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`SYST MS
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`35» their applications
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`l 11
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`I
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`"_
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`COIMPUETER
`SOCIETY
`
`APPL-1007 / Page 1 of6
`Apple v. Uniloc
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`APPL-1007 / Page 1 of 6
`Apple v. Uniloc
`
`

`

`
`VolumeI2,mm '|‘l
`NOVEMBER/DECEMBER1997
`INTELLIGENT
`YSTEM
`
`
` ’S
`
`IEEE EXPER‘I'
`
`éIR APPLICAICA'I'IOI‘IS
`
`.‘
`
`lfifelli . ent
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`
`
`
`
`
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`
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`26
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`33
`
`ARTICLES
`
`llsing Software Agents to Generate VlSl layouts
`Dilrcm Ile Alamo Morairo and les 1. Walczowski
`
`Model-Based Diagnosis for Automotive Repair
`Moriuluiso Sanseverino aml Fulvio Coscio
`
`
`
`
`
`Enhanced Password Authentication through Fuuy logic
`Willem 6. de Ru and Jan H.P. Eloll
`
`ANALYSIS— ORIENTED MODELING
`Organizational Modeling'In CommonKADS: The Emergency
`Medical Service
`Wifrled Post, Boll Wielingo, Robert de Hung, and Guus SchreI‘lIer
`
`46
`
`A] IN POWER SYSTEMS
`Integrating Al Applications in an Energy Management System
`JellreyJ. Bonn, GuillermoD. lrisorri, SasonMolIlrtari, Daniels. llirsclIsII, and Bradley ti. Miller
`
`53
`
`
`
`EXPERT SYSTEMS
`Building a Composite Syntax for Expert System Shells
`60
`
`VerlynM. Johnson and John V. (orlls
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Cover illustration: .lIIIl Guinean / (over design: Toni Van Busiirl:
`
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`APPL-1007 / Page 2 of 6
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`APPL-1007 / Page 2 of 6
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`

`

`DEPARTMENTS
`
`-
`.
`EdIIIOI'IIII
`Daniel E. D'Leary
`A lack ofknowledge at the top
`
`Export Opinion
`.
`Peter SeHrIIlgeP.
`_
`Online communities and the next-generation Internet
`
`Internal Services
`Michael McCandless
`The PalmPilot and the handheld revolution
`
`Exec-flu IIIIIH
`Sm Reese Hedhsru
`Dictanng this article to my computer: automatic speech
`recognition 1s coming ofage
`
`llhlllgonl Connotlions
`Steplien Grim!
`Three observations that changed my life
`
`MIMW
`Mani A. Hearst
`Banter on Bayes: debating the usefulness ofBayesian
`approaches to solvingpracticalproblems
`
`News/flow Products
`
`Annuallndex
`
`Calendar/Cull for Papers
`
`2 4 6
`
`i
`
`1?
`
`113
`
`III
`
`457'
`
`775!
`
`71!
`
`MS
`
`'IOI\IS
`
`and Nancyi
`«
`.
`
`ExpenOn/i e in
`Anne HuniplIre :
`
`-
`Emitvggllinfi‘stsfmI
`
`Design Direclor
`.
`i
`
`ToniVan Buskirk ’
`
`,
`r- r.
`Layout/Technical Illustrations
`
`“9* “ms
`'.
`Publisher
`I
`
`Matt LDBII
`
`
`-_Membership/Circulaiion Marketing MEnag '
`lieurgann Caner
`Advertising Manager
`Patricia Garvey
`
`Advertising Coordinator
`
`Marian Anderson
`Advertising Assislani
`Debbie Sims
`
`
`_
`‘
`» MEWSari“ .
`i.
`owl's“on“ mmmim1;
`
`- mined midi-semi as prudumfl
`
`"""-"
`I
`-opirflr;rmmmesndnemiu
`,
`-
`'WWWMEEE
`
`
`
`-
`-
`‘
`_ mammogram.
`--
`‘
`.
`.
`liai4.piuw(7i4)BZi-BSBD;
`“watchmen: Ave. NW
`
`N ”9:327er
`
`
`88u/b
`
`Reader Service/Subscription Cards
`
`Inside back cover
`
`Computer Society Membership Info
`Advertiser/Product Index
`
`
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`APPL-1007 / Page 3 of 6
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`APPL-1007 / Page 3 of 6
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`

