ANSI X3.131-1994
`
`The active notch field indicates the notch that this and subsequent MODE SELECT and MODE SENSE commands
`shall refer to, until the active notch is changed by a later MODE SELECT command. Thevalue of the active notch
`shall be greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to the maximum numberof notches. An active notch value
`of zero indicates that this and subsequent MODE SELECT and MODE SENSE commandsreferto the parameters that
`apply across all notches.
`
`The starting boundary field indicates the beginningof the active notch or,if the active notch is zero, the beginning
`boundary of thelogical unit.
`If the LPNbit is one, then the four bytes represent a logical block address.
`If the LPN
`bit is zero, then the three mostsignificant bytes shall represent the cylinder numberandtheleast significant byte shall
`represent the head number. This field shall be reported as unchangeable. When used with the MODE SELECT
`commandthis field is ignored.
`
`The ending boundary field indicates the ending of the active notch or,if the active notch is zero, the ending of the
`logical unit.
`If the LPNbit is one, then the four bytes representlogical block address.
`If the LPNbit is zero, then the
`three most significant bytes shall represent the cylinder numberandtheleast significant byte shall represent the head
`number. This field shall be reported as unchangeable. When used with the MODE SELECT commandthisfield is
`ignored.
`
`Each notch shall span a set of consecutive logical blocks on the logical unit, the notches shall not overlap, and no
`logical block shall be excluded from a notch.
`
`The pages notched field is a bit map of the mode page codes that indicates which pages contain parameters that
`may bedifferent for different notches. The mostsignificantbit of this field corresponds to page code 3Fh and the
`least significant bit corresponds to page code 00h.
`Ifa bit is one, then the corresponding mode page contains
`parameters that may bedifferent for different notches.
`If a bit is zero, then the corresponding mode page contains
`parameters that are constant for all notches. This field shall be reported as unchangeable.
`
`9.3.3.6 Read-write error recovery page
`
`The read-write error recovery page (see table 168) specifies the error recovery parameters the target shall use during
`any commandthat performsa read or write operation to the medium (e.g. READ(6), READ(10), WRITE(6), WRITE(10),
`COPY, COMPARE, WRITE & VERIFY,etc.).
`
`Table 168 - Read-write error recovery page
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Page length (OAh)
`
`
`ane[ame[ve[re|een[ee|ore[oon
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`s
`
`
`Cc
`
`
`
`
`
` (LSB)
`
`ae
`
`(MSB)
`
`Recovery time limit
`.
`
`
`207
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`|Ps|Reserved| Page code (Oth)™” ==="
`
`
`
`Read retry count
`
`
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`

`ANSI X3.131-1994
`
`The parameters savable (PS) bit is only used with the MODE SENSE command.This bit is reserved with the MODE
`SELECT command. A PSbit of oneindicates that the target is capable of saving the page in a non-volatile vendor
`specific location.
`
`An automatic write reallocation enabled (AWRE)bit of one indicates that the target shall enable automatic reallocatio:
`to be performed during write operations. The automatic reallocation shall be performedonlyif the target has the valic
`data (e.g. original data in the buffer or recovered from the medium). The valid data shall be placed in the reallocate:
`block. Error reporting as required by the error recovery bits (EER, PER, DTE, and DCR) shail be performedonlyafte
`completion of the reallocation. The reallocation operation shall report any failures that occur. See the REASSIGI
`BLOCKS command (9.2.10) for error procedures.
`
`An AWREbit of zero indicates that the target shall not perform automatic reallocation of defective data blocks durin:
`write operations.
`
`An automatic read reallocation enabled (ARRE)bit of one indicates that the target shall enable automatic reallocatio:
`of defective data blocks during read operations. All error recovery actions required by the error recovery bits (TE
`EER, PER, DTE, and DCR) shall be executed. The automatic reallocation shall then be performed onlyif the targe
`successfully recovers the data. The recovered data shall be placed in the reallocated block. Error reporting a:
`required by the error recovery bits shall be performed only after completion of the reallocation. The reallocatio:
`process shall present anyfailures that occur. See the REASSIGN BLOCKS command(9.2.10) for error procedures.
`
`An ARREbit of Zero indicates that the target shall not perform automatic reallocation of defective data blocks durin;
`read operations.
