Hawley' s
`
`Condensed Chemical
`
`Dictionary
`
`THIRTEENTH EDITION
`
`Revised by
`Richard J. Lewis, Sr.
`
`JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
`NewYork • Chichester • Weinheim • Brisbane • Singapore • Toronto
`
`Exhibit 1061
`ARGENTUM
`IPR2018-00080
`
`000001
`
`

`

`This text is printed on acid-free paper. 0
`
`Copyright © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
`
`No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
`transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
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`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Condensed chemical dictionary.
`Hawley's condensed chemical dictionary.-13th ed./revised by
`Richard J. Lewis, Sr.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 0-471-29205-2 (hardcover)
`1. Chemistry-Dictionaries. I. Hawley, Gessner Goodrich, 1905-1983.
`II. Lewis, Richard J., Sr. III. Title.
`QD5.C5 1997
`540'.3—dc21 (cid:9)
`
`97-35762
`CIP
`
`Printed in the United States of America
`
`10 9 8 7 6
`
`000002
`
`

`

`69 (cid:9)
`
`AMPROLIUM
`
`amorphous wax. See microcrystalline wax.
`
`amphibole. A type of asbestos.
`See asbestos.
`
`amosite. A type of asbestos.
`See asbestos.
`
`AMP. (1) Abbreviation for 2-amino-2-methyl-l-
`propanol. (2) Abbreviation for adenosine mono-
`phosphate.
`See adenylic acid.
`
`ASMP. Abbreviation for adenosine-5-monophos-
`phoric acid.
`See 5'-adenylic acid.
`
`"AMP-95" [Angus]. TM for 2-amino-methyl-l-
`propanol.
`Grade: 95% and 99 + %.
`Available forms: Liquid.
`Use: Multifunctional amine, used as codispersant,
`solubilizer, stabilizer, neutralizer, buffer, and cata-
`lyst.
`
`amphipathy. The simultaneous attraction and re-
`pulsion in a single molecule or ion consisting of
`one or more groups having an affinity for the phase
`in which they are dissolved together with groups
`that tend to be expelled by the medium.
`
`amphiphilic. Molecule having a water-soluble
`polar head (hydrophilic) and a water-insoluble or-
`ganic tail (hydrophobic), e.g., octyl alcohol, sodium
`stearate. Such molecules are necessary for emulsion
`formation and for controlling the structure of liquid
`crystals.
`See emulsion; liquid crystal.
`
`ampholyte. A substance that can ionize to form
`either anions or cations and thus may act as either
`an acid or a base. An ampholytic detergent is cati-
`onic in acid media and anionic in base media. Water
`is an ampholyte.
`See amphoteric.
`
`"Ampco" jAmpco]. TM for a series of alumi-
`num-iron-copper alloys containing 6-15% alumi-
`num, 1.5-5.25% iron, balance copper. Resistant to
`fatigue, corrosion, erosion, wear, and cavitation pit-
`ting.
`Use: For bushings, bearings, gears, slides, etc.
