fax, +81
`566
`23
`
`2000-01-C018
`
`Mobile Information Systems Overview
`The End to End Solution
`
`Hasse Johansson and Anders Eliasson
`Mecel AB
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`The global market for mobile communication, computing
`and content (0”) delivery is exploding. Consumers are
`demanding
`ubiquitous
`C“:
`any
`content,
`anytime,
`anywhere. Examples include smart cell phones with
`WAP Internet Browsers and “Convergence” portable
`devices such as the Palm V|| Personal Digital Assistant.
`
`rapidly advancing
`the
`leverages
`lnfotronics
`Mobile
`technologies in the world outside the vehicle such as
`wireless communications,
`internet, PC, and multimedia
`technology (see Table 1) to enable advanced features,
`functions, and services for drivers and passengers.
`These include internet access, e-mail, TV, DVD, and
`games played on large displays, navigation, telematics
`(automated telecommunications), hands-free cell-phone
`usage, satellite radio, MP3 digitally compressed music
`playback, and user interface of these functions via voice
`recognition, text-to-speech, and steering-wheel controls.
`
`This paper will explore the special opportunities and
`challenges as Mobile Information or “CM is brought into
`the vehicle world. For example, how will
`the human-
`machine interface be designed to allow the driver to “surf
`the internet?” How will we deploy common, open % I
`standards for vehicle hardware and software to reduce
`‘GC "elm
`cost and product development cycle time? What are the
`e ”3'
`3
`opportunities for future wideband wireless connectivity to
`'DAB’DVB
`vehicles? How will
`information services be provided?
`'SDARS
`And what kind of media content will be available and
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`INTRODUCTION
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`The global market for mobile information is exploding!
`Consumers are discovering that they can gain access to
`any information, anytime, and anywhere: at the office, at
`home, on portable devices, and now in automobiles.
`
`One of the impacts of the information society is that
`everything
`that
`can
`go
`digital will
`be
`digitized.
`Furthermore,
`the
`silicon
`process
`evolvement will
`continue to follow Moore’s Law with a doubling of
`
`1
`I
`I
`Information Distribution and Commerce via Electronic Means
`
`Table 1: Emerglng Infotronlcs Technologles
`
`

`

`
`
`Figure 1: lnfotronics Cockpit
`
`
`
`Figure 2: The End to End Solution
`
`the special opportunities and
`This paper explores
`challenges as Mobile Information is brought
`into the
`vehicle world. For example, what is the overall end-to-
`end solution required to provide content to consumers In
`vehicles and how are information (bits) and value
`(dollars) exchanged?
`How will
`the human-machine
`interface (HMI)
`in the vehicle be designed to allow
`drivers to use the inforrnatlon without being distracted?
`How will we deploy common, open standards
`for
`infotronics hardware and software to enable universal
`connectivity and reduce development cost and cycle
`time? What are the opportunities for future wideband
`wireless connectivity? How will information networks be
`designed, and what kind of information content will be
`
`THE END TO END SOLUTION
`
`In addition to the critical four steps mentioned above, the
`role of vehicle OEMs and customers is shown in the
`context of
`the overall value chain. For example, as
`shown in the narrow arrows in Figure 2, customers
`request
`information from the vehicle system, but
`the
`request
`actually
`passes
`through
`the wireless
`infrastructure to the service center where information is
`obtained from content originators and then aggregated
`and processed. The bits are then transmitted on the
`wireless link to the vehicle and passed onto the customer
`through the HMl devices In the vehicle. In return for the
`information,
`the customer pays the service center a
`monthly subscription fee, a pay-per-use fee, and/or
`agrees to view or listen to advertising. The value (or
`dollars) the customer pays the service portal is indicated
`by the vertical arrow. In addition, the customer must also
`pay the vehicle OEM for the vehicle and its infotronics
`hardware/software systems.
`
`portal, and content originators. A schematic of this end-
`to-end solution is shown in Figure 2.