`
`A transfer block (TB) bit of one indicates that a data block that is not recovered within the recovery limits specifiec
`shall be transferred to the initiator before CHECK CONDITIONstatusis returned. A TB bit of zero indicates that suc!
`a data blockshall not be transferred to the initiator. The TB bit does not affect the action taken for recovered data
`
`Aread continuous (RC)bit of one indicates the target shall transfer the entire requested length of data without addin
`delays to perform error recovery procedures. This implies that the target may send data that is erroneous o
`fabricated in order to maintain a continuous flow of data. The target shail assign priority to this bit over conflictin:
`error control bits (EER, DCR, DTE, and PER) within this byte.
`
`NOTE 129 Fabricated data may be data already in the buffer or any other target-specific data. This bit is typically used
`in image processing, audio, or video applications.
`
`ARCbit of zero indicates that error recovery operations that cause delays are acceptable during the data transfer
`Data shall not be fabricated.
`
`Theindividual bit definitions for EER, PER, DTE and DCR are containedin table 169. The combinations of these bit
`are explained in table 170.
`
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`

`EER PERDTE DCR
`
`An EER bit of zero indicates that the target shall use an
`error recovery procedure that minimizes the risk of mis-
`
`A PER bit of zero indicates that the target shall not
`report recovered errors. Error recovery procedures shall
`be performed within the limits established by the error
`
`Table 169 - Error recovery bit definitions
`
`
`Description
`
`
`
`An enable early recovery (EER) bit of one indicates that
`the target shall use of the most expedient form of error
`
`
`recovery first. This bit only applies to data error
`
`recovery and it does not affect positioning retries and
`
`
`the message system error recovery procedures,
`detection or mis-correction.
`shall report recovered errors.
`
` A post error (PER) bit of one indicates that the target
`recovery parameters.
`
`
`detection of a recovered error.
` A disable transfer on error (DTE) bit of one indicates
`that the target shall terminate the data phase upon
`
`
`A DTE bit of zero indicates that the target shall not
`terminate the data phase upon detection of a recovered
`error,
`
`
`
`A disable correction (DCR) bit of one indicates that
`error correction codes shall not be used for data error
`recovery.
`
`
`A DCR bit of zero allows the use of error correction
`
`codes for data error recovery.
`
`
`ANSI X3.131-1994
`
`
`
`
`
`NOTE 130 An EERbit of one may imply an increase in the probability of mis-detection or mis-correction. An EER bit of
`zero typically means that the specified retry limit is exhausted prior to using error correction codes.
`
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`

`ANS! X3.131-1994
`
`
`
`Table 170 - Combined error recovery parameter descriptions
`
`
`EERPERDTEDCR| Description
`
`
`
` The full number of retries (specified in the read, write
`0
`0
`0
`0
`
`
`or verify retry count field) and error correction are
`
`
`A
`attempted to recover the data (EER and DCR set to 0).
`CHECK CONDITION is not reported at the completion of the
`
`
`command for recovered errors (PER set to 0).
`The command
`
`
`terminates with CHECK CONDITION status before the
`
`
`transfer count is exhausted only if an unrecoverable
`
`
`error is detected.
`If an unrecoverable data error
`
`
`occurred,
`the data in the block with the unrecoverable
`
`
`error may or may not be transferred to the initiator
`
`
`depending on the setting of the transfer block (TB) bit
`(read operation only).
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Error correction is disabled (DCR set to one) so only the
`full number of retries (specified in the read, write or
`verify retry count field) are attempted to recover the
`data (EER set to 0).
`A CHECK CONDITION is not reported
`at the completion of the command for recoverable errors
`(PER set to 0).
`The command terminates with CHECK
`CONDITION status before the transfer count is exhausted
`only if an unrecoverable error is detected.
`If an
`unrecoverable data error occurred,
`the data in the block
`with the unrecoverable error may or may not be
`transferred to the initiator depending on the setting of
`the transfer block (TB) bit (read operation only).
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Invalid mode (PER must be set to one if OTE is set to
`one).
`1)
`
`
`
`
`oneaye (PER must be set to one if DTE is set to
`
`one).