`

`The PalmPilof and line
`handheld revolution
`
`By Michael McCandless
`MIT Laboratory tor Computer Science
`mikemc@|cs.mil.edu
`
`Have you thought that perhaps the computer belongs in your
`hand rather than on your desk? With many failed and still—
`failing efforts, handheld computation has been taking a long
`time to arrive. However, the unquestionable success of 3Com’s
`PalmPilot heralds the start of a revolution in computation.
`
`the Pilot first appeared on the market in
`early 1996. In retrospect, the Pilot will be
`seen as a turning point in the migration of
`computation from desktop machines to
`handheld devices.
`
`
`
`
`Behind Pilot's success
`The Pilot comes with numerous built—in
`applications to manage personal informa-
`tion—for example, calendar, to-do lists.
`memo pad, and address book. The touch-
`sensitive monochrome LCD display is used
`for navigation, and a simplified and easy-
`to—learn alphabet called Graffiti is used for
`input. The touch of a button synchronizes
`the Pilot with a desktop PC, using 3Com’s
`HotSync technology, which also backs up
`data and installs new applications.
`The key to the Pilot’s success is its sim-
`l plicity. The design is achievable rather than
`overly ambitious. For example, requiring
`I
`the user to learn a simplified alphabet
`allows for accurate and predictable letter
`recognition. The simple design
`translates into affordability: the
`PalmPilot Personal costs $249,
`compared to $1,000 for Apple’s
`MessagePad 2100. It also leads
`to wonderful portability. The
`Pilot weighs under six ounces,
`including batteries, and is a little
`larger than a wallet. Finally, its
`open architecture and available
`software—development
`systems—for example, Code-
`Warrior, by Metrowerks—have
`allowed developers and compa-
`nies to offer many useful third-
`party applications. By simplify-
`ing the design, 3Com achieved a
`realistic, inexpensive, and practi-
`cal device.
`The Pilot clearly shows that a
`handheld device driven only
`with a stylus can be successful.
`Naturally, other companies are
`
`model is inappropriate for space-starved
`portable devices. The now—failed Go Corpo— '
`ration was the first company to break tradi-
`tion and introduce interaction using only a
`stylus. Apple continued the endeavor, lead-
`ing to the present MessagePad 2100, but
`stylus-based PDA’s have caught on only
`gradually. Now, the Pilot has taken the lead
`at an exceptional pace. According to PC
`Data, the Pilot accounts for 70% of US
`retail PDA sales. According to DataQuest,
`in 1996, the Pilot accounted for 51% of the
`1.6 million handheld devices sold world—
`wide. These figures are amazing, given that
`
`‘
`
`I
`
`|
`
`Contrary to many past and present devices,
`the Pilot proves that portable computers
`don’t have to mimic desktops to be useful
`and successful. As a result, handheld com-
`puters are incorporating new technologies,
`and the market is rapidly changing. Soon,
`many of us will spend more time interact-
`ing with our handheld devices than with
`our desktop computers.
`
`The many guises of portable
`compuiers
`Portable computers come in many forms
`and under many names. At one extreme are
`laptops, which are basically
`desktop PCs that have been
`reduced enough to be lugged
`around. At the other extreme
`are Personal Digital Assistants
`(PDAs), which use a stylus or
`a few buttons, rather than a
`keyboard, for navigation and
`input. In between, suffering
`something of an identity crisis,
`are the handheld PCs (HPCs)
`and palmtop devices, sporting
`tiny fold-up keyboards and
`running a pared—down version
`of Windows 95 called Win—
`dows CE.
`So far, the PC has been the
`most successful form of com-
`
`putation. As a result, when
`branching out to produce
`portable computing devices,
`most companies simply aim to
`mimic the PC. However, such a
`
`
`
`APPL-1007 / Page 4 of 6
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`APPL-1007 / Page 4 of 6
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`

