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`Internet Archive
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`2. The Internet Archive is a website that provides access to a digital library of
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`5. The lntemet Archive assigns a URL on its site to the archived files in the format
`http://web.archive.org/web/[Year in yyyy][Month in mm][Day in dd][Time code in
`hh:mm:ss]/[Archived URL]. Thus, the lntemet Archive URL
`http://web.archive.org/web/ 19970126045828/http://www.archive.org/ would be the
`URL for the record of the lntemet Archive home page HTML file
`(http://www.archive.org/) archived on January 26, I997 at 4:58 am. and 28 seconds
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`
`DATE:
`
`1 Ft
`
`(*5
`
`(V\ R‘
`
`Christopher Butler
`
`Jaguar Land Rover
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 001
`
`Jaguar Land Rover
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 001
`
`

`

`CALIFORNIA JURAT
`
`\ S
`
`ee Attached Document.
`
`State of California
`
`County of San Francisco
`
`A notary public or other officer completing this
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`
`accuracy, or validity of that document.
`
`Subscribed and sworn to (or affirmed) before me on
`this
`
`i
`
`' m
`l
`
`day 0f
`
`\
`
`E
`
`(ML/f
`
`,2
`, 2rl {é
`
`, by
`
`Christopher Butler,
`
`‘
`
`proved to me on the basis of satisfactory evidence to be
`the person who appeared before me.
`
` Signature:
`
`Jaguar Land Rover
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 002
`
`
`
`
`LAUREL KARE
`_
`
`Notary Puinc - Cahtorma
`.
`
`San Francisco County
`‘
`“4*.7
`.
`,
`222
`qr
`commissnon It 2‘72
`.5 -
`M commi Ex Hes Nov 17.2020
`
`ZZ>_
`
`
`
`
`
`z
`
`Jaguar Land Rover
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 002
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`
`
`Exhibit A
`
`Jaguar Land Rover
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 003
`
`

`

`Linköping University Electronic Press - Main Page
`
`1 of 1
`
` 
` 
`Welcome to Linköping University Electronic Press
`
`Welcome to Linköping University Electronic Press Linköping University Electronic
`Press (LiEP) has been created to provide an electronic publishing service for
`Linköping University, and started operation on October 1, 1996.
` LiEP is a separate unit within the university whose purpose is to make academic
`texts available in electronic form, in particular over the Internet. LiEP will operate on a
`non-profit basis. Its main aim is to maximize the availability of its texts on the Internet.
`In particular, LiEP will not seek to obtain and retain copyright of texts that are
`published through it, and favors texts that are in the public domain so that they can be
`copied and redistributed freely.
` Read more about LiEP by clicking the button About LiEP below.
` 
`
` 
` 
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` 
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`Publicera exjobb
` 
` 
`Contact us
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`
`https://web.archive.org/web/20020802030512/http://www.ep.liu.se/
`
`Jaguar Land Rover
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 004
`
`

`

`1 of 2
`
`Examensarbeten vid Linköpings Universitet
`Theses at the University of Linköping
` 
` 
`Publicera exjobb/Publish
`Thesis
`
`Instruktioner på
`svenska
`
`Instruktioner för att
`lägga upp
`examensarbeten på
`Internet.
`
`Ladda ned
`instruktionerna och
`skriv ut dem.
`
`Instructions in
`English
`
`Instructions how to
`publish papers/thesis
`on the Internet
`
`Download the
`instructions and print
`out.
` 
` 
`
` 
`
` 
`
`Logga in/Log in. En dialogruta för inloggning kommer
`att visas. Använd ditt studentmailkonto och lösenord
`för att logga in.
`A log in dialogue box appears. Use your student e-mail
`account and password to log in.
`
`Sök/Search
`
`Sök i exjobbdatabasen/Search theses in the database
`Nyckelord/Keywords
`
`Leta nyckelord/Search keywords
`
`Lista över examensarbeten efter
`utbildning
`List of Theses by
`Education/programme area
`
`Affärsjuridiska programmet
`Användarinriktad systemutveckling (C-
`uppsats)
`Användarinriktad systemutveckling
`(Exjobb)
`Bildbehandling
`Bildkodning
`Byggnadsteknik
`Data- och elektroteknik
`Datatransmission
`Datorteknik
`Ekonomprogrammet
`Elektronikdesign
`Elektroniksystem
`
`https://web.archive.org/web/20021016175228/http://www.ep.liu.se:80/exjobb/index.html
`
`Jaguar Land Rover
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 005
`
`