`
`
` The full number of retries (specified in the read, write
`or verify retry count field) and error correction are
`
`
`attempted to recover the data (EER and DCR set to 0).
`The command terminates with CHECK CONDITION status before
`the transfer count is exhausted only if an unrecoverable
`error is detected.
`If an unrecoverable data error
`occurred,
`the data in the block with the unrecoverable
`error may or may not be transferred to the initiator
`depending on the setting of the transfer block (TB) bit
`(read operation only).
`A CHECK CONDITION with a sense
`key of RECOVERED ERROR is reported at the completion of
`the command for any recoverable error that occurs (PER
`set to 1).
`The information field in the sense data shall
`
`
`contain the logical block address of the last recovered
`error which occurred during the transfer.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
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`

`

`Table 170 - (continued)
`EER PER DTE
`
`DCR
`
`ANSI X8.131-1994
`
`Error correction is disabled (DCR set to one) so only the
`full number of retries (specified in the read, write or
`verify retry count field) are attempted to recover the
`data (EER set to 0).
`The command terminates with CHECK
`CONDITION status before the transfer count is exhausted
`only if an unrecoverable error is detected.
`If an
`unrecoverable data error occurred,
`the data in the block
`with the unrecoverable error may or may not be
`transferred to the initiator depending on the setting of
`the transfer block (TB) bit (read operation only).
`A
`CHECK CONDITION with a sense key of RECOVERED ERROR is
`reported at the completion of the command for any
`recoverable error that occurs (PER set to 1).
`The
`information field in the sense data shall contain the
`logical block address of the last recovered error which
`occurred during the transfer.
`
`The full number of retries (specified in the read, write
`or verify retry count field) and error correction are
`attempted to recover the data (EER and DCR set to 0).
`The command terminates with CHECK CONDITION status before
`the transfer count is exhausted if any error (recoverable
`or unrecoverable) is detected (DTE set to 1).
`The
`information field in the sense data shall contain the
`logical block address of the block in error.
`If an
`unrecoverable data error occurs the data in the block
`with the error may or may not be transferred to the
`initiator depending on the setting of the transfer block
`(TB) bit (read operation only).
`
`Error correction is disabled (DCR set to one) so only the
`full number of retries (specified in the read, write or
`verify retry count field) are attempted to recover the
`data (EER set to 0).
`The command terminates with CHECK
`CONDITION status before the transfer count is exhausted
`if any error (recoverable or unrecoverable) is detected
`(DTE set to 1).
`The information field in the sense data
`shall contain the logical block address of the block in
`error.
`If an unrecoverable data error occurs the data in
`the block with the error may or may not be transferred to
`the initiator depending on the setting of the transfer
`block (TB) bit (read operation only).
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Description
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`The fewest possible retries and error correction are
`attempted to recover the data (EER set to one and DCR set
`to 0).
`A CHECK CONDITION is not reported at the
`completion of the command for recoverable errors (PER set
`to 0).
`The command terminates with CHECK CONDITION
`status before the transfer count is exhausted only if an
`unrecoverable error is detected.
`If an unrecoverable
`data error occurred,
`the data in the block with the
`unrecoverable error may or may not be transferred to the
`initiator depending on the setting of the transfer block
`(TB) bit (read operation only).
`
`
`
`
`
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`

`
`1)
` Invalid mode (PER must be set to one if DTE is set to
`one).
`one).
` Invalid mode (PER must be set to one if DTE is set to
`
`
`The fewest possible retries and error correction are
`
`
`attempted to recover the data (EER set to one and DCR set
`
`
`
`to 0).
`The command terminates with CHECK CONDITION
`status before the transfer count is exhausted only if an
`unrecoverable error is detected.
`If an unrecoverable
`data error occurred,
`the data in the block with the
`unrecoverable error may or may not be transferred to the
`initiator depending on the setting of the transfer block
`(TB) bit (read operation only).
`A CHECK CONDITION with a
`sense key of RECOVERED ERROR is reported at the
`completion of the command for any recoverable error that
`occurs (PER set to 1).
`The information field in the
`sense data shall contain the logical block address of the
`last recovered error which occurred during the transfer.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`ANS! X3.191-1994
`
`Table 170 - (concluded)
`
`
`
`
`
`Invalid mode (DCR must be set to zero if EER is set to
`one).