`
`amphora catalyst. See catalyst, amphora.
`
`"Amphosol" [Stepan].
`Me)
`TM for chemical used in shampoos, liquid hand
`soap, bubble bath, thickeners, and foam enhancers.
`
`(cocamidopropyl beta-
`
`"Ampcoloy" [Ampco]. TM for a series of in-
`dustrial copper alloys including low-iron-aluminum
`bronzes, nickel-aluminum bronzes, tin bronzes,
`manganese bronzes, lead bronzes, beryllium-cop-
`per, and high-conductivity alloys.
`
`"Ampco-Trode" [Ampco]. TM for a series of
`aluminum-bronze arc-welding electrodes and filler
`rod containing 9.0-15.0% aluminum, 1.0-5.0%
`iron, balance copper, for joining like or dissimilar
`metals and overlaying surfaces resistant to wear,
`corrosion, erosion, and cavitation-pitting.
`
`AMPD. Abbreviation for 2-amino-2-methy1-1,3-
`propanediol.
`
`amphetamine. (1-phenyl-2-aminopropane;
`methylphenethylamine; "Benzedrine").
`C61-15CH,CH(NHOCH3.
`Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid; characteristic
`strong odor; slightly burning taste. Bp 200-203C
`(decomposes), flash p 80F (26.6C). Soluble in al-
`cohol and ether; slightly soluble in water.
`Grade: Dextro-, dextrolevo-. Also available as phos-
`phate and sulfate.
`Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Basis of a
`group of hallucinogenic (habit-forming) drugs that
`affect the central nervous system. Sale and use re-
`stricted to physicians. Production limited by law.
`Use: Medicine.
`
`amphoteric. Having the capacity of behaving ei-
`ther as an acid or a base. Thus, aluminum hydroxide
`neutralizes acids with the formation of aluminum
`salts, Al(OH)3 + 3HC1 --> AlC13 + 31-1,0, and also
`dissolves in strongly basic solutions to form alu-
`minates, Al(OH), + 3NaOH -+ Na3A103 + 3H2O.
`Amino acids and proteins are amphoteric, i.e., their
`molecules contain both an acid group (COOH) and
`a basic group (NH„). Thus, wool can absorb both
`acidic and basic dyes.
`
`amphotericin B. A polyene antifungal antibotic.
`C„H„NO,,.
`Properties: Pale yellow, semicrystalline powder. Mp
`>170C (gradual decomposition). Insoluble in wa-
`ter; slightly soluble in methanol; somewhat more
`soluble in dimethylsulfoxide.
`Derivation: Fermentation with Sterptomyces nodo-
`sus. Commercially available as a deoxycholate
`complex.
`Grade: USP.
`Hazard: May have undesirable side effects.
`Use: Medicine (meningitis treatment).
`
`ampicillin (USAN). (6,D,a-aminophenyl-ace-
`tamido penicillanic acid). C16H,,N,04S.
`A semisynthetic antibiotic, active against some
`Gram-negative infections.
`
`amprolium. (1-[(4-amino-2-propy1-5-pyrimidi-
`ny1)-methy]]-2-picolinium chloride). C,4H,9C1N4.
`A cocidiostat used in veterinary medicine.
`
`000003
`
`