`

`2 of 2
`
`Elektroniska komponenter
`Fordonsystem
`Företagsekonomi
`Grundskollärarprogrammet - Linköping
`Grundskollärarprogrammet - Norrköping
`Informationsteori
`Internationella ekonomprogrammet
`Kommunikations- och transportsystem
`Kultur, Samhälle, Mediegestaltning (C-
`uppsats)
`Kultur, Samhälle, Mediegestaltning (D-
`uppsats)
`Master in Applied Ethics (CTE)
`Medie- och kommunikationsteknik
`Medieteknik
`Nationalekonomi
`Reglerteknik och kommunikationssystemi
`Statsvetenskap
`
`Lista över examensarbeten efter
`institution
`List of Theses by Department
`
`Centrum för Tillämpad Etik
`Ekonomiska Institutionen
`Institutionen för Datavetenskap
`Institutionen för Systemteknik
`Institutionen för Teknik och
`Naturvetenskap
`Institutionen för Tematisk Utbildning och
`Forskning
`Institutionen för Utbildningsvetenskap
`(tidigare ITL)
`
`Last modified 2002-05-07 16:13 by webmaster@ep.liu.se
`
`https://web.archive.org/web/20021016175228/http://www.ep.liu.se:80/exjobb/index.html
`
`Jaguar Land Rover
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 006
`
`

`

`Examensarbeten, Institutionen för Teknik och Naturvetenskap
`
`1 of 1
`
`Examensarbeten, Institutionen för Teknik och Naturvetenskap
`Medieteknik
`Elektronikdesign
`Kommunikatons- och transportsystem
`Byggnadsteknik
`Användarinriktad systemutveckling (Exjobb)
`Användarinriktad systemutveckling (C-uppsats)
`Data- och elektroteknik
`
`Last modified 2002-08-19 15:32 by webmaster@ep.liu.se
`
`https://web.archive.org/web/20020819175543/http://www.ep.liu.se:80/exjobb/itn/
`
`Jaguar Land Rover
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 007
`
`

`

`Examensarbeten, Kommunikatons- och transportsystem
`
`1 of 1
`
`Examensarbeten, Kommunikatons- och transportsystem
`2001
`2002
`
`Last modified 2002-08-19 15:32 by webmaster@ep.liu.se
`
`https://web.archive.org/web/20020819181605/http://www.ep.liu.se:80/exjobb/itn/kts/
`
`Jaguar Land Rover
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 008
`
`

`

`Examensarbeten, Kommunikatons- och transportsystem, 2002
`
`1 of 1
`
`Examensarbeten, Kommunikatons- och transportsystem, 2002
`
`Nr Författare/Author
`008 Linda Ramstedt
`
`016 Filip Jakubsson
`
`019 Michal Sanca
`
`021 Peter Ekström and
`Fredrik Hoel
`
`Titel/Title
`Marknadsundersökning av
`tänkbara system för
`fordonskontroll på Pan Nordic
`Logistics
`Utvärdering av ett
`simuleringsverktyg för analys av
`resursbehov
`Application of Design for Safer
`Urban Roads and Junctions:
`Selected Countermeasures
`Ljud över Bluetooth och MOST
`
`ISRN/Nr
`LITH-ITN-
`KTS-
`EX--02/08--SE
`
`LITH-ITN-
`KTS-
`EX--02/16--SE
`LITH-ITN-
`KTS-
`EX--02/19--SE
`LITH-ITN-
`KTS-
`EX--02/21--SE
`
`Last modified 2002-08-16 09:12 by webmaster@ep.liu.se
`
`https://web.archive.org/web/20020818142227/http://www.ep.liu.se:80/exjobb/itn/kts/2002/
`
`Jaguar Land Rover
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 009
`
`