`1)
`
`
`
`
` Invalid you (DCR must be set to zero if EER is set to
`1
`
`
`
`
`
`
`one).
`
`The fewest possible retries and error correction are
`attempted to recover the data (EER set to one and DCA set
`to 0).
`The command terminates with CHECK CONDITION
`
`
`status before the transfer count is exhausted if an
`
`
`error (recoverable or unrecoverable) is detected (DTE set
`
`
`to 1}.
`The information field in the sense data shall
`
`
`contain the logical block address of the block in error.
`
`
`If an unrecoverable data error occurs the data in the
`
`
`block with the error may or may not be transferred to the
`
`
`initiator depending on the setting of the transfer block
`
`
`(TB) bit (read operation only).
`
` Invalid mode (DCR must be set to zero if EER is set to
`one).
`1)
`
`
`
`
`1)
`If an invalid mode for the error recovery combination is
`'
`
`sent by the initiator the target shall return CHECK CONDITION
`
`
`status with the sense key set to ILLEGAL REQUEST and the
`
`
`
`
`additional sense code set to INVALID FIELD IN PARAMETER LIST.
`
`
`
`The read and write retry count fields specify the numberof times that the target shall attempt its recovery
`algorithm during read and write operations, respectively.
`If the retry count field and the recovery timelimit field
`are both specified in a MODE SELECT command, thefield that requires the least time for data error recovery
`actions shail have priority.
`
`The correction span field specifies the size, in bits, of the largest data error burst for which data error correction
`may be attempted. A correction span of zero specifies that the target shall use its default value or that this field is
`not supported,
`
`The head offset count field specifies in two's-complement notation an incremental offset position from the track
`center to which the heads shall be moved. The effect of this field on write operations is unspecified. A head
`offset count of zero indicates that no offset is specified. A positive value indicates moving in the direction of
`increasing logical block addresses. A negative value indicates movingin the direction of decreasing logical block
`addresses. Any value specified in this field does not preclude the target from using positive or negative head
`
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`

`

`ANS! X3 131-1994
`
`offset during error recovery. However, after any error recovery is completed the target shall return the head offset
`to the value specified in this field.
`
`NOTE 131 The degree of offset for each incremental value and the number ofvalid values are device specific.
`recommended that the numberof valid values be equal for the positive and negative head offset counts.
`
`It is
`
`The target shall return CHECK CONDITIONstatus and shall set the sense key to ILLEGAL REQUESTif an
`unsupported headoffset value is specified. The valid bit shall be set to one andthe information field shall be set
`to the positive value of the maximum head offset count that is supported. The target shall set the valid bit to zero
`if it cannot determine the maximum head offset count supported.
`
`NOTE182If the target does not support this field,
`
`it returns a zero value in the MODE SENSE command.)
`
`The data strobe offset count field specifies in two's-complement notation an incremental position to which the
`recovered data strobe shall be adjusted from its nominal setting. The effect of this field on write operations is
`unspecified. A value of zero indicates that no data strobe offset is specified. A positive value indicates
`movementin a positive direction as defined by the target. A negative value indicates movementin the negative
`direction as defined by the target. Any value specified in this field does not preclude the target from using
`positive or negative data strobe offset during error recovery. However, after any error recovery is completed the
`target shall return the data strobe offset to the value specified in this field.
`
`NOTE 133 The degree of offset for each incremental value and the numberof valid values are device specific.
`recommended that the numberof valid values be equal for the positive and negative data strobe offset counts.
`
`It is
`
`The target shall return CHECK CONDITIONstatus and shall set the sense key to ILLEGAL REQUESTif an
`unsupported data strobe offset count value is specified. The valid bit shall be set to one and theinformationfield
`shall be set to the positive value of the maximum data strobe offset count that is supported. The target shall set
`the valid bit to zeroif it cannot determine the maximum data strobe offset supported.
`
`NOTE 134If the target does not support the data strobe offset countfield, it returns a zero value in the MODE SENSE
`command.
`
`The recovery timelimit field specifies in increments of one ms the maximum time duration that the target shall use
`for data error recovery procedures. The target may roundthis value as described in 7.5.4. The limits in this field
`specifies the maximum error recovery time allowed for any individual logical block. A recovery time limit of zero
`specifies that the target shall use its default value.