`
`Starting at the left-hand side of the end to end solution in
`Figure 2, let us now look at each step In greater detail.
`
`VEHICLE SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE
`
`VEHICLE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
`
`In order to make provision for the deployment of mobile
`information, we will have to rethink the traditional
`architecture of the vehicle electronics system. Mobile
`information systems must be engineered to provide an
`upgrade path for
`functional growth to satisfy new
`demands from customers over the lifetime of the vehicle.
`
`The required flexibility calls for system architecture with a
`certain degree of openness. The mobile information
`system needs to support various types of wireless
`communication/reception systems, a variety of different
`playback and audio components, plus numerous options
`for
`interaction with the system user. The system is
`further likely to be distributed inside the vehicle due to
`packaging constraints, hence requiring the use of data
`buses to share information between system components.
`In our terminology,
`this new addition to the vehicle
`system is called the Mobile MultiMedia (MMM) domain.
`See Figure 3.
`
`Of course, access between the “open side" and the
`“proprietary side" has to be restricted and controlled to
`guarantee that no misuse of information services can
`jeopardize the performance of the functions in the vehicle
`control system. This requires an information gateway or
`firewall in the MMM computing platform.
`
`
`
`existing system resources and secondly, at the serial bus
`communication level where both a physical and a logical
`interface should be defined.
`
`The open computing platform needed to execute new
`upgraded features could be "mechanized” in different
`ways. One solution is to integrate a computer platform
`with a gateway as Indicated in Figure 4 to be able to
`create a firewall between the open and proprietary side.
`This allows new applications to reside permanently in the
`vehicle and therefore have a close interaction with other
`parts of
`the on-board system. However, given the
`evolution in wireless communications it will be almost
`impossible for the user to distinguish between what is
`being executed on-board versus what is being provided
`by a server off-board. Even a browser implemented in
`the proprietary in-vehicle system capable of
`running
`downloaded Java scripts may be considered as an open
`computing platform as it would support a continuos
`upgrading of services. New upgrades can also be
`implemented entirely on the off-board network side.
`
`Basically, the system architecture will converge towards
`a trade-off between cost
`for
`in-vehicle
`computing
`resources and the cost for wireless communications. The
`open platform will not only be the way to offer new
`features over the lifetime of the vehicle, but it will also be
`the enabler for shortening the time of development for
`new features because of standardized interfaces. The
`time to market will be determined by the development
`cycle of application software and the time to set up new
`content/services rather than the traditional lead-time for
`introducing new hardware-based features into a vehicle.
`
`To further support additions of new mobile information
`features, wireless
`short-range
`communication
`like
`BluetoothTM may become very important enablers. As
`everything that could be of
`interest
`to a user in the
`“stationary" world may also be of value to a mobile user,
`we believe that this “need" will be addressed in the very
`near future by numerous manufacturers of PDAs, Smart
`Phones and other mobile devices. Hence, we need to be
`prepared for an explosive growth in the area of personal
`carry-on devices and make provisions to make the best
`use of
`these devices when present
`in the vehicle.
`BluetoothTM is a defacto standard aimed at bridging the
`gap between mobile
`units
`by
`allowing
`them to
`communicate in a standardized manner over a low-
`power, 2.4 GHz,
`radio link. Looking at
`the current
`predictions for the deployment of BluetoothTM, we can
`estimate that by the year 2005, there will be about one
`billion devices in circulation using this technology!
`
`

`

`platform would enable us to create unique services that
`are tightly coupled with the vehicle itself, such as remote
`diagnostics and preventive maintenance. Other value-
`added services that could emanate from a secure
`platform include the possibility for an OEM to make
`upgrades to the software of the vehicle, and to offer
`temporary features like for instance increased engine
`power or dynamic gear-shift pattern while pulling a trailer.
`
`The Open System Gateway Initiative (OSGl) consortium
`is promoting a standard for such a secure platform.