`

`Examensarbete/Thesis
`
`1 of 2
`
`Examensarbete/Thesis
`Författare/Author
`Peter Ekström and
`Fredrik Hoel
`
` 
`
`Seriebeteckning/Series
`number
`Framläggningsdatum/
`Defense date:
`Språk/Language:
`Institution/Institute:
`
` 
` 
` 
` 
` 
` 
`Sammanfattning:
`Abstract:
`
` 
`
`Nyckelord:
`Keywords:
`
`Titel/Title
`Ljud över Bluetooth och MOST
`Audio over Bluetooth and MOST
`
`LITH-ITN-KTS-EX--02/21--SE
`
`2002-03-20
`Engelska
`Institutionen för Teknik och Naturvetenskap
`
`Thesis (pdf) - Checksum
`
`I detta examensarbete studeras möjligheten att ansluta
`standardprodukter trådlöst till MOST, ett multimedianätverk
`för fordon. Den trådlösa tekniken som analyseras är
`Bluetooth. Rapporten beskriver teoretiskt hur MOST ska
`integreras med Bluetooth via en gateway och tar även upp
`olika framtida scenarier som möjliggörs med hjälp av denna
`gateway. Lösningen beskriver hur en förbindelse kan
`upprättas och ljuddata överföras från en ljudkälla till MOST-
`nätet med hjälp av Bluetooth-teknik.
`In this Master Thesis the possibility of connecting standard
`products wirelessly to MOST, a multimedia network for
`vehicles, is investigated. The wireless technique analysed is
`Bluetooth. The report theoretically describes how MOST
`could be integrated with Bluetooth via a gateway. Future
`scenarios that are made possible by this gateway are also
`described. The solution describes how a connection could be
`established and how the synchronous audio is transferred
`from a Bluetooth sound source to the MOST network.
`Trådlös, Bluetooth, MOST, samplingsfrekvenskonvertering,
`interpolation, Wireless, Bluetooth, MOST, sample rate
`conversion, interpolation
`
`https://web.archive.org/web/20020824115811/http://www.ep.liu.se:80/exjobb/itn/2002/kts/021/
`
`Jaguar Land Rover
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 010
`
`

`

`Examensarbete/Thesis
`
`2 of 2
`
`Last modified 2002-05-23 13:49 by webmaster@ep.liu.se
`
`https://web.archive.org/web/20020824115811/http://www.ep.liu.se:80/exjobb/itn/2002/kts/021/
`
`Jaguar Land Rover
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 011
`
`

`

`https://web.archive.org/web/20030802005803/http://www.ep.liu.se:80/exjobb/i
`tn/2002/kts/021/exjobb.pdf
`
`Jaguar Land Rover
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 012
`
`

`

`Examensarbete
`LiTH-ITN-KTS-EX--02/21--SE
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Audio over Bluetooth and
`MOST
`
`
`
`
`Peter Ekström &
`Fredrik Hoel
`
`2002-03-07
`
`
`
`
`
`Department of Science and Technology
`Linköping University
`SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
`
`Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap
`Linköpings Universitet
`601 74 Norrköping
`
`Jaguar Land Rover
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 013
`
`

`

`
`LiTH-ITN-KTS-EX--02/21--SE
`
`Audio over Bluetooth and
`MOST
`
`
`Examensarbete utfört i kommunikationssystem
`vid Linköpings Tekniska Högskola, Campus Norrköping
`
`
`Peter Ekström
`Fredrik Hoel
`
`
`
`
`
`Handledare: Thomas Söderqvist
`Examinator: Johan M Karlsson
`
`Norrköping den 2002-03-07
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Jaguar Land Rover
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 014
`
`

