MICROSOFT PRESS®
`
`SECOND EDITION
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`THE COMPREHENSIVE
`
`STANDARD FOR
`
`BUSINESS, SCHOOL,
`
`
`
`
`
`LIBRARY, AND HOME
`
`icrosaft
`
`I)
`
`WISTRON CORP. EXHIBIT 1037.001
`
`WISTRON CORP. EXHIBIT 1037.001
`
`

`

`adapter With personal computers, especially those
`from IBM® or those that are IBM compatible, usually a
`printed circuit board (also called an interface card) that
`enables the computer to use a peripheral device for which it
`does not already have the necessary connections or circuit
`boards. See the illustration. Adapters are often used to
`permit upgrading to new or different hardware. Most often,
`the term is encountered in video, as in Color/.Q~aphics
`Adapter (CGA), Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA), and
`Video Graphics Array (VGA). Other common adapters
`include game-controller hardware for joysticks, adapters
`for serial communications with devices such as modems,
`adapters for parallel interfaces for devices such as printers,
`and adapters for other types of peripheral devices such as
`CD-ROM drives. Commonly, a single adapter card can
`have more than one adapter on it. For example, a single
`adapter card can have both a serial port and a parallel port.
`
`Adapter
`
`See also port.
`
`Definitions Plus. Each of the more than
`5000 entries is written in clear, standard
`English. Most go beyond simple defini-
`tion to provide additional detail. You'll find
`definitions for terms as basic to computing
`as hard disk, boot, operating system, and
`double-click, as well as more advanced terms
`such as object-oriented programming, fractal,
`expert system, and virtual memory.
`
`WISTRON CORP. EXHIBIT 1037.002
`
`

`

`QA76
`.M584 .
`1994
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`c.2
`men n/a
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`WISTRON CORP. EXHIBIT 1037.003
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`

`

`MICROSOFT PRESS®
`
`..........
`
`SECOND
`
`~OMPUTER
`~ICTIONARY
`------------·---------
`
`EDITION
`
`•
`
`THE COMPREHENSIVE
`
`STANDARD FOR
`
`BUSINESS, SCHOOL,
`
`LIBRAllY, AND HOME
`
`®
`
`WISTRON CORP. EXHIBIT 1037.004
`
`

`

`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright© 1994 by Microsoft Press
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or
`transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Microsoft Press computer dictionary : the comprehensive standard for
`business, school, library, and home I Microsoft Press. -- 2nd ed.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 1-55615-597-2
`1. Computers--Dictionaries. 2. Microcomputers--Dictionaries.
`I. Microsoft Press.
`II. Title: Computer dictionary.
`QA76.15.M54 1993
`004'. 03--dc20
`
`93-29868
`CIP
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`23456789 MLML 987654
`
`Distributed to the book trade in Canada by Macmillan of Canada, a division of Canada
`Publishing Corporation.
`
`Distributed to the book trade outside the United States and Canada by
`Penguin Books Ltd.
`
`Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England
`Penguin Books Australia Ltd., Ringwood, Victoria, Australia
`Penguin Books N.Z. Ltd., 182-190 Wairau Road, Auckland 10, New Zealand
`
`British Cataloging-in-Publication Data available.
`
`Project Editor: Casey D. Doyle
`Manuscript Editor: Alice Copp Smith
`Technical Editors: MaryDeJong,Jeff Carey, DailMagee,Jr.,JimFuchs, Seth McEvoy
`
`WISTRON CORP. EXHIBIT 1037.005
`
`

`

`CONTRIBUTORS
`
`JoAnne Woodcock
`Senior Contributor
`
`Peter Aitken
`Andrew Himes
`Chris Kinata
`William G. Madison
`Ross Nelson
`Wallace Parker
`
`Charles Petzold
`Phil Rose
`David Rygmyr
`Michael Vose
`Bruce Webster
`
`TECHNICAL REVIEWERS
`
`Robert Ackerman
`Steve Bostwick
`Keith Burgoyne
`Kaare Christian
`Ray Duncan
`
`Jam es Johnson
`Chris Kinata
`Cary Lu
`M. David Stone
`John Viescas
`
`WISTRON CORP. EXHIBIT 1037.006
`
`

`

`CONTENTS
`
`Introduction
`
`vii
`
`Dictionary of Computer Terms
`
`1
`
`Appendix A: ASCII Character Set
`425
`
`Appendix B: IBM Extended Character Set
`427
`
`Appendix C: Apple Macintosh Extended Character Set
`428
`
`Appendix D: EBCDIC Character Set
`
`431
`
`Appendix E: Numeric Equivalents
`
`437
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`WISTRON CORP. EXHIBIT 1037.007
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`