`In
`our opinion, the automotive industry should as far as
`possible avoid making their own standards and instead
`join forces with other industry branches to leverage
`broad efforts. After all, we have to realize that today our
`annual volumes are small
`in comparison to those of
`telecom, data
`communication and computing
`and
`consumer electronics.
`
`HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE
`
`extremely
`is
`(HMI)
`Interface
`The Human Machine
`important for safe and convenient interaction with the
`user and hence a key to successful
`introduction of
`mobile information services. In this section we provide a
`summary of some options at hand for designing a good
`HMI for interacting with mobile information services. We
`distinguish between the driver and a passenger using a
`service, as these cases have different implications on
`
`include
`Technologies for interaction with the driver will
`different combinations of flat panel displays, head-up
`displays, voice recognition/speech synthesis. steering
`wheel controls, and other means for interfacing that have
`already been employed over the past years. These
`technologies are constantly being upgraded to more and
`more improved performance, and will
`in the future
`provide the basis for intelligent HMI systems.
`
`In addition, we believe that we will see an accelerated
`development of customized (to be adapted to your
`preferences) and context-sensitive (to be adapted to the
`traffic situation) HMI management software.
`
`Interaction with passengers will be more straightfonrvard.
`Rear Seat AudioNideo systems are already entering the
`market, and they will continue to grow in capability.
`Short-range wireless
`links
`like Bluetoothm will also
`enable passengers to have their own interaction devices
`and even their own audio channels,
`through use of
`wireless headsets, as means for interacting with their
`
`sophisticated voice-recognition algorithms and even
`biometrics sensors may in a few years time be viable
`alternatives for our industry. Whatever technology we
`choose. it is clear that we in some way will need to make
`provision for secure identification of the user/users.
`
`WIRELESS INFRASTRUCTURE
`
`As shown in Figure 2, mobile information systems
`employ one or more wireless
`“pipes”
`to transmit
`information to and from vehicles. Figure 5 shows how
`these “pipes" are being rolled out over time. For many
`years now we have received broadcast information via
`AM/FM radio, but customer‘s information experience in
`vehicles really began to change in the 19805 when the
`first generation of cellular networks were introduced,
`launching
`the
`opportunities
`for easy bi-directional
`communication. This experience was augmented in the
`19905 with second generation digital cellular systems.
`FM-FIDS broadcasting in the late 19905 in the US, and
`even earlier
`in Europe, brought
`the advent of new
`information services such as traffic information, news
`headlines, and paging. Now in the early 2000's, new
`broadcast systems such as digital TV broadcasting in
`Europe. DVB, and S-Band Satellite broadcasting, like XM
`and Sirius radio in North America, offer a very broad
`choice of digital quality audio and eventually video
`
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`
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`
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`AMI/FM Broadcasting
`
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`
`information
`
`Flgure 5: Wireless Infrastructure Hal/out
`
`Mobile phones have grown in popularity to a level where
`we will soon see the number of mobile users exceed the
`users of stationary systems. This trend will continue and
`
`(digital) systems for mobile telephones. Right now we are
`experiencing the introduction of Generation 2.5 and will
`see the Third Generation as well as high frequency Ka
`and Ku band satellite services introduced within the next
`five years. With
`these broadband wireless
`links,
`information can be singlecast
`to individual mobile
`customers in response to specific requests.
`
`this evolution will be that our
`impact of
`The major
`lnfonnation Society will go “mobile” both in terms of
`productivity and entertainment. The Third Generation or
`Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS) will bring
`increased bandwidth for true high-speed connections up
`to 2 Mbit per second, although something around 400
`kbit per second will be the most
`likely speed under
`normal net-load conditions.
`
`To further improve the Megabit per second capacity we
`will see the use of Digital Media Broadcasting, DMB, with
`higher data rates than the mobile telephone systems
`described above. The combination of broadcasting and
`pcint-to-point communication will offer an asymmetric
`interactive channel with high throughput at a reasonable
`price.
`
`Not only increased bandwidth is of importance for driving
`the Mobile
`Information Society.
`“Packet Switched
`Networks — Always Connected" is another development
`step that will be taken before the full implementation of
`the Third Generation systems.