`

`Avdelning, Institution
`Division, Department
`Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap
`Department of Science and Technology
`
`Datum
`Date
`
`2002-03-20
`
`ISBN
`____________________________________________
`_________
`ISRN LiTH-ITN-KTS-EX--02/21--SE
`_________________________________________________________________
`ISSN
`Serietitel och serienummer
`Title of series, numbering
`___________________________________
`
`Språk
`Language
`Svenska/Swedish
`X Engelska/English
`
`_ ________________
`
`Rapporttyp
`Report category
`Licentiatavhandling
`X Examensarbete
`C-uppsats
`D-uppsats
`Övrig rapport
`
`_ ________________
`
`URL för elektronisk version
`
`Titel
`Title
`
`Ljud över Bluetooth och MOST
`Audio over Bluetooth and MOST
`
`Författare
`Authors
`Peter Ekström and Fredrik Hoel
`
`Sammanfattning
`I detta examensarbete studeras möjligheten att ansluta standardprodukter trådlöst till MOST, ett multimedianätverk för fordon. Den trådlösa
`tekniken som analyseras är Bluetooth. Rapporten beskriver teoretiskt hur MOST ska integreras med Bluetooth via en gateway och tar även upp
`olika framtida scenarier som möjliggörs med hjälp av denna gateway. Lösningen beskriver hur en förbindelse kan upprättas och ljuddata överföras
`från en ljudkälla till MOST-nätet med hjälp av Bluetooth-teknik.
`Abstract
`In this Master Thesis the possibility of connecting standard products wirelessly to MOST, a multimedia network for vehicles, is investigated. The
`wireless technique analysed is Bluetooth. The report theoretically describes how MOST could be integrated with Bluetooth via a gateway. Future
`scenarios that are made possible by this gateway are also described. The solution describes how a connection could be established and how the
`synchronous audio is transferred from a Bluetooth sound source to the MOST network.
`
`Nyckelord
`Trådlös, Bluetooth, MOST, samplingsfrekvenskonvertering, interpolation
`Keywords
`Wireless, Bluetooth, MOST, sample rate conversion, interpolation
`
`II
`
`Jaguar Land Rover
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 015
`
`

`

`Abstract
`In this Master Thesis the possibility of connecting standard products wirelessly to
`MOST, a multimedia network for vehicles, are investigated. The wireless technique
`analysed is Bluetooth. The report theoretically describes how Bluetooth could be
`integrated with MOST via a gateway. Future scenarios that are made possible by this
`gateway are also described. The solution presents how a connection could be
`established and how the synchronous audio is transferred from a Bluetooth sound
`source to the MOST network.
`As a sound source equipment supporting the Bluetooth Headset Profile is used. It
`communicates with the MOST network via a gateway. As the recipient of the system,
`a speaker module connected to MOST is used.
`The gateway task when transmitting audio, using synchronous data, is to convert the
`sample rate of the audio stream from 8 kHz used in the Bluetooth system to 48 kHz
`used in MOST. This is done by interpolation and filtering. Several different methods
`for this are described and compared.
`The key issue in this report is the sample rate conversion between the two systems
`sample frequencies.
`
`III
`
`Jaguar Land Rover
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 016
`
`

`

`Sammanfattning
`I detta examensarbete studeras möjligheten att ansluta standardprodukter trådlöst till
`MOST, ett multimedianätverk för fordon. Den trådlösa tekniken som analyseras är
`Bluetooth. Rapporten beskriver teoretiskt hur Bluetooth ska integreras med MOST via
`en gateway och tar även upp olika framtida scenarier som möjliggörs med hjälp av
`denna gateway. Lösningen beskriver hur en förbindelse kan upprättas och ljuddata
`överföras från en ljudkälla till MOST-nätet med hjälp av Bluetooth-teknik.
`Som ljudkälla används utrustning som stöder ’Bluetooth Headset Profile’. Den
`kommunicerar via en gateway med MOST-nätet. Som mottagare i systemet finns en
`högtalarmodul ansluten till MOST.
`Vid överföring av ljud,
`i
`form av synkron data, är gatewayens uppgift att
`samplingskonvertera ljudströmmen från 8 kHz som används i Bluetooth-delen till 48
`kHz som används på MOST. Detta sker med interpolation och filtrering. Flera olika
`metoder för detta redovisas och jämförs.
`Huvuduppgiften i rapporten är samplingskonverteringen mellan de olika systemens
`samplingsfrekvenser.
`
`IV
`
`Jaguar Land Rover
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 017
`
`