`

` In due time, your PDA will
`
`eager to get in the market.
`
`Sharp just released the SE-
`
`Snt} Mobile Organizer, which
`
`
`looks like the Pilot but lacks
`
`
`handwriting recognition and
`runs with a proprietary OS.
`
`
`Franklin Electronic Publish-
`
`ers created the Rex PC Com,
`
`panion, a stripped-down
`
`device with no input, which
`
`lets you browse information
`
`
`downloaded from a PC.
`
`
`
`
`
`
` Global Positioning System.
`
`Using satellites and land towers, a
`GPS device, soon to be one chip plus an
`antenna, can locate its position on the
`Earth’s surface within three meters. PDAs
`will incorporate GPS. You will consult your
`PDA to navigate in a foreign city or to find
`the nearest ATM or gas station, or a good
`place to eat. Over the network, your PDA
`will monitor traffic congestion, the weather,
`and construction conditions, altering its
`recommended route as needed. You will be
`able to locate your children or track the
`entire family in the mall or on the ski slope.
`
`absorb the other things you now
`feel compelled to carry in your
`pockets. Keys, now rendered as
`metal, plastic, or a magnetic strip,
`will instead be stored as bits in
`
`your PDA. All forms of currency
`will have digital correlates, let-
`ting you buy groceries without
`worrying about visiting the ATM
`first. Likewise, forms of identifi-
`cation—for example, your dri-
`ver’s license and Social Security
`card—will be digital. People will
`no longer be able to lie about
`their age and identity.
`
`Cryptography. Security is a big concern
`with present and future PDAs. I store all
`sorts of very private information on my
`Pilot—account numbers and passwords,
`PINS for my credit cards, telephone num-
`bers—all of which I do not want to fall into
`
`the wrong hands. And as PDAs come to
`absorb everything on our key chains and in
`our wallets, it would seem that if you lose
`your PDA, you lose yourself.
`In the short term, however, there are
`excellent tools that use strong cryptography
`to protect your information—for example,
`Andreas Linkc’s Secret 2.0 freeware. These
`
`It's all about
`information
`Why are these devices so
`successful in the first place?
`The answer is clear: people
`need to keep track of all sorts
`of personal information. We have always
`had this need, and our lives are becoming
`even busier and more connected. We need
`to schedule our day, look up phone num—
`bers, remember the names of people to
`whom we were introduced, keep track of
`birthdays, read the latest news, trade our
`favorite stocks, and remember what to do,
`including when and where. There’s a name
`for all these things: Personal Information
`Management.
`The PIM market for desktop PCs is
`already well-established, including prod—
`ucts such as Microsoft Outlook, Lotus
`Organizer, and Now Up-To-Date. A strong
`market also exists for paper-based organiz-
`ers. The Pilot makes carrying all this infor—
`mation with us practical, so that we can
`access it anywhere and anytime. It’s the
`same crucial information with which
`
`we’ve always been working; the Pilot is
`just a better means of getting to it and
`maintaining it.
`
`In “to pipeline
`We’re at the beginning of a long race in
`which many will eagerly contend. Although
`the Pilot might or might not retain its lead,
`we consumers will continue to win. Com-
`
`petition will bring prices down While
`improving functionality. Most important,
`three enabling technologies loom on the
`horizon: wireless networking, the Global
`Positioning System, and cryptography.
`
`ently back up your data, at all times. In fact,
`you will no longer worry about where your
`data actually is, because that will not mat-
`ter. People will share access to the same
`underlying data, stored on a central server,
`despite being separated in space or time. An
`executive, while traveling, will see changes
`to his or her calendar as they are made in
`real time back in the office. All family
`members will be able to update the grocery
`list, anywhere and anytime, and whoever
`does the shopping will see these changes.
`Using this network, your PDA will even—
`tually subsume the functionality of the
`remote controls in your home. You will
`control and configure your home appli—
`ances through your PDA. You will set your
`alarm clock; read your personalized TV
`guide and program your VCR; turn down
`the stereo or select a different song or radio
`station; and program, from your car or the
`subway, your home’s heater to turn on
`shortly before you arrive there. This net—
`work wou’t need to be, and probably will
`not be, very high performance to provide
`most of these new services. Rather, it will
`serve as a stepping stone, motivating and
`then financing better infrastructure.
`The network relaxes where and how
`
`‘
`
`
`
`
`
`computation occurs. For example, applica-
`tions that are too compute— or space-
`intensive to run directly on your PDA will
`run, instead, on a remote high-performance
`computer, but then return the output of the
`computation. When new versions of appli-
`cations are released, your PDA will auto-
`Wireless networking. PDAs will soon
`matically update. The boundary between
`Come with built—in access to a ubiquitous
`your PDA and the rest of the world will
`Wireless network. This will render HotSync
`become blurred.
`a thing of the past; your PDA will transpar—
`
`
`againstttjntcmnm 1997—
`
`tools require you to punch in a password
`every time you need to access your critical
`data. Although this is adequate, the danger
`always exists that you will forget to encrypt
`certain pieces of important information.
`In the long term, PDAs will exploit bio-
`metric identification, using your voice, fin—
`gerprints, pulse, and other reliable aspects to
`transparently confirm who you are, before
`allowing access to your data. Because this
`procedure will be so simple, everything will
`be encrypted by default. Also, once a high-
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`tichael McCandless
`r Computer Science
`iikemc@|cs mitedu
`
`I
`
`I
`
`I
`
`'ilot will be
`
`marketin
`
`tigration of
`:hines to
`
`rous built—in
`Ial informa-
`o-do lists,
`The touch—
`
`isplay is used
`d and easy-
`ti is used for
`Inchronizes
`
`sing 3Com’s
`so backs up
`ons.
`;s is its sim—
`le rather than
`
`t, requiring
`lphabet
`table letter
`
`triple design
`‘dability: the
`costs $249,
`) for Apple’s
`It also leads
`
`)ility. The
`six ounces,
`and is a little
`
`. Finally, its
`nd available
`lent
`
`tple, Code-
`verksihave
`
`i and compa-
`useful third—
`
`By simplify—
`)III achieved 3
`ve, and practi-
`
`I shows that a
`
`iven only
`e successful.
`
`mpanies are
`
`IEEE EXPERT__
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`APPL-1007 / Page 5 of 6
`
`APPL-1007 / Page 5 of 6
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`