`

`LEAF, FILTER (cid:9)
`
`666
`
`Available forms: Piezoelectric crystals.
`Use: Element in high fidelity stereo units and as a
`transducer for ultrasonic cleaners, ferroelectric ma-
`terials in computer memory units.
`
`ment, and the process was used widely for years
`without either acknowledgment or remuneration.
`His original formula was 100 parts salt cake, 100
`parts limestone, and 50 parts coal.
`
`leaf, filter. A unit of a shell-and-leaf filter press on
`which the cake is formed. In general, a leaf consists
`of a circular or rectangular metal frame in which is
`fastened a coarse wire screen. This is covered on
`both sides with a fine-mesh wire cloth, over which
`is placed the filter medium proper, e.g., nylon fab-
`ric. The filtrate passes through the fabric and into
`an escape pipe to the discharge port. Each shell may
`contain as few as six or as many as 50 leaves of
`varying dimensions; the entire assembly can be
`pulled out of the shell for cake removal. In some
`models the leaves rotate.
`
`"Leafseal" [Humphrey]. TM for a formulation
`of decenylsuccinic acid and its esters.
`Use: Direct application to plants to enable them to
`resist frost and drought.
`
`leather. An animal skin or hide that has been per-
`manently combined with a tanning agent that
`causes a physicochemical change in the protein
`components of the skin. This change renders it re-
`sistant to putrefactive bacteria, enzymes, and hot
`water, increases its strength and abrasion resistance,
`and makes it serviceable for long periods of time.
`Tanning agents are either vegetable, mineral, or
`synthetic. Hides from cows or steers are chiefly
`used for men's shoes, transmission belting, and
`other heavy-duty service. These are usually vege-
`table-tanned. Lighter grades made from the skins
`of sheep, calves, or reptiles are used for shoe up-
`pers, luggage, gloves, and similar end products
`(chrome-tanned).
`Leather is a naturally poromeric material that
`retains the microporosity of the original skin; this
`property makes it uniquely applicable to footwear;
`to a limited extent it is able to conform to the con-
`tour of the individual foot. Leather is made in many
`colors, weights, and finishes. However, it has been
`replaced to an increasing extent by plastics for
`many minor uses, and by synthetics for shoe uppers
`and soling. For further information refer to Ameri-
`can Leather Chemists' Association, University of
`Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220.
`See poromeric; tanning.
`
`leavening agent. See yeast; baking powder.
`
`Lebedev process. Formation of butadiene from
`ethanol by catalytic pyrolysis. The catalysts used
`are mixtures of silicates and aluminum and zinc
`oxides.
`
`Le Blanc. (1742-1806). A French inventor of the
`first successful process for making soda ash. His
`patent was confiscated by the Revolutionist govern-
`
`Lechanche cell. See dry cell.
`
`Le Chatelier. (1850-1936). A French physical
`chemist, famous chiefly for his statement of the
`equilibrium principle (often known as Le Chate-
`lier's law). His work included investigations of ce-
`ments, alloys, and gaseous combustion. The prin-
`ciple may be stated: every system in equilibrium is
`conservative and tends to resist changes upon it by
`reacting in such a way as to help nullify the im-
`posed change.
`
`lecithin. C814170,NRR', R and R' being fatty acid
`groups. Pure lecithin is a phosphatidyl choline. The
`lecithins are mixtures of diglycerides of fatty acids
`linked to the choline ester of phosphoric acid. The
`lecithins are classed as phosphoglycerides or phos-
`phatides (phospholipids). Commercial lecithin is a
`mixture of acetone-insoluble phosphatides. FCC
`specifies not less than 50% acetone-insoluble mat-
`ter (phosphatides).
`Properties: Light-brown to brown, viscous semiliq-
`uid, characteristic odor. Partly soluble in water and
`acetone; soluble in chloroform and benzene.
`Derivation: Usually from soybean oil, also from
`corn, other vegetable seeds, egg yolk, and other an-
`imal sources.
`Grade: Technical, unbleached, bleached; fluid, plas-
`tic, edible, FCC, 96 + % for biochemical or chro-
`matographic standards.
`Use: Emulsifying, dispersing, wetting, penetrating
`agent, and antioxidant; in margarine, mayonnaise,
`chocolate and candies, baked goods, animal feeds,
`paints, petroleum industry (drilling, leaded gaso-
`line), printing inks, soaps and cosmetics, mold re-
`lease for plastics, blending agent in oils and resins,
`rubber processing, lubricant for textile fibers.
`
`lectin. A type of protein occurring in the seeds of
`certain plants, especially legumes, characterized by
`unusual binding specificity; their precise function
`in the plant is being researched. Studies have been
`made on the molecular structure and carbohydrate
`content of the lectin found in the European herb
`sainfoin.
`
`Leduc's rule. States that the volume occupied by
`a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the volumes
`occupied separately by each constituent at the same
`temperature and pressure as the mixture.
`
`LEED. Low-energy electron diffraction.
`
`lees. The sediment at bottom of wine storage tank.
`
`Leeuwenhoek, van. See van Leeuwenhoek, An-
`ton.
`
`000004
`
`