`

`Preface
`This report presents the results of our Master Thesis performed at Volvo
`Technological Development Corporation.
`We would like to thank all of the people supporting us during our work in the
`department of Infotronics at Volvo Technological Development. We would also like
`to thank our examiner Johan M Karlsson at Linköping University of Technology. A
`special thanks goes to Thomas Söderqvist for his invaluable support and his great
`knowledge of both the Bluetooth and the MOST technologies.
`Göteborg, Mars 1, 2002
`Peter Ekström and Fredrik Hoel
`
`V
`
`Jaguar Land Rover
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 018
`
`

`

`2
`
`Contents
`1
`INTRODUCTION............................................................................................1
`1.1
`BACKGROUND.............................................................................................1
`1.2 METHOD .....................................................................................................1
`LIMITATIONS...............................................................................................1
`1.3
`STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS..........................................................................2
`1.4
`BLUETOOTH..................................................................................................3
`INTRODUCTION............................................................................................3
`2.1
`2.1.1
`The name ............................................................................................3
`2.1.2
`The product.........................................................................................3
`ORGANISATION ...........................................................................................4
`2.2
`CHARACTERISTICS.......................................................................................4
`2.3
`2.3.1
`Network topology................................................................................6
`THE BLUETOOTH PROTOCOL STACK.............................................................6
`2.4
`2.4.1
`Baseband ............................................................................................7
`2.4.2
`Link Manager .....................................................................................8
`2.4.3
`Host Controller Interface (HCI)..........................................................8
`2.4.4
`L2CAP................................................................................................8
`2.4.5
`RFCOMM...........................................................................................8
`PROFILES.....................................................................................................9
`2.5
`2.5.1
`Generic Access Profile (GAP).............................................................9
`2.5.2
`Serial Port Profile (SPP)...................................................................10
`2.5.3
`Service Discovery Application Profile (SDAP)..................................10
`2.5.4
`Generic Object Exchange Profile (GOEP) ........................................10
`2.5.5
`Headset Profile (HP) ........................................................................10
`2.5.6
`Telephony Control protocol Specification (TCS) ...............................11
`2.5.7
`Dial Up Networking Profile (DUNP) ................................................11
`2.5.8
`LAN Access Profile (LANAP)............................................................11
`2.5.9
`Fax Profile (FaxP)............................................................................11
`FUTURE.....................................................................................................12
`2.6
`3 MOST .............................................................................................................13
`INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................13
`3.1
`ORGANISATION .........................................................................................14
`3.2
`CHARACTERISTICS.....................................................................................15
`3.3
`3.3.1
`Bandwidth.........................................................................................15
`3.3.2
`Control data......................................................................................16
`3.3.3
`Asynchronous data............................................................................16
`3.3.4
`Synchronous data..............................................................................16
`3.4 MOST SYSTEM SERVICES .........................................................................17
`3.4.1
`NetServices .......................................................................................17
`3.4.2
`FBlocks.............................................................................................18
`3.4.3
`Low Level System Service..................................................................19
`FUTURE.....................................................................................................21
`3.5
`VI
`
`Jaguar Land Rover
`Exhibit 1011
`Page 019
`
`