`
`lf both retry count and recovery time limit are specified, the field that specifies the recovery action ofleast
`duration shall have priority.
`
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`

`ANSI X3.131-1994
`
`9.3.3.7 Rigid disk drive geometry page
`
`Therigid disk drive geometry page (see table 171) specifies parameters for direct-access devices employing a
`rigid disk drive.
`
`Table 171 - Rigid disk drive geometry page
`She— 5
`4
`3
`2
`
`Byte
`
`1
`
`]
`
`
`
`2
`_
`4
`(LSB)
`1s|Number of heads
`(MSB)
`.
`.
`Starting cylinder-write precompensation
`
`(MSB)
`
`Page length (16h)
`
`Number of cylinders
`
`(MSB)
`
`9
`—
`4
`
`.
`Starting cylinder-reduced write current
`
`(LSB)
`
`\
`
`(LSB)
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Drive step rate
`
`_ oop13|(LSB)
`
`
`14
`(MSB)
`.
`~
`Landing zone cylinder
`~~
`6
`
`7
`
`ao
`
`Rotational offset
`
`©
`
`(8)
`
`|
`Medium rotation rate
`
`Reserved
`
`(L88)
`
`(LSB)
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`The parameters savable (PS) bit is only used with the MODE SENSE command. This bit is reserved with the
`MODE SELECT command. A PSbit of one indicates that the target is capable of saving the page in a non-
`volatile vendor-specific location.
`
`NOTE 135 This pageis intended to define drive geometry parameters of rigid disk drives.
`devices if applicable.
`
`It may be used for other
`
`The numberof cylinders field defines the numberof physical cylinders used for data storage.
`
`The numberof headsfield defines the physical number of heads used for data storage. Heads used exclusively
`for servo information are excluded.
`
`The starting cylinder for write precompensationfield is the physical cylinder at which write precompensationis to
`begin. Thefirst cylinder is number zero.
`If the starting cylinder for write precompensation is equal to the value in
`the numberof cylinders field, write precompensation shall be disabled by the target.
`
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`

`ANSI X2.131-1994
`
`The starting cylinder for reduced write currentfield is the physical cylinder at which write current is reduced. The
`first cylinder is numberzero.
`If the starting cylinder for reduced write current is equalto the value in the number
`of cylinders field, reduced write current shall be disabled by the target.
`
`Thedrive steprate field indicates the step rate in 100 ns increments. The target shall use the drive step rate,
`greater than or equal to the drive step rate specified.
`If the target roundsthis field it shall terminate the command
`as described in 7.5.4. A value of zero requests the target to setits default value.
`
`The landing zonecylinderfield indicates two’s complementlocation where the target shall position the disk
`heads. A negative value indicates that the heads are positioned below cylinder zero by that numberof cylinders.
`A positive value greater than the numberof cylinders indicates that the heads are positioned beyond the cylinders
`used for data storage at the cylinder location specified. A zero indicates that the default should be used.
`
`Therotational position locking (RPL) field is used for spindle synchronization as defined in table 172. See K of
`the ANSI X3.170A-1991 for further information on synchronized spindles.
`
`Table 172 - Rotational position locking
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Description
`
` Indicates that spindle synchronization is disabled or not supported
`
`The target operates as a synchronized-spindle slave
`
`The target operates as a synchronized-spindle master
`
`
` The target operates as a synchronized-spindle master control
`
`
`
`
`
`
`NOTE 186 Thesignals and connectors used for rotational position locking are external to the SCSI bus and are not
`part of this standard.
`
`if a target fails to achieve synchronization it shall create a unit attention condition to all initiators. The sense key
`shall be set to UNIT ATTENTIONand theadditional sense code set to RPL STATUS CHANGE.
`
`If subsequent to achieving synchronization the target detects a change of synchronization:
`a) and,if the logical unit is not presently executing anI/O processfortheinitiator, the target shall create a unit
`attention condition. The sense key shall be set to UNIT ATTENTION and the additional sense code set to
`RPL STATUS CHANGE.