`

`"PHOS-CHEK P-30 AND P-40" (cid:9)
`
`872
`
`"Phos-chek P-30 and P-40" [Monsanto].
`TM for ammonium polyphosphate.
`Grade: Regular and fine white powder.
`Use: Phosphorus-based catalyst in organic and latex-
`based fire-retardant intumescent paints, mastics,
`and polymers.
`
`"Phosdrin" [Shell]. TM for a mixture contain-
`ing more than 60% of the a isomer of 2-
`(CH30)2P(0)0C(CHO:CHCOOCH, (generic name
`mevinphos) and less than 40% of insecticidally ac-
`tive related compounds. It is 100% active.
`See mevinphos.
`
`"Phosflake" [PPG]. TM for a uniform blend of
`caustic soda and trisodium phosphate prepared in
`flake form, especially for bottle-washing use.
`
`phosgene. (carbonyl chloride; carbon oxychlor-
`ide; chlorofonnyl chloride).
`CAS: 75-44-5. COC12.
`Properties: Liquid or easily liquefied gas, colorless
`to light yellow; odor varies from strong and stifling
`when concentrated to haylike in dilute form. D
`1.392 (19/4C), fp -128C, bp 8.2C, sp vol 3.9 cu
`ft/lb (21,1C). Slightly soluble in water and slowly
`hydrolyzed by it; soluble in benzene and toluene.
`Noncombustible.
`Derivation: By passing a mixture of carbon mon-
`oxide and chlorine over activated carbon.
`Hazard: Very toxic via inhalation, strong irritant to
`eyes. TLV: 0.1 ppm in air.
`Use: Organic synthesis, especially of isocyanates,
`polyurethane and polycarbonate resins, carbamates,
`organic carbonates, and chloroforrnates; pesticides;
`herbicides; dye manufacture.
`
`phosmet.
`CAS: 732-11-6. CI ,H,21\104PS2. A dimethyl ester of
`phosphorodithioic acid.
`Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 72C. Partially
`soluble in water; decomposes on heating.
`Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, may inhibit cholines-
`terase.
`Use: Acaricide, insecticide.
`
`phosphamidon.
`(2-chloro-2-diethylcarbamoyl-
`1-methylvinyl dimethyl phosphate).
`CAS: 13171-21-6.
`(0-1,0),P(0)0C(CH3):C(CDC(0)N(C2H5),.
`Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 162C (1.5 mm Hg),
`Soluble in water and organic solvents.
`Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, skin absorp-
`tion; cholinesterase inhibitor; use may be restricted.
`Use: Insecticide.
`
`phosphatase, alkaline. An enzyme excreted into
`the bile by the liver and found in the blood. It is
`concerned with bone formation, probably being
`produced by osteoblasts. It hydrolyzes phosphoric
`acid esters at pH 7-8, liberating phosphate ions.
`Use: Biochemical research.
`
`phosphate, condensed. A phosphorus com-
`pound with two or more phorphorus atoms in the
`molecule. Examples are polyphosphates, pyrophos-
`phates.
`See polyphosphoric acid.
`
`phosphate glass. A type of glass containing
`phosphorus pentoxide. Aluminum-metaphosphate
`is frequently the basic material. Such glasses have
`properties not attainable in silicate glasses, e.g., re-
`sistance to hydrogen fluoride.
`
`phosphate rock. (phosphorite). A natural rock
`consisting largely of calcium phosphate and used
`as a raw material for manufacture of phosphate fer-
`tilizers, phosphoric acid, phosphorus, and animal
`feeds. Recovery of uranium from the manufacture
`of phosphoric acid and other phosphate chemicals
`is expected to become an important source of this
`metal. Phosphate rock is the primary source of su-
`perphosphate, prepared by treatment of the pulver-
`ized rock with sulfuric acid (superphosphate having
`16-18% P,05) or by acidifying with phosphoric
`acid (triple superphosphate having 40-48% P205).
`Nitric acid is sometimes used, i.e., nitrophosphate.
`Defluorinated phosphate rock is the source of phos-
`phate used in animal feeds and feed concentrations.
`Important deposits are in the U.S. (Florida, North
`Carolina, Tennessee, California, Wyoming, Mon-
`tana, Utah, Idaho), North Africa (Morocco, Libya,
`Algeria), the former U.S.S.R., and various islands
`in the Pacific.
`
`phosphate slag. Glassy calcium silicate, by-prod-
`uct of electric furnace phosphorus manufacture.
`Properties: Lumps, loose bulk d 85 lb/ft'.
`
`phosphatide. See phospholipid.
`
`phosphatidyl choline. See lecithin.
`
`phosphatidyl ethanolamine. See cephalin.
`
`phosphatidyl serine. See cephalin.
`
`phosphazene. (phosphonitrile). A ring or chain
`polymer that contains alternating phosphorus and
`nitrogen atoms with two substituents on each phos-
`phorus atom. Characteristic structures are cyclic tri-
`mers, cyclic tetramers, and high polymers. The sub-
`stituent can be any of a wide variety of organic
`groups, halogen, amino, etc. Most cyclic trimers are
`crystalline, solids, organosoluble, and stable to
`weather conditions; the high polymers (polyphos-
`phazenes) are elastomeric or thermoplastic. A co-
`polymer of phosphazene and styrene has been in-
`vestigated for use as a flame-retardant.
`
`000005
`
`