`

`5
`
`6
`
`4
`
`DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING ..............................................................22
`SAMPLING.................................................................................................22
`4.1
`4.1.1
`Aliasing.............................................................................................23
`4.2
`PCM.........................................................................................................23
`SAMPLE RATE CONVERSION........................................................................24
`4.3
`4.3.1
`Converting with arbitrary numbers...................................................24
`4.3.2
`Polyphase structure ..........................................................................25
`FILTER ......................................................................................................26
`4.4
`4.4.1
`Filter characteristics.........................................................................26
`4.4.2
`Different types of filters.....................................................................27
`4.4.3
`Digital filters.....................................................................................28
`INTERPOLATION METHODS.........................................................................30
`4.5
`4.5.1
`Linear interpolation..........................................................................30
`4.5.2
`Sinc interpolation..............................................................................31
`4.5.3
`FFT interpolation .............................................................................31
`4.5.4
`Zero-filling interpolation...................................................................32
`SYSTEM DESIGN OF AUDIO SOURCE....................................................33
`FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS.....................................................................34
`5.1
`AUDIO REQUIREMENTS ..............................................................................34
`5.2
`SYSTEM DESIGN OF GATEWAY..............................................................35
`SPECIFIC GATEWAY...................................................................................35
`6.1
`6.1.1
`Higher Level Gateway approach.......................................................36
`CONTROL DATA.........................................................................................37
`6.2
`6.2.1
`Establishing synchronous connection from Bluetooth headset...........38
`6.2.2
`Disconnecting from Bluetooth headset ..............................................39
`6.2.3
`Establishing synchronous connection from MOST.............................40
`6.2.4
`Disconnecting from MOST................................................................41
`SYNCHRONOUS AUDIO...............................................................................42
`6.3
`6.3.1
`Bluetooth part...................................................................................42
`6.3.2
`SRC part...........................................................................................42
`6.3.3
`MOST part........................................................................................45
`GENERAL GATEWAY..................................................................................46
`6.4
`6.4.1
`Scenarios ..........................................................................................46
`IMPLEMENTATION......................................................................................49
`6.5
`6.5.1
`Results ..............................................................................................49
`CONCLUSION...............................................................................................51
`CONTROL DATA.........................................................................................51
`7.1
`SYNCHRONOUS AUDIO...............................................................................51
`7.2
`FUTURE WORK...........................................................................................52
`7.3
`REFERENCES.......................................................................................................53
`ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................55
`APPENDIX A: FREQUENCY SPECTRUMS......................................................57
`
`7
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`VII
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`1 Introduction
`The aim of this Thesis is to design a gateway between Bluetooth and MOST, Media
`Oriented Systems Transport. The gateway shall be able to handle control data to
`initiate a synchronous link and to route synchronous audio sent from Bluetooth to
`MOST.
`1.1 Background
`MOST is already an established technology in the automotive industry and Bluetooth
`is becoming more and more interesting. Combining those techniques would bring the
`possibilities further to another level where the applications in the vehicle can connect
`wirelessly. As a step in this evolution Volvo Technological Development is interested
`in developing competence in this area.
`1.2 Method
`The method used throughout this Master Thesis has been an iterative process. The
`first thing done was a target plan. It contained the different goals, a time plan etc.
`Then a literature study was made in which the Bluetooth and MOST technologies
`were studied. Previous reports in the area of Bluetooth, performed at Volvo
`Technological Development, were read [20, 21]. The task was separated into smaller
`tasks where the solution ideas were backed up by more thorough studies of
`specifications, books and articles. In the later part of the Master Thesis the area of
`Digital Signal Processing (DSP) was investigated. Finally the results and the solutions
`along with the descriptions of the different technologies were written down in this
`Thesis.
`1.3 Limitations