`b) and,if the logical unit is presently executing an I/O process and no othererror occurs, then the target shall
`return CHECK CONDITIONstatus. The sense key shall be set to RECOVERED ERRORif the targetis able
`to complete the I/O process or HARDWARE ERRORif the target is unable to complete the I/O process.
`The additional sense codeis set to RPL STATUS CHANGE.
`
`The rotational offset indicates the amount of rotational skew that the target shall use when synchronized. The
`rotational skew is applied in the retarded direction (lagging the synchronized spindle master control). The value
`in thefield is the numerator of a fractional multiplier that has 256 as its denominator(e.g. a value of 128 indicates
`a one-half revolution skew). A value of zero indicates that rotational offset shall not be used. This value may be
`rounded as defined in 7.5.4. The rotational offset is not used whena target is configured as synchronized-spindie
`master.
`
`The medium rotation rate indicates the speed at which the medium rotates. The unit of measureis rotations per
`minute (e.g. 3 600 rpm).
`
`9.3.3.8 Verify error recovery page
`
`Theverify error recovery page (see table 173) specifies the error recovery parameters the target shall use during
`the VERIFY command, the verify operation of the WRITE AND VERIFY command and the verify operation of the
`COPY AND VERIFY command.
`
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`

`ANSI X3.131-1994
`
`Table 173 - Verify error recovery page
`
`Verify recovery time limit
`
`ea3|V
`ac
`
`erify retry count
`
`erycorrectionspan
`SC
`es
`7eed
`Le
`
`|10|(MSB) a
`
`
`ca
`
`The parameters savable (PS) bit is only used with the MODE SENSE command. This bit is reserved with the
`MODE SELECT command. APSbit of oneindicates that the target is capable of saving the page in a non-
`volatile vendor-specific location.
`
`The AWREbit as defined in the read-write error recovery page (see 9.3.3.6) applies to the WRITE AND VERIFY
`command. The VERIFY and COMPARE commands shall not perform automatic reallocation. The COPY and
`COPY AND VERIFY commands might or might not perform automatic reallocation depending on the settings of
`the mode parameters.
`
`The EER, PER, DTE and DCRbits are defined in 9.3.3.6. The combinations of these bits is defined in 93.3.6.
`
`The verify retry count field specifies the numberof times that the target shall attempt its recovery algorithm during
`a verify operation.
`If the verify retry count and the verify recovery time limit are both specified, the one that
`requires the least time for data error recovery actions shall have priority.
`
`The verify correction span field specifies the size, in bits, of the largest burst data error for which data error
`correction may be attempted.
`If the target does not implementthis field, a value of zero is returned in MODE
`SENSEdata.
`
`The verify recovery timelimit field specifies in increments of one millisecond the maximum time duration that the
`target shall use error recovery procedures to recover data for an individual logical block. The target may round
`this value as described in 7.5.4.
`If the verify retry count and the verify recovery time limit are both specified, the
`one that requires the least time for data error recovery actions shall have priority.
`
`NOTE 137 To disable ail types of correction and retries the initiator should set the EER bit to zero, the PER, DTE and
`DCRbits to one and the numberof retries and recovery timelimit to zero.
`
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`9.4 Definitions specific to direct-access devices
`
`9.4.1 cache memory: A temporary (and often volatile) data storage area outside the user-accessible area. A
`cache memory is usually faster to access than the medium and thus hasthe effect of increasing data throughput
`by reducing the numberof accesses to the medium.
`
`9.4.2 non-volatile medium: Physical storage medium that retains data written to it for a subsequent read
`operation through a power-on condition. An exampleof this is a disk device that stores data as magnetic fields
`that do not require device powerto exist.
`
`9.4.3 notch: A notch refers to all or part of the medium having a consistent set of geometry parameters.
`Notches are used to increase storage capacity by optimizing the numberof sectors per track between the inner
`and outertracks.
`
`9.4.4 user-accessible: The area of the medium that can be read from or written to by READ and WRITE
`commands.
`
`9.4.5 volatile medium: Medium that may not retain data written to it fora subsequent read operation through a
`power-on condition. An example ofthis is a silicon memory device that loses data written to it if device poweris
`lost.
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`ANSI X3.131-1994
`
`10 Sequential-access devices
`
`10.1 Sequential-access device model
`
`10.1.1 Physical elements
`
`Sequential-access devices (called devices below) optimize their usein storing or retrieving user data in a
`sequential manner. Since access is sequential, position changestypically take a long time, when compared to
`direct-access devices.