`

`61
`
`their applications
`
`
`
`
`T'
`
`..
`
`,1
`
`“molt—"“Gruuaiui Coming Next issue
`
`'
`
` <e._
`
`M in Health Care
`liver the last Saw years, optimism has grown that the world of medicine is finally going to he truly “online.” Many
`believe that the answer to some of the motor challengesfoced by the health care community liesin computerization, and
`it appearsthat withincreased networking capabilities, eliectivenevi solutionstoold problems are emerging. Further-
`more, both administrators as well aspractitioners are becoming convinced that technology will change the lace ol health
`care, balancing improved quality at patient care with test eltective management procedures.
`The role of M in provoking and supporting these changes isat particular iaterost;.despi‘te Al's long history of research
`in the medical domain, relatively tovr Al systems are either currently in clinical practice or about to get there. Guest
`edited by Erika Rogers of California Polytechnic State UniversityI this special issue considersthe following questions:What
`is the changing face at health care? How doesthis oilediii research in this area? andWhat contributions can tit malie
`towards realizing these changes? Articles in this special issue are
`0
`”integrating a Knowledge-Based System for Parenteral Nutrition of Neonates into a (linicol intranet”
`-
`”Guardian: An Intelligent Autonomous Agent loc Medical Monitoring and Diagnosis”
`0
`“Neural Network Learning lor Intelligent Patient Image Retrieval"
`0
`"Knowledge Architectures for Patient Access to Breast-Cancer lnlarmution"
`°
`"Traumailll: 0n-line Decision Support lor Trauma Management”
`0
`"085le Voice-Enabled, Structured Medical Reporting”
`
`IEEE Expert, covering the full range of intelligent systems developments for the Al practitioner,
`researcher, educator, and user.
`
`i!!! intelligent Systems: llew name in 1998 /
`
`“'8
`
`
`
`performance wireless network is in place.
`your sensitive data will not even be stored
`on the FDA but on a sccurc. contract server,
`to be downloaded and decrypted on demand i
`and then discarded. Thus, even if you lose
`i
`your PDA, it will contain no sensitive data.
`For instance, as you hold your PDA, it will
`detect your pulse and measure your 1i tiger-
`prints, thcreby continuing your identity. It
`will then unlock doors. let you pay bills at a
`hotel or restaurant, and provide your driver’s
`license when you rent a car.
`Cryptography, when properly imple—
`mented, offers tremendous security—secue
`rity well beyond what we now tolerate in
`
`i
`
`‘
`
`1
`
`:
`i
`
`the "real \srorld.“ Digitally encrypting our
`credit card number and storing it in :1 FDA
`is far better than stamping it on plastic and
`storing it in our wallets.
`
`All this and more. Besides these revolu-
`tionary changes, evolution will ensure that
`these devices steadily improve. Memory
`capacity will increase. as will the process—
`ing power and the performance of the wire-
`less network. Battery life will lengthen.
`The screen, which is rather low-resolution
`at present, will become color with a very
`high resolution.
`
`
`
`Related links
`
`Read more about the Pilot
`Download Pilot software
`An excellent tutorial on GPS
`Secret 2.0, for encrypting Pilot data
`
`http://www.3com.comlpalm/
`http://www.pa.l mpilotfilescom
`http://www.trirnblc.c0m/gps/
`http://www.tphys.uni—heidelberg.de/~linke/pilotj
`secrethtrnl
`
`. The future commodity
`_
`The Pilot’s success is just the beginning.
`l‘ The market frenzy that the Pilot has created
`will ensure that PDAs soon incorporate all
`these technologies, and that they will be
`priced reasonably. Eventually. PDAs will be
`it commodity item. much like calculators or
`| digital watches are today. The FDA willjust
`he a rather generic: conduit. a standard plat-
`form, to access all your private information,
`I securely stored on a distant, reliable server.
`There will be no risk if you lose your PDA;
`you will just buy another one. pull out a
`backup, or borrow your friend's for a few
`minutes. You will not hesitate: to give your
`children each a PDA, just as you give them
`each a packed lunch box for school. Your
`PDA will grant you access to all your
`important data and devices. Soon you will
`need to carry little else.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Metrowerks CodeWam'or developer’s kit
`
`http://www.mctrowerks.com
`
`
`
`Illustrations by Sally Lee; sally@sls.lcs.
`mitedu; http://www.sls,lcs.mit.edu/sally.
`
`
`
`
`APPL-1007 / Page 6 of 6
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`APPL-1007 / Page 6 of 6
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