`

`SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENT (cid:9)
`
`1066
`
`surface, but it also includes dispersions involving
`only one phase of matter, i.e., solid-solid or liquid-
`liquid.
`See interface; surface area; surface chemistry.
`
`surface-active agent. (surfactant). Any com-
`pound that reduces surface tension when dissolved
`in water or water solutions, or that reduces inter-
`facial tension between two liquids, or between a
`liquid and a solid. There are three categories of sur-
`face-active agents: detergents, wetting agents, and
`emulsifiers; all use the same basic chemical mech-
`anism and differ chiefly in the nature of the surfaces
`involved.
`See interface; surface chemistry.
`
`surface area. The total area of exposed surface of
`a finely divided solid (powder, fiber, etc.) including
`irregularities of all types. Since activity is greatest
`at the surface, that is, the boundary between the
`particle and its environment, the larger the surface
`area of a given substance, the more reactive it is.
`Thus reduction to small particles is a means of in-
`creasing the efficiency of both chemical and physi-
`cal reactions; for example, the coloring effect of
`pigments is increased by maximum size reduction.
`Carbon black is notable among solids for its huge
`surface area (as much as 18 acres/lb for some
`types); the activity of its surface accounts for its
`outstanding ability to increase the strength and ab-
`rasion resistance of rubber. The capacity of acti-
`vated carbon to adsorb molecules of gases is due to
`this factor. Surface area is measured most accu-
`rately by nitrogen adsorption techniques.
`
`surface chemistry. The observation and mea-
`surement of forces acting at the surfaces of gases,
`liquids and solids or at the interfaces between them.
`This includes the surface tension of liquids (vapor
`pressure, solubility); emulsions (liquid-liquid inter-
`faces); finely divided solid particles (adsorption, ca-
`talysis); permeable membranes and microporous
`materials; and biochemical phenomena such as os-
`mosis, cell function, and metabolic mechanisms in
`plants and animals. Surface chemistry has many in-
`dustrial applications, a few of which are air pollu-
`tion, soaps and synthetic detergents, reinforcement
`of rubber and plastics, behavior of catalysts, color
`and optical properties of paints, aerosol sprays of
`all types, monolayers and thin films, both metallic
`and organic. Outstanding names in the development
`of this science are Graham, Freundlich, and W. Ost-
`wald in the 19th Century, and Harkins, Langmuir,
`LaMer, and McBain in the 20th.
`See colloid chemistry.
`
`surface tension. In any liquid, the attractive force
`exerted by the molecules below the surface upon
`those at the surface-air interface, resulting from the
`high molecular concentration of a liquid compared
`to the low molecular concentration of a gas. An
`inward pull, or internal pressure, is thus created
`
`which tends to restrain the liquid from flowing. Its
`strength varies with the chemical nature of the liq-
`uid. Polar liquids have high surface tension (water
`= 73 dynes/cm at 20C); nonpolar liquids have
`much lower values (benzene = 29 dynes/cm, eth-
`anol = 22.3 dynes/cm), thus they flow more readily
`than water. Mercury, with the highest surface ten-
`sion of any liquid (480 dynes/cm) does not flow,
`but disintegrates into droplets.
`See interface; surface-active agent.
`
`surfactant. See surface-active agent.
`
`"Sur-Gard" [Nalco]. TM for chemicals used
`for treatment of boiler water to inhibit scale and
`corrosion and to remove oxygen from the boiler
`water.
`
`"Surlyn" [Du Pont]. TM for a group of ionomer
`resins.
`Properties: ("Surlyn" A) Thermoplastic produced
`as a granular material; flexible, transparent, grease
`resistant; very light weight but tough. Izod impact
`strength 5.7-14.6 ft-lb/in (higher than any other
`polyolefin), tensile strength 3,500-5,500 psi, elon-
`gation 300-400%, softening point 71. Insoluble in
`any commercial solvent. Subject to slow swelling
`by hydrocarbons, to slow attack by acids.
`Use: Coatings, packaging films, products made by
`injection or blow molding, or by thermoforming.
`
`SUS. Abbreviation for Saybolt Universal Seconds.
`See Saybolt Universal viscosity.
`
`suspension. A system in which very small parti-
`cles (solid, semisolid, or liquid) are more or less
`uniformly dispersed in a liquid or gaseous medium.
`If the particles are small enough to pass through
`filter membranes, the system is a colloidal suspen-
`sion (or solution). Examples of solid-in-liquid sus-
`pensions are comminuted wood pulp in water,
`which becomes paper on filtration; the fat particles
`in milk; and the red corpuscles in blood. A liquid-
`in-gas suspension is represented by fog or by an
`aerosol spray. If the particles are larger than col-
`loidal dimensions they will tend to precipitate if
`heavier than the suspending medium, or to agglom-
`erate and rise to the surface if lighter. This can be
`prevented by incorporation of protective colloids.
`Polymerization is often carried out in suspension,
`the product being in the form of spheres or beads.
`See solution; colloidal; dispersion; emulsion; colloid
`chemistry.
`
`"Sustane" [UOP]. TM for synthetic, food-grade
`antioxidant product line including BHA, BHT,
`TBHQ, propyl gallate, and liquid blends.
`Use: To preserve vegetable oils, animal fats, spices,
`baked goods, nuts, pet foods, dressing oils, confec-
`tions, cereals, sausage, cosmetics, and dehydrated
`potatoes.
`
`000006
`
`