`

`INTRODUCTION
`
`The Microsoft Press Computer Dictionary is designed to be a comprehensive and
`authoritative source of definitions for computer-related terms and abbreviations.
`Written and reviewed by a distinguished team of experts from the computer
`industry and the business and academic communities, the dictionary includes
`terms drawn from a wide variety of topics:
`
`Applications
`Communications
`Data and Data Storage
`Databases
`Desktop Publishing
`Electronics
`Hardware
`Chips, Cards, and Boards
`Computers
`Disks, Drives, and Other Media
`Keyboards
`Printers and Plotters
`Video
`Other Devices
`
`History
`Information Processing
`General Computing
`Input/Output
`Memory and Memory Management
`Networks
`Output
`Print
`Screen
`Programming
`Systems and Environments
`
`Although the book covers nearly every aspect of computing, it does not
`include entries on specific companies or on most makes and models of com(cid:173)
`puters, nor does it contain entries on most application software products,
`although some key products of universal importance ·are covered.
`
`Order of Presentation
`Entries are alphabetized letter by letter. Spaces are ignored, as are characters such
`as hyphens and slashes; for example, Baudot code falls between baud and baud
`rate, and machine-.independent falls between machine identification and
`machine instruction. Numbers and symbols are located at the beginning of the
`book and are listed in ascending ASCII order. If an entry begins with a letter or
`letters but contains a number, it is listed alphabetically, according to the initial
`letter(s), and then according to ASCII order. Thus, V20 precedes V.2x, and both
`precede VAB.
`
`vii
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`WISTRON CORP. EXHIBIT 1037.008
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`