`
`Sequential-access devices are usually tape devices. The remainder of this description is from the point of view o!
`a tape device; however, other implementations are not precluded.
`
`The recording medium for tape devices consists of various widths and lengths of a flexible substrate coated with
`a semi-permanent magnetic material. The recording medium may be wound onto single reels or encapsulated
`into cartridges containing both a supply reel and a take-up reel. Several American National Standards exist
`covering the construction of reels and cartridges for interchange as well as recording techniques for many of the
`format or density combinations.
`
`A complete unit composed of the recording medium andits physical carrier (e.g. reel, cartridge, cassette) is
`called a volume. Volumes have anattribute of being mounted or de-mounted on a suitable transport mechanism
`
`Mounted is the state of a volume when the device is physically capable of executing commandsthat cause the
`medium to be moved. A volume is de-mounted when it is being loaded, threaded, unloaded, unthreaded, or
`when not attached to the device.
`
`Ready is the state of the device when medium access and non-medium access commands can be executed.
`The device is not ready when no volumeis mounted or, from theinitiator's perspective, whenever all medium
`access commands report CHECK CONDITIONstatus and a NOT READY sense key. Some devices may have a
`separate switch function which places the device in a not ready state even when a volume is mounted.
`
`The write enabled or write protected state determines when aninitiator may write information on a volume. This
`attribute is usually controlled by the user of the volume through manualintervention (e.g. thumbwheelswitch).
`
`The recording medium has twophysicalattributes called beginning-of-medium (BOM) and end-of-medium (EOM).
`Beginning-of-medium is at the end of the medium that is attached to the take-up reel. End-of-medium is at the
`end of the medium that is attached to the supply reel.
`In some cases, the medium is permanently affixed to one
`or both of the reel hubs.
`
`As shownin figure 18, the entire physical length of medium is not usable for recording data. For most volumes, a
`length of the medium is reserved before the beginning-of-medium and after the end-of-medium position. This is
`doneto provide sufficient tape wraps onto the reel hub(s) and to ensure that recording starts in an undamaged
`section of the medium.
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`eneNENAENTTALSTTTTNCIHCALCOANASLSETTENHENTTTTSIStHRNNARSHERIAANCTETT
`Reserved ____. Usable
`Reserved
`medium
`medium
`area
`orea
`
`Recording
`
`——emmmeremmenermeemet
`
`ANSI X3.131-1994
`
`Supply hub———>
`
`<—— Take-—up hub
`
`10.1.2 Data storage characteristics
`
`Figure 18 - Typical volume layout
`
`The position on the medium where a pattern of recorded signal may be written by one write componentis called
`a track (see figure 19). A device may write or read from one or more tracks at a time, depending on the format.
`
`AAa
`
`BOM
`‘ZAERONeEE
`
`Track 1
`Track 2
`Track n—1
`Track 7
`
`Figure 19 - Typical medium track layout
`
`On a new volume,recording of one or more tracks begins after mounting the volume and moving from
`beginning-of-medium toward end-of-medium. The numberoftracks written at one timeis called a track group
`(TrkGrp). For recorded volumes, reading in the forward direction follows the same course of tracks as when
`writing.
`
`if not all tracks are recorded at the same time, and the device reverses direction when approaching end-of-
`medium and begins writing on remaining tracks, the recording methodis called serpentine. For serpentine
`devices that record only onetrack at a time, each physical track represents one track group (see figure 20).
`
`TrkGrp Te
`
`Figure 20 - Serpentine recording example
`
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`ANSI X3.131-1994
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`Some multi-track devices have only one track group, using a parallel storage format that supports the
`simultaneous recording ofall available tracks (see figure 21).
`
`BOM
`‘RSEeeeeeeeereeneeeeeeLEaLeeEE
`
`Track 1
`Track 2
`Track n—1
`Track n
`
`REEneeeeeeeeereeeeeeeeeneneeeeeretee
`
`
`Figure 21 - Parallel recording example
`
`The serpentine and parallel recording formats shown in the previous examples define tracks as longitudinal
`patterns of recorded information. One other storage format used by some devices r