`There is no implementation description of the achieved solutions to this task. The
`work is done on a theoretical level were the possibility of interconnecting Bluetooth
`with MOST is investigated.
`Security and error handling are areas that have to be considered more careful in a real
`system implementation.
`
`1
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`1.4 Structure of the Thesis
`Chapter 2, 3 and 4 are descriptions of the technologies of Bluetooth, MOST and DSP
`respectively. Those chapters could be skipped if the reader is familiar with those
`areas.
`Chapter 5 describes the system design of the audio source.
`In chapter 6 a specific gateway for this Master thesis is discussed as well as the
`descriptions of how control data and synchronous audio is supposed to be handled by
`this gateway. A general Bluetooth-MOST gateway and some future scenarios for this
`are also presented in this chapter.
`It ends by a description of a simplified
`implementation done.
`Chapter 7 contains the conclusions and includes the future works of this report.
`The appendix consists of frequency spectrums from interpolation simulations.
`
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`2 Bluetooth
`This chapter will describe an overview of the Bluetooth history, organization and
`technology. The Bluetooth specification 1.1 has been the main source of this chapter.
`2.1 Introduction
`The Bluetooth technology has quite an exiting history though the idea of Bluetooth
`came up as late as 1994. Because of its origin, Bluetooth is strongly associated with
`Scandinavian culture and history.
`
` %0 3,20
`The engineers named the technology to honour the tenth century Viking king of
`Denmark. His name was Harald Blåtand, which translates into English as Harold
`Bluetooth. Harold became known as the king who united Denmark and Norway and
`christened the Vikings in his kingdom. Due to Harold’s talent for diplomacy the
`Ericsson engineers thought it would be a good name for a technology that will unite
`the data- and telecommunications industry. Bluetooth has gathered multinational
`companies into the Bluetooth SIG (Special Interest Group).
`
` %0 574/:.9
`The technology was primary meant to be a cable replacement between different kinds
`of devices. Ericsson had 1994 a short link radio vision where they desired a power
`efficient and platform independent radio module. This cable replacement technology
`was going to have the following preferences:
`• Be perfect for mobile devices (small, low power, low cost, low weight)
`• Have short range distance
`• Guarantee interoperability
`• Open specification
`• Ad hoc connectivity
`The engineering work started 1995 but it was not until 1997 when Ericsson realized
`that they had to collaborate with other large companies if this technology was going to
`be a widespread success. Ericsson established Bluetooth SIG founder group together
`with Intel, IBM, Nokia and Toshiba. Gradually the SIG grew and the SIG promoter
`group was formed with the founders, 3COM, Lucent, Microsoft and Motorola [24].
`The collaboration between that many large companies has made Bluetooth an open
`standard.
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`2.2 Organisation
`Bluetooth SIG today consists of different member levels. From the beginning the
`Bluetooth name was a trademark owned by the Ericsson telephone company.
`Nowadays the Bluetooth name is owned by the Bluetooth SIG. The membership is
`divided into four levels:
`• Promoters
`• Associates
`• Adopters
`• Early Adopters
`The tasks of the different member levels are described in Figure 1.
`
`Program
`Management Board
`
`Regulatory
`
`Legal Committee
`
`Management Service
`
`Marketing
`
`Qualification Board
`
`RF Regulations
`
`China Regulations
`
`Test and Interop
`
`Architecture Review
`Board
`
`Subgroups
`
`Aviation Regulations
`
`Security Regulations
`
`Japan Regulations
`
`Technical
`Working Groups
`
`Expert Groups
`
`Errata Owner and
`Review pool
`
`Promoter
`
`Associate
`
`Early Adoptor
`
`Independent
`
`BTAB
`
`BQA
`
`BQB
`
`Figure 1: Bluetooth SIG structure
`2.3 Characteristics
`The Bluetooth radio is transmitting on the globally unlicensed frequency starting at
`2,402 GHz and stopping at 2,480GHz. Bluetooth uses a frequency hop technology
`with 79 hops displaced by 1 MHz. The maximum hopping rate is 1600 hops per
`second. The frequency hopping procedure follows a scheme generated by the master
`(see 2.3.1). Frequency hopping helps the Bluetooth radio to avoid interference with
`other devices [1].
`It
`is easy to implement Bluetooth everywhere without complications with
`governmental, military or other kind of frequency restrictions. One complication is
`that Bluetooth transmits on the same frequency as other products like microwave
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`ovens and WLAN adapters. This could lead to undesired interference [22].
`In a Bluetooth network 8 devices can be simultaneously active. This is called a
`piconet. To connect more devices it is possible to connect up to 10 piconets into a
`scatternet [25]. The gross data rate is 1 Mbps but the net data rate is maximum 432,6
`kbps symmetric duplex and 723,2 kbps asymmetric duplex. For voice it is possible to
`have 3 simultaneous synchronous duplex connections per piconet. The Bluetooth
`technology specifies 3 power classes presented in Table 1.
`Power Class Maximum Output Power
`1
`100 mW (20 dBm)
`2
`2.5 mW (4 dBm)
`3
`1 mW (0 dBm)
`
`Range
`~100 meters
`~35 meters
`~10 meters
`
`Table 1:Bluetooth Power Classes
`The range values in Table 1 depend on the antenna construction and if the devices are
`in line of sight or not. It is only the power that is specified in the specification [13].
`When Bluetooth is transmitting voice it does not resend lost or corrupt packages.
`There are three formats supported for the air-coded signal: A-Law, µ-Law and CVSD.
`The logarithmic encodings (A-Law and µ-Law) are not yet supported by any Profile
`but are implemente