`In the part of the world
`where Global System for Mobile communication (GSM)
`already is introduced and in service. General Packet
`Radio Services (GPRS) will very soon be introduced.
`
`This technology will enable higher bandwidth by allowing
`allocation of multiple channels to one user, but the major
`benefit is the feature of not needing a dial-up modem
`connection before starting to send/receive data. This
`basically eliminate the time needed to connect to the
`remote network giving the user the impression of always
`being connected.
`
`In addition to the physical radio links there is a need for
`standardized access protocols, designed for the mobile
`environment. A connection between a mobile terminal
`and its base station can hardly be as stable as a
`connection In a wired system. Driving into tunnels,
`valleys etc. may interrupt the connection and cause
`problems with the ongoing communication or service
`being delivered.
`In response to these requirements,
`Wireless Application Protocol, WAP, was defined. This
`protocol has a designated session layer that handles
`
`growing fast in Europe and North America. This trend is
`expected to continue and accelerate features
`like
`positioning to being integrated into the service offerings,
`either through network based positioning or
`through
`integration of GPS-receivers into the phone modules.
`WAP may not be the only solution to mobile data
`transfer, but it
`is an important first step that creates a
`platform for future enhancements.
`
`PORTAL/SERVICE CENTER
`
`The Portal/Service Center interacts with the Wireless
`Infrastructure and the Content Originator as shown in
`Figures 2 and 6.
`It may offer traditional call center
`functions, but it should also have capabilities for billing
`and for providing both available mobile information
`services
`and
`raw content
`from different Content
`Originators,
`thus acting as a unifying unit, usually
`
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`
`FIgure 6: Off-Board Network Solutlons
`
`The Portal/Service Provider must be able to offer
`adapted versions of common internet services, but to
`really bring added value to automotive customers, it will
`be important to give the Portal/Service Center a true
`automotive direction above and beyond what can be
`offered by other service providers. This may be done by
`offering "under-the-hood” services that can interact with
`the vehicle system, which also requires a secure
`platform operated by a viable service provider as
`
`

`

`increases the requirements on the Content Originator
`since the content must be presented in different ways on
`different platforms. This feature could also be added by
`the Portal/Service Center.
`
`A key issue from the Portal/Service Center point of view
`will be to continuously identify customers’ requirements
`and to rapidly adopt or build new services that fulfil these
`requirements. This is required in order to provide an
`automotive tailor-made portfolio services.
`
`CONTENT AND SERVICE OPPORTUNITIES
`
`There is a huge opportunity to add value to customers in
`the Mobile information Society in general. Even the
`vehicle-related
`infotronics
`information
`services
`are
`growing very rapidly. A partial list of content and services
`is shown in Table 2 below. Today’s focus is primarily on
`safety, security, and concierge services via telematics
`systems using a GPS receiver and an embedded cellular
`phone in the vehicle. But the list grows very quickly to
`include too-channel
`satellite digital
`radio broadcast,
`traffic information, and a huge portfolio of e-mail, internet
`access, electronic commerce as well as position-based
`commerce transactions. Ultimately,
`infotronics services
`will provide very high value content such as audio and
`video entertainment on demand.
`
`Content and Services
`Safety, Security. and Concierge Services
`Satellite Digital Audio Radio Services
`Real Time, Dynamic Traffic Information
`Turn-by-Turn Navigation
`Advertising and Electronic “Coupons"
`Wireless Airtime
`
`Internet Access and Internet Purchases
`Fuel, Tolls, Retail Kiosk Purchases
`
`Dealer Services
`Remote Diagnostics and Maintenance
`- Financial Transactions (Stock Purchases, Transfers)
`- Audio On-Demand (Music. Books on Tape. “Talk Radio")
`- Video On-Dcmand (Movies, “MTV", News and Sports Clips)
`
`Table 2: Infotronlcs Content and Service Opportunltles
`
`To understand what content/services we need to provide
`
`being able to verbally fill-in travel expense reports on the
`way home rather than doing it the next morning in the
`office.
`
`Safe driving should always be the highest priority and
`neither entertainment nor productivity features should
`never distract the driver. Productivity improvements and
`entertainment
`features should therefore primarily be
`based on audible services.
`
`pro-
`regarding
`content/services
`Passenger-related
`ductivity will be basically everything mentioned above for
`the driver, but
`in addition also services based upon
`visual presentations on advanced displays and more
`sophisticated interactive tools. This will
`include normal
`office services, data retrieval, watching news/stocks,
`training/education as well as general HTML internet
`browsing and watching terrestrial or satellite television.
`
`for
`facilities
`entertainment
`sophisticated
`More
`passengers could be a big help in travelling with children
`when they have access to video,
`interactive games,
`“movie-on-demand", chatting etc. The chatting services
`may in fact be the driving force in the whole mobile data-
`communication market. This is the situation within the
`GSM market today, where teenagers are using Short
`Message Service (SMS), a simple "store and forward"
`mechanism for messages no longer than 160 characters.
`The unexpected success of SMS has influenced the
`design of the service platform for UMTS to include an
`evolved version of SMS,
`called MMS, Multimedia
`Message Service. This will enable users to chat with
`others and to attach pictures as well as audio and video
`clips.
`
`Also a third category of services can be identified for
`direct support and maintenance of the vehicle itself,
`consequently adding value to the owner. Features like
`Remote Diagnostics, Remote Software upgrades, stolen
`vehicle tracking, and so on will deliver significant value.
`
`In summary, our office systems and tools as well as our
`living-room entertainment
`features will
`go mobile
`together with a realistic implementation of the "Smart
`Car”.
`
`CONCLUSION
`
`Availability of technology is not going to be the main
`issue going forward in the mobile information society.
`The main issue is proper integration to ensure safety and
`acceptance by the customers.
`
`“‘1
`
`hand—held and carry-on products which are used when
`outside the car.
`
`If this challenge will not be met, the following scenario
`will most likely occur. Mobile devices will be carried Into
`the vehicle and manufacturers of FDA and smart phone
`devices will continue to improve display quality and size
`as well as the HMI of the device for easier handling. But
`the limited integration with the vehicle interior will still be
`a significant safety issue. The possibilities for the vehicle
`manufacturers and telematics service providers to ”own
`the customer“ will be more difficult. Cellular carriers and
`other players in the mobile industry will dominate the “in-
`vehicle” market.
`
`Providing a well-integrated Mobile lnforrnation Platform in
`every vehicle would
`be
`the
`preferred
`approach.
`However, the platform could have several different levels
`of
`functionality and hence adapt
`to various
`cost
`scenarios. Examples range from intelligent displays that
`via BluetoothTMI can transform portable devices
`into
`usable mobile information gateways when brought into
`the vehicle,
`to full-fledged Mobile MultiMedia Systems
`with multiple user interfaces, multiple reception channels
`and possibilities for remote management. Both extremes
`can fulfill
`the goal of delivering Mobile
`information
`Sen/ices to the vehicle users.
`
`CONTACT
`
`MScEE,
`Johansson
`Hasse
`(hassejohansson@mecel.se) Anders Eliasson MScEE,
`(anders.eliasson@mecei.se)
`
`Mecel AB, Sweden
`
`Until a business model for providing mobile services in
`vehicles has been established, no one will be able to say
`for sure what the user acceptance will be.
`In the worst
`case we might face a situation where we in the vehicle
`industry will have to provide appropriate customer value
`at low or no profit for some period of time until a full
`portfolio of highly valued services can be provided for
`customers. OthenNIse, entities outside the auto industry
`might win vehicle customer ownership.
`
`ADDITIONAL SOURCES
`
`www.OSGi.com
`www.3999 .org
`www.wapforum.org
`www.bluetooth.com
`www.delphiauto.com
`www.mecel.se
`
`Module Level
`mm Softw are
`Applications to. Java):
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