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`Format
`Information in each entry is presented in a consistent format: entry name,
`abbreviation, pronunciation (if supplied), alternative name or names, definition,
`and cross-references (if any).
`Phonetic pronunciations are given where appropriate or in cases where pro(cid:173)
`nunciation might not be apparent. If an abbreviation is pronounced simply by
`saying the successive letters it contains, no pronunciation is given.
`Cross-references are of three kinds: A See reference simply points to another
`entry that contains the information sought; a See also reference points to one or
`more entries that contain additional or supplemental information about the topic;
`and a Compare reference points to an entry or entries that offer contrast.
`Illustrations are called out in the text. In most cases, illustrations appear on the
`same page as the entries to which they apply. In some instances, however, page(cid:173)
`layout requirements have forced them to a subsequent page. In any event, the
`caption of each illustration identifies the entry to which it belongs.
`
`Future Printings and Editions
`Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and completeness of this book.
`If you find an errqr, think that an entry does not contain enough information, or
`seek an entry that does not appear in this edition, please let us know. Address your
`letter to: Dictionary Editor, Microsoft Press, Dept. 302, One Microsoft Way,
`Redmond, WA 98052-8302.
`
`viii
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`WISTRON CORP. EXHIBIT 1037.009
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`cell
`
`ch ad
`
`cell In spreadsheet terminology, the intersection
`of a row and a column. Each row and column in
`a spreadsheet is unique, so each cell can be
`uniquely identified-for example, cell Bl 7, at the
`intersection of column B and row 17. Each cell is
`displayed as a rectangular space that can hold
`text, a value, or a formula. See the illustration.
`Similarly, although less familiarly, a cell is an ad(cid:173)
`dressable (named or numbered) storage unit for
`information. A binary cell, for example, is a stor(cid:173)
`age unit that can hold 1 bit of information-that
`is, it can be either on or off.
`
`Cell
`
`Cell.
`cellular automata In computer science, theoreti(cid:173)
`cal models of parallel computers. They enable
`the investigation of parallel computers without
`the need to actually build them. The cellular au(cid:173)
`tomaton is composed of a network of multiple
`cells, each representing a processor in the paral(cid:173)
`lel computer. The cells must be identical, and
`they must have a finite amount of available
`memory. Each cell outputs a value calculated
`from the input values it receives from its neigh(cid:173)
`boring cells, and all cells output their values
`simultaneously.
`center To align characters around a point located
`in the middle of a line, page, or other defined
`area; in effect, to place text an equal distance
`from each margin or border. See also align.
`centi- Prefix meaning "one hundred" or, more
`usually, "one hundredth," as in centimeter-one
`hundredth of a meter.
`centralized processing The location of com(cid:173)
`puter processing facilities and operations in a
`single (centralized) place. Compare decentral(cid:173)
`ized processing, distributed processing.
`
`central office In communications, the switching
`center where interconnections between custom(cid:173)
`, ers' communications lines are made.
`central processing unit Abbreviated CPU. The
`computational and control unit of a computer;
`the device that interprets and executes instruc(cid:173)
`tions. Mainframes and early minicomputers con(cid:173)
`tained circuit boards full of integrated circuits
`that implemented the central processing unit.
`Single-chip central processing units, called mi(cid:173)
`croprocessors, made possible personal comput(cid:173)
`ers and workstations. Examples of single-chip
`CPUs are the Motorola 68000, 68020, and 68030
`chips and the Intel 8080, 8086, 80286, 80386, and
`i486 chips. The CPU-or microprocessor, in the
`case of a microcomputer-has the ability to
`fetch, decode, and execute instructions and to
`transfer information to and from other resources
`over the computer's main data-transfer path, the
`bus. By definition, the CPU is the chip that func(cid:173)
`tions as the "brain" of a computer. In some in(cid:173)
`stances, however, the term encompasses both
`the processor and the computer's memory or,
`even more broadly, the main computer console
`(as opposed to peripheral equipment). See also
`microprocessor.
`Centronics parallel interface A de facto stan(cid:173)
`dard for parallel data exchange paths between
`computers and peripherals, originally developed
`by the printer manufacturer Centronics, Inc. The
`Centronics parallel interface provides eight paral(cid:173)
`lel data lines plus additional lines for control and
`status information.
`CGA Acronym for Color/Graphics Adapter, a video
`adapter board introduced by IBM in 1981. The
`CGA is capable of several character and graphics
`modes, including character modes of 40 or 80
`horizontal characters (columns) by 25 vertical
`lines with 16 colors, and graphics modes of 640
`horizontal pixels by 200 vertical pixels with 2 col(cid:173)
`ors, or 320 horizontal pixels by 200 vertical pixels
`with 4 colors. See also graphics adapter, video
`adapter.
`CGI See Computer Graphics Interface.
`CGM See Computer Graphics Metafile.
`chad The paper removed when a hole is punched
`
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`WISTRON CORP. EXHIBIT 1037.010
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`privileged mode
`
`product
`
`exist because the operating system needs to per(cid:173)
`form certain operations that applications should
`not be allowed to perform; therefore, only the
`operating-system routines have the necessary
`privilege to execute these instructions.
`privileged mode A mode of execution supported
`by the protected mode of the Intel 80286 and
`higher microprocessors in which software can
`carry out restricted operations that manipulate
`critical components of the system, such as mem(cid:173)
`ory and input/output ports (channels). Applica(cid:173)
`tion programs cannot be executed in privileged
`mode; the heart (kernel) of the OS/2 operating
`system can be, as can the programs (device driv(cid:173)
`ers) that control devices attached to the system.
`PRN Logical device name for printer; a name re-
`· served by the MS-DOS operating system for the
`standard print device. PRNusually refers to a sys(cid:173)
`tem's first parallel port, also known as LPTl.
`probability The likelihood that an event will
`happen, which can often be estimated mathemat(cid:173)
`ically. In mathematics, statistics and probability
`theory are related fields. In computing, probabil(cid:173)
`ity is used to determine the likelihood of failure
`or error in a system or device.
`problem solving The process of devising and
`implementing a strategy for finding a soluti.on or
`for transforming a less desirable condition into a
`more desirable one. The term is also used to refer
`to an aspect of artificial intelligence when the
`task of problem solving is performed solely by a
`program. See also artificial intelligence.
`procedural language A programming language
`in which the basic programming element is the
`procedure (a named sequence of statements,
`such as a routine, subroutine, or function). The
`most widely used high-level languages (C, Pascal,
`BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, Ada) are all proce(cid:173)
`dural languages. Compare nonprocedural lan(cid:173)
`guage; see also procedure.
`pro<;edure In a program, a named sequence of
`statements, often with associated constants, ?ata
`types, and variables, that usually performs a sin(cid:173)
`gle task. A procedure can usually be called (exe(cid:173)
`cuted) by other procedures, as well as by the
`main body of the program. Some languages dis-
`
`tinguish between a procedure and a function,
`with the latter returning a value. See also func(cid:173)
`tion, parameter, routine, subroutine.
`process As a noun, a program or part of a pro(cid:173)
`gram; a coherent sequence of steps undertaken
`by a program-for example, an internal or exter(cid:173)
`na:l data-transfer operation, handling of an inter(cid:173)
`rupt, or evaluation of a function.
`As a verb, to manipulate data with a program.
`process-bound Limited in performance by pro(cid:173)
`cessing requirements. See also computation(cid:173)
`bound.
`process color A method of handling color in a
`document in which each block of color is sepa(cid:173)
`rated into its subtractive primary color compo(cid:173)
`nents for printing: cyan, magenta, and yellow (as
`well as black). All other colors are created by
`blending layers of various sizes of halftone spots
`printed in cyan, magenta, and yellow to create
`the image. Compare spot color; see also color
`model, color separation.
`processing Manipulating data within a computer
`system. Processing is the vital step between re(cid:173)
`ceiving data (input) and producing results (out(cid:173)
`put)-the
`task
`for which computers are
`designed.
`processor See central processing unit, micro(cid:173)
`processor.
`product Also known as a Cartesian product. An ·
`operator in the relational algebra used in data(cid:173)
`base management that, when applied to two ex(cid:173)
`isting relations (tables), results in the creation of
`a new table containing all possible ordered con(cid:173)
`catenations (combinations) of tuples (rows) from
`the first relation with tuples from the second. The
`number of rows in the resulting relation is the
`product of the number of rows in the two source
`relations. Compare inner join.
`In mathematics, the result of multiplying two
`or more numbers.
`In general, an entity conceived and developed
`for the purpose of competing in a commercial
`market. Although computers are products, the
`term is more commonly applied to software, pe(cid:173)
`ripherals, and accessories in the computing arena.
`
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`WISTRON CORP. EXHIBIT 1